<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scott A. Lindsay</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Charles G.B. Caraguel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gray, Rachael</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Topical ivermectin is a highly effective seal ‘spot-on’: A randomised trial of hookworm and lice treatment in the endangered Australian sea lion (Neophoca cinerea)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Australian sea lion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hookworm</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ivermectin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">lice</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Uncinaria sanguinis</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dec-01-2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213224421001152</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">275-284</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Highlights&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;
		&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Novel use of the topical ivermectin formulation in a free ranging otariid species.&lt;/li&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;
		&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Topical (spot-on) ivermectin is an effective antiparasitic in Neophoca cinerea pups.&lt;/li&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;
		&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Elimination of Uncinaria sanguinis reduces the host systemic inflammatory response.&lt;/li&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;
		&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Hookworm treatment in N. cinerea pups results in a short-term growth benefit.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The Australian sea lion (Neophoca cinerea) is an endangered and declining otariid species, with a high rate of pup mortality associated with endemic hookworm (Uncinaria sanguinis) infection a suspected contributor to this decline. Injected ivermectin is an effective treatment for Uncinaria sp. in otariids, with optimal outcomes achieved by the early treatment of pups prior to disease development. This randomised controlled trial evaluated the effectiveness of the novel use of a topical ivermectin formulation against hookworm infection and lice (Antarctophthirus microchir) infestation, in comparison with injected ivermectin. During the 2017 breeding season at Dangerous Reef, South Australia, pups &amp;le; 70 cm in standard length (&amp;le; 2 weeks of age; n = 85) were randomised to single dose topical (500 &amp;mu;g/kg spot-on; n = 27) or injected (200 &amp;mu;g/kg subcutaneous; n = 29) ivermectin treatment groups, or to an untreated control group (n = 29). Topical ivermectin was highly effective for U. sanguinis elimination, and not significantly different to the injected formulation (estimated effectiveness 96.4% and 96.8%, respectively; P &amp;gt; 0.05). Its application resulted in an 81.6% reduction and 62.7% additional clearance for A. microchir infestation by 15-24 days post-treatment, compared with untreated control pups (also not significantly different to injected ivermectin; 83.1% and 59.4%, respectively; P &amp;gt; 0.05). Treatment with either ivermectin formulation significantly ameliorated increases in inflammatory markers detected in the blood of untreated control pups - peripheral blood eosinophil counts (persisting to 36-41 days post-recruitment P &amp;lt; 0.05) and increased plasma protein concentrations (15-24 days post-recruitment; P &amp;lt; 0.05). Further, an initial short-term decrease in body condition in the control group was not observed in either of the treatment groups. This study demonstrates that topical ivermectin is an effective antiparasitic treatment in N. cinerea. It offers an alternative administration method for ivermectin delivery to a young pup cohort in this species, and an alternative, minimally invasive management tool for species conservation.&lt;/p&gt;
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