<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Friedemann, Guilad</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Izhaki, Ido</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leshem, Yossi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kosta Y. Mumcuoglu</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alternative nest-building behavior of the Long-legged Buzzard (&lt;i&gt;Buteo rufinus&lt;/i&gt;) and the Short-toed Eagle (&lt;i&gt;Circaetus gallicus&lt;/i&gt;) in the Judean Foothills, and the parasitic and non-parasitic arthropod fauna in their nests</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Isreal Journal of Entomology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">alternative nest</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">arthropods</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Isreal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Long-legged Buzzard</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">parasites</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Short-toed Eagle</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/68820.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">43</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11 - 19</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;One of the most common explanations of the alternative nest-building behavior&amp;nbsp;in raptors&amp;rsquo; population is the &amp;ldquo;Ectoparasite-avoidance&amp;rsquo;&amp;rsquo; hypothesis,&amp;nbsp;which claims that switching to alternative nests each year reduces nests&amp;rsquo;&amp;nbsp;parasites that could decrease their breeding success. Our aim was to investigate&amp;nbsp;this hypothesis concerning the Judean Long-legged Buzzard (Buteo&amp;nbsp;rufinus) and Short-toed Eagle (Circaetus gallicus) population, in Israel.&amp;nbsp;Furthermore, we also investigated whether any specific parasites for each&amp;nbsp;of these raptors&amp;rsquo; species actually exist.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Thirty-one nests of Long-legged Buzzards (LLB) and 61 nests of Shorttoed&amp;nbsp;Eagles (STE) were located and systematically examined during the&amp;nbsp;period of February-September 2011, in an area of 450 km2 in the Judean&amp;nbsp;Foothills, Israel. Nest material samples were collected from the center of&amp;nbsp;the nest of 26 LLB and 45 STE nests. Four specimens of the Mallophaga&amp;nbsp;Laemobothrion maximum were isolated from three nests of LLB and one&amp;nbsp;male of Degeeriella leucopleura from a nest of STE. In addition, a hard&amp;nbsp;tick larva (Rhipicephalus sp.), an argasid nymph (Argas sp.) and six specimens&amp;nbsp;of dermanyssid mites were &amp;nbsp;isolated from nests of STE. In 82.1% of&amp;nbsp;the LLB nests, Coleoptera larvae and/or adults were found, most of them&amp;nbsp;belonging to the families Scarabaeidae, Buprestidae, Elateridae and Dermestidae.&amp;nbsp;In 89.8% of the STE nests, Coleoptera larvae and/or adults were&amp;nbsp;found, most of them belonging to the families Buprestidae, Tenebrionidae,&amp;nbsp;Curculionidae, Dermestidae, Elateridae, Coccinellidae and&amp;nbsp;Chrysomelidae.&amp;nbsp;The vast majority of the isolated beetles were damaged and in more or&amp;nbsp;less small pieces. In addition, few specimens of silverfish (Lepismatidae),&amp;nbsp;book lice (Psocidae), ants (Formicidae) and true flies (Muscidae), as well&amp;nbsp;as spiders (Araneae), scorpions (Scorpionida) and pseudoscorpions (Pseudoscorpionida)&amp;nbsp;were isolated from the nests of both species.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Although nest parasites were actually found, in significant small numbers,&amp;nbsp;we cannot support the &amp;ldquo;ectoparasite-avoidance&amp;rdquo; hypothesis in our study&amp;nbsp;system. Furthermore, no species specific ectoparasites for either LLB or&amp;nbsp;STE were found.&lt;/p&gt;
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