@article {46729, title = {Treatment of infestation with Phthirus pubis: comparative efficacies of synergized pyrethrins and gamma-benzene hexachloride}, journal = {Sexually transmitted diseases}, volume = {6}, year = {1979}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 7705941; 0 (Pyrethrins); 51-03-6 (Piperonyl Butoxide); 58-89-9 (Lindane); ppublish}, month = {1979}, pages = {203 - 205}, address = {UNITED STATES}, abstract = {In recent years there has been a steady increase in the incidence of infestation with Phthirus pubis, a sexually transmitted louse. A recently introduced nonprescription liquid pediculicide, whose major ingredient is 0.3\% pyrethrins synergized by 3.0\% piperonyl butoxide (RiD), was compared for efficacy and safety with a prescription-only pediculicidal lotion whose major ingredient is 1\% gamma-benzene hexachloride (Kwell). Thirty adult man and women with P. pubis infestation were assigned randomly to treatment with either the synergized pyrethrins or gamma-benzene hexachloride. A single 10-min application of the synergized-pyrethrin liquid produced the same results as a single 12-hr application of the gamma-benze hexachloride lotion: total eradication of adult lice and nymphs, cessation of pruritus, and no treatment-induced side effect. A follow-up visit a week after treatment verified all eradications.}, keywords = {adolescent, adult, animals, Anoplura, Comparative Study, Drug Synergism, Drug Therapy, Combination, humans, Lice Infestations/drug therapy, Lindane/therapeutic use, Middle Aged, Piperonyl Butoxide, Pyrethrum}, isbn = {0148-5717}, author = {Newsom,J. H. and Fiore,J. L.,Jr and Hackett,E.} } @article {46467, title = {Pyrethrins combined with piperonyl butoxide (RID) vs 1\% permethrin (NIX) in the treatment of head lice}, journal = {American Journal of Diseases of Children}, volume = {142}, year = {1988}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0370471; 0 (Drug Combinations); 0 (Pyrethrins); 0 (RID); 51-03-6 (Piperonyl Butoxide); 52645-53-1 (Permethrin); ppublish}, month = {1988}, pages = {768 - 769}, abstract = {In a randomized controlled trial, 58 subjects were treated for Pediculus humanus var capitis with either pyrethrins combined with piperonyl butoxide (RID, Pfizer Inc, New York) or 1\% permethrin (NIX, Burroughs Wellcome Co, Research Triangle Park, NC); 31 subjects received RID and 27 subjects received NIX. Both products were applied according to manufacturer{\textquoteright}s directions so that NIX was applied only on the first visit and RID was applied on the first visit and again seven days later. After each treatment with a pediculicide, the comb supplied by the manufacturer was used to remove nits. Seven days after the initial visit, NIX was determined to be significantly better than RID for eradicating the lice infestation. Of the 27 subjects receiving NIX, 26 were live free vs 14 of the 31 RID-treated subjects. At day 14, there was no statistically significant difference in the treatments (27 of 27 NIX-treated vs 29 of 31 RID-treated subjects were lice free). The RID comb was superior to the NIX comb for nit removal. Both treatments were effective and well tolerated, and no subject experienced adverse reactions.}, keywords = {adolescent, adult, animals, child, Child, Preschool, Comparative Study, Drug Combinations/therapeutic use, Drug Evaluation, humans, Lice Infestations/drug therapy, Pediculus, Permethrin, Piperonyl Butoxide, Pyrethrum, Random Allocation, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, scalp}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/45388.pdf}, author = {Carson,D. S. and Tribble,P. W. and Weart,C. W.} } @article {46429, title = {The hatching of nits as a predictor of treatment failure with lindane and pyrethrin shampoos}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Public Health}, volume = {81}, year = {1990}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0372714; 0 (Pyrethrins); 58-89-9 (Lindane); ppublish}, month = {1990}, pages = {237 - 239}, address = {CANADA}, keywords = {Administration, Topical, adolescent, adult, animals, child, Child, Preschool, Drug Administration Schedule, humans, Lice Infestations/drug therapy/physiopathology, Lice/growth \& development, Lindane/administration \& dosage/therapeutic use, Pyrethrum, Recurrence, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t}, isbn = {0008-4263}, author = {Mathias,R. G. and Wallace,J. F.} } @article {46413, title = {Phenothrin lotion, the latest recruit in the battle against headlice: the results of two controlled comparative studies}, journal = {Journal of the Royal Society of Health}, volume = {111}, year = {1991}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 8303144; 0 (Insecticides); 0 (Pyrethrins); 121-75-5 (Malathion); 26002-80-2 (phenothrin); 63-25-2 (Carbaryl); ppublish}, month = {1991}, pages = {47 - 50}, address = {ENGLAND}, abstract = {One hundred and one subjects with head louse infestation were entered into two separate studies, in which a phenothrin aqueous/alcoholic lotion was compared to a carbaryl lotion and a malathion lotion. Fifty subjects were treated with a single application of the phenothrin lotion, 28 with the carbaryl lotion and 23 with the malathion lotion. In the comparative study of the phenothrin and malathion lotions an inspection on the day following treatment showed no live lice remained, but that six of the subjects treated with malathion lotion still had evidence of viable eggs (p less than 0.05). In one subject viable eggs were still evident at two weeks post-treatment. There were no cases, however, of live lice or viable eggs at four weeks post-treatment. Mild cutaneous side-effects were reported in five subjects, the incidence of which was not significantly different by treatment group. One subject in the phenothrin and carbaryl lotion comparative study had evidence of live lice at one week post-treatment with phenothrin lotion. This subject received no further treatment and was clear of both live lice and viable eggs at subsequent visits. A separate case of live lice infestation was found at two weeks post-treatment in a subject treated with phenothrin lotion and at four weeks post-treatment in two subjects treated with carbaryl lotion. As these subjects were free of live lice infestation at previous follow-up visits it was highly probable that these were cases of re-infestation from another source.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)}, keywords = {adolescent, adult, animals, carbaryl, child, Child, Preschool, Comparative Study, humans, insecticide, Lice Infestations/drug therapy, Lice/drug effects, Malathion, Pyrethrum, scalp}, isbn = {0264-0325}, author = {Doss,S. and Powell,C. A. and Miller,A. J.} } @article {46245, title = {Treatment of Pediculus humanus var. capitis infestation in Cowlitz County, Washington, with ivermectin and the LiceMeister(R) comb}, journal = {Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {1998}, month = {1998}, pages = {923 - 924}, keywords = {adolescent, adult, animals, child, Child, Preschool, humans, insecticide, Insecticide resistance, Ivermectin/therapeutic use, Lice Infestations/drug therapy, Pediculus, Permethrin, Pyrethrum, scalp dermatoses, Washington}, author = {Bell,T. A.} } @article {46226, title = {What{\textquoteright}s eating you? Pediculus humanus (head louse and body louse)}, journal = {Cutis}, volume = {63}, year = {1999}, month = {1999}, pages = {259 - 264}, abstract = {

