<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mengjiao Ren</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Daniel R Gustafsson</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chunpo Tian</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grossi, Alexandra A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhixiao Liu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fasheng Zou</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coevolutionary analysis of the &lt;i&gt;Philopteroides&lt;/i&gt; Mey, 2004 (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera) parasitizing bulbuls (Passeriformes: Pycnonotidae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution</style></secondary-title><short-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Front. Ecol. Evol.</style></short-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bulbuls</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">coevolution</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">host-switching</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Philopteroides</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Philopterus-complex</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mar-24-2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fevo.2023.1053820/full</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16 pp</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;&lt;jats sec=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;jats title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/jats&gt;&lt;jats p=&quot;&quot;&gt;Avian head lice comprise a diverse group of distantly related genera of lice that exhibit a strongly convergent morphology. Due to their lack of free-living stages, their strong morphological adaptations to living on the host&amp;rsquo;s head, and the limited opportunities for transfer between hosts during mating or nesting, the lateral transmission of head lice between non-conspecific hosts may be presumed to be restricted. Despite this, many species of head lice are ostensibly host generalists. We here examine lice of the head louse genus Philopteroides Mey, 2004, from bulbuls (Passeriformes: Pycnonotidae).&lt;/jats&gt;&lt;/jats&gt;&lt;jats sec=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;jats title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/jats&gt;&lt;/jats&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;jats sec=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;jats title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/jats&gt;&lt;jats p=&quot;&quot;&gt;We use two different methods, ParaFit and Jane, to get insights on the co-evolutionary history of Philopteroides species and their bulbul hosts. Jane was run with a variation of event costs.&lt;/jats&gt;&lt;/jats&gt;&lt;jats sec=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;jats title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/jats&gt;&lt;/jats&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;jats sec=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;jats title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/jats&gt;&lt;jats p=&quot;&quot;&gt;Our phylogenetic analysis indicate that several morphologically cryptic species can be found in this group, most of which appear to be host specific. However, co-phylogenetic analyses indicate that host-switching has been common in the history of these lice, and co-speciation events have been rarer than expected. Moreover, lowest-cost co-evolutionary reconstructions under a variety of event costs are indistinguishable from random. An expanded dataset with more Philopterus-complex lice was found to be evenly balanced between host-switching and co-speciation events.&lt;/jats&gt;&lt;/jats&gt;&lt;jats sec=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;jats title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/jats&gt;&lt;/jats&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;jats sec=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;jats title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Discussio&lt;/strong&gt;n&lt;/jats&gt;&lt;jats p=&quot;&quot;&gt;The transfer of avian head lice between host species is poorly understood, but evidently fairly common. Several potential routes are discussed, but direct evidence is missing. Potentially, the presence of multiple bulbul species at fruiting trees may be an important factor in this transfer. However, such transfer routes also do not explain why Philopteroides lice on bulbuls appear to be distinct from those of other hosts. Moreover, as many of the species recovered in our analysis are morphologically indistinguishable, cryptic speciation appears to be common in this group.&lt;/jats&gt;&lt;/jats&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1053820</style></issue></record></records></xml>