<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oniki,Yoshika</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Willis,Edwin O.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oldřich Sychra</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Terry D. Galloway</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lajos Rózsa</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alternative hypotheses to explain the relationship between infestation intensity and sex ratio of ricinid lice (Psocodea: Phthiraptera: Ricinidae) infesting hummingbirds (Apodiformes: Trochilidae)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Parasitology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chlorostilbon lucidus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chrysuronia versicolor</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eupetomena macroura</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Florisuga fusca</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hummingbird</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hylocharis chrysura</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leucochloris albicollis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">local mate competition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thalurania glaucopis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wolbachia</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2026</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April 2026</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/parasitology/article/alternative-hypotheses-to-explain-the-relationship-between-infestation-intensity-and-sex-ratio-of-ricinid-lice-psocodea-phthiraptera-ricinidae-infesting-hummingbirds-apodiformes-trochilidae/410A</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">153</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">646-653</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;&lt;jats title=&quot;&quot;&gt;Abstract&lt;/jats&gt; &lt;jats p=&quot;&quot;&gt; Ricinid lice are exceptionally large-bodied relative to their hosts and tend to form small infrapopulations. They exhibit a more pronounced female bias (predominance of females) than most other lice. Sex ratios (SRs; the proportions of males) of 10 hummingbird-ricinid species pairs collected from South and North America were examined. There was a significant positive relationship between infrapopulation size and SR in 5 cases, and similar non-significant tendencies in 4 cases. Two formerly constructed hypotheses had been considered to explain this relationship. First, &lt;jats italic=&quot;&quot;&gt;Wolbachia&lt;/jats&gt; infections may account for the female bias, but male aggression during mating could elevate female mortality resulting in higher male proportions in large infrapopulations. Second, the Local Mate Competition (LMC) Hypothesis predicts that highly inbred infrapopulations should exhibit female-biased SRs. Small infrapopulations are likely to be inbred because of stronger genetic drift and are also more likely to originate from single infestations. Conversely, multiple infestations can generate larger and more outbred infrapopulations that are less affected by genetic drift, leading to a shift towards more balanced SRs. This results in a positive correlation between infrapopulation size (infestation intensity) and SR. Both hypotheses provide explanation for the positive association between infestation intensity and the proportion of males, although the LMC aligns more strongly with the actual values of the observed SR bias. Notably, the former hypothesis refers to the physiological mechanism, whereas the latter refers to the adaptive value of the SR bias. These 2 hypotheses are not mutually exclusive. &lt;/jats&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Published online by Cambridge University Press:&amp;nbsp; 24 March 2026&lt;/p&gt;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue></record></records></xml>