Head lice remain a common problem worldwide. As resistance to available therapeutic agents can emerge rapidly, there is a need for continued research to find new and better agents. Until better agents are available, clinicians may find that rotational therapy, using different agents, may help to slow the emergence of resistance. Physical modalities, such as mechanical nit and louse removal and occlusive agents to asphyxiate the lice, should not be ignored, especially in light of our limited therapeutic armamentarium. All therapeutic agents are doomed to failure if infestation is allowed to recur. Classmates, playmates, and family members of infested children should be inspected for head lice. Efforts should be directed at fomite control and nit removal. Louse infestation must be addressed as a community-wide problem. Body lice remain important vectors of disease. War, natural disaster, and poverty favor the spread of body lice. As we work to solve these seemingly eternal problems, we must develop better agents to treat infestation and prevent the spread of body lice.

}, keywords = {adult, animals, carbaryl, child, Diagnosis, Differential, Drug Combinations, humans, insecticide, Ivermectin/therapeutic use, Lice Infestations/diagnosis/drug therapy, Lindane/therapeutic use, Malathion, Pediculus, Permethrin, Piperonyl Butoxide, Pyrethrum, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Trimethoprim}, author = {Dirk M. Elston} } @article {46159, title = {Over diagnosis and consequent mismanagement of head louse infestations in North America}, journal = {Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal}, volume = {19}, year = {2000}, month = {2000}, pages = {693 - 696; discussion 694}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: Lay personnel and many health care workers in the United States believe that head louse infestations caused by Pediculus capitis are exceedingly transmissible and that infested children readily infest others. Schoolchildren therefore frequently become ostracized and remain so until no signs of their presumed infestations are evident. Repeated applications of pediculicidal product and chronic school absenteeism frequently result.METHODS: To determine how frequently louse-related exclusions from schools and applications of pediculicidal therapeutic regimens might be inappropriate, we invited health care providers as well as nonspecialized personnel to submit specimens to us that were associated with a diagnosis of pediculiasis. Each submission was then characterized microscopically. RESULTS: Health care professionals as well as nonspecialists frequently overdiagnose pediculiasis capitis and generally fail to distinguish active from extinct infestations. Noninfested children thereby become quarantined at least as often as infested children. Traditional anti-louse formulations are overapplied as frequently as are \"alternative\" formulations. Pediculicidal treatments are more frequently applied to non-infested children than to children who bear active infestations. CONCLUSIONS: Pediculicidal treatments should be applied solely after living nymphal or adult lice or apparently viable eggs have been observed. Because health care providers as well as lay personnel generally misdiagnose pediculiasis, and because few symptoms and no direct infectious processes are known to result, we suggest that the practice of excluding presumably infested children from school may be more burdensome than the infestations themselves.

}, keywords = {Administration, Topical, adolescent, adult, Age Distribution, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, animals, child, Child, Preschool, Diagnosis, Differential, Follow-Up Studies, humans, incidence, Lice Infestations/diagnosis/drug therapy/epidemiology, Middle Aged, North America/epidemiology, Pediculus, Permethrin, Pyrethrum, risk factors, scalp, Sex Distribution, Treatment Outcome}, url = {https://journals.lww.com/pidj/Abstract/2000/08000/Overdiagnosis_and_consequent_mismanagement_of_head.3.aspx}, author = {Richard J. Pollack and Kiszewski,A. E. and Spielman,Andrew} } @article {46153, title = {Efficacy of 1\% permethrin for the treatment of head louse infestations among Kosovar refugees}, journal = {Military medicine}, volume = {165}, year = {2000}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 2984771R; 0 (Insecticides); 0 (Pyrethrins); 52645-53-1 (Permethrin); ppublish}, month = {2000}, pages = {698 - 700}, address = {UNITED STATES}, abstract = {We assessed the prevalence of head louse infestation and the effectiveness of 1\% permethrin against head lice in Kosovar refugees. A currently infested case was defined as a person with observable crawling lice (adults or nymphs) or a person with nits on the hair shaft within a quarter-inch of the scalp. Of the 1,051 refugees screened upon arrival in the United States, 107 (10\%) were infested. Crawling lice (adults or nymphs) were observed on 62 (6\%) of the individuals examined. Refugees with crawling lice were treated with a pediculicide containing 1\% permethrin. Of these, 57 were reexamined the next day. Twenty of the 57 individuals were reexamined 7 days after treatment. No crawling lice were found on any of the refugees examined after treatment. We conclude that 1\% permethrin treatment was effective in louse control in this refugee population.}, keywords = {adolescent, adult, animals, child, Child, Preschool, humans, Infant, insecticide, Lice Infestations/drug therapy/ethnology, Mass Screening, Middle Aged, New Jersey/epidemiology, Pediculus, Permethrin, Prevalence, Pyrethrum, scalp dermatoses, Treatment Outcome, Yugoslavia}, isbn = {0026-4075}, author = {Manjrekar,R. R. and Partridge,S. K. and Korman,A. K. and Barwick,R. S. and Juranek,D. D.} } @article {46117, title = {Interventions for treating headlice}, journal = {Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online : Update Software)}, volume = {(3)}, year = {2001}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 100909747; 0 (Antiparasitic Agents); 0 (Pyrethrins); 121-75-5 (Malathion); 52645-53-1 (Permethrin); 63-25-2 (Carbaryl); RF: 106; ppublish}, month = {2001}, pages = {CD001165}, address = {England}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Infection with head lice is a widespread condition in developed and developing countries. Infection occurs most commonly in children, but also affects adults. If left untreated the condition can become intensely irritating and skin infections may occur if the bites are scratched.OBJECTIVES: The aim of this review was to assess the effects of interventions for head lice. SEARCH STRATEGY: Trials register of The Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group; Medline; Embase; Science Citation Index; Biosis and Toxline; reference lists of relevant articles; pharmaceutical companies producing pediculicides (published and unpublished trials); UK and US Regulatory Authorities. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised trials (published and unpublished) or trials using alternate allocation were sought which compared pediculicides with the same and different formulations of other pediculicides, and pediculicides with physical methods. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Of the 71 identified studies, only four met the inclusion criteria. Two reviewers independently assessed trial quality. One reviewer extracted the data. MAIN RESULTS: We found no evidence that any one pediculicide has greater effect than another. The two studies comparing malathion and permethrin with their respective vehicles showed a higher cure rate for the active ingredient than the vehicle. Another study comparing synergised pyrethrins with permethrin showed their effects to be equivalent. A comparative trial of malathion lotion vs combing, showed combing to be ineffective for the cureative treatment of head lice infection. Adverse effects were reported in a number of trials and were all minor, although reporting quality varied between trials. REVIEWER{\textquoteright}S CONCLUSIONS: Permethrin, synergised pyrethrin and malathion were effective in the treatment of head lice. However, the emergence of drug resistance since these trials were conducted means there is no direct contemporary evidence of the comparative effectiveness of these products. The {\textquoteright}best{\textquoteright} choice will now depend on local resistance patterns. Physical treatment methods(BugBusting) were shown ot be ineffective to treat head lice. No evidence exists regarding other chemical control methods such as the use of herbal treatments, when used in the curative treatment of head lice. Future trials should take into account the methodological recommendations that arise from this review. }, keywords = {adult, animals, Antiparasitic Agents/therapeutic use, carbaryl, health education, humans, hygiene, Lice Infestations/prevention \& control/therapy, Malathion, Pediculus, Permethrin, Phytotherapy, Pyrethrum, randomized, scalp dermatoses}, isbn = {1469-493X}, author = {Dodd,Ciara S.} } @article {46088, title = {A case of pubic lice resistant to pyrethrins}, journal = {Australian Family Physician}, volume = {30}, year = {2001}, month = {2001}, pages = {572 - 574}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: Effective therapeutic protocols for the treatment of pubic lice include application of approved insecticidal products to all body and scalp hair, retreatment at seven days, and use of mechanical removal of lice and eggs.OBJECTIVE: We report here infection with pubic lice in a 43 year old male in Australia which failed to be eradicated by adequate therapy with a pyrethrin and piperonyl butoxide product. DISCUSSION: Pubic lice collected from the case survived after exposure to the same product in vitro. The infestation was cured by use of 5\% permethrin. This appears to be the first report of Pthirus pubis resistant to insecticides, in this case pyrethrins and their synergist, piperonyl butoxide.

}, keywords = {adult, animals, Drug Resistance, Microbial, humans, Lice Infestations/drug therapy, Lice/drug effects, Piperonyl Butoxide, Pyrethrum}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/11882581_A_case_of_pubic_lice_resistant_to_pyrethrins}, author = {Speare,Richard and Koehler,J. M.} } @article {46079, title = {Head lice infestation: bug busting vs. traditional treatment}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Nursing}, volume = {10}, year = {2001}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 9207302; 0 (Hair Preparations); 0 (Insecticides); 0 (Pyrethrins); 26002-80-2 (phenothrin); ppublish}, month = {2001}, pages = {775 - 783}, abstract = {The two main methods of managing head lice infestation in the UK are head lice lotions and bug busting; there is no conclusive evidence as to which of these methods is most effective. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of the bug busting method with lotion. A pilot study in the form of a randomized controlled trial involving two semi-rural general practices was used. Thirty children aged 4-16 years were randomly assigned to two intervention groups. After initial dry combing to detect the presence of head lice, one group was treated with phenothrin lotion. The bug busting group received combing using special combs provided in the bug busting pack and hair conditioner. The main outcome measure was the number of adult live lice and nymphs at day 14. On day 14 in the bug busting group, total eradication of head lice had occurred in eight children; in the lotion group, total eradication had occurred in two children (P=0.052); number needed to treat 2.5 (95\% CI: 2.19-2.81). These results suggest that bug busting performed by nurses in a controlled situation is an effective method of managing head lice infestation.}, keywords = {adolescent, adult, animals, child, Child, Preschool, Comparative Study, Family Practice, hair, humans, hygiene, insecticide, Lice Infestations/prevention \& control, Parents, Pediculosis, Pediculus, Pilot Projects, Pyrethrum, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, rural health, scalp dermatoses, Time Factors, Treatment Outcome}, isbn = {0962-1067}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/44896.pdf}, author = {Plastow,Liz and Luthra,Manjo and Powell,Roy and Wright,Judith and Russell,David and Marshall,Martin N.} } @article {46065, title = {Comparative in vitro pediculicidal efficacy of treatments in a resistant head lice population in the United States}, journal = {Archives of Dermatology}, volume = {138}, year = {2002}, month = {2002}, pages = {220 - 224}, abstract = {

OBJECTIVE: To compare the pediculicidal activity of 5 head lice products available in the United States on head lice from south Florida.

DESIGN: In vitro pediculicidal product comparison.

SETTING: Lice Source Services, Inc, located in Plantation, Fla, a clinic for the treatment and grooming of individuals with pediculosis capitis.

PARTICIPANTS: Head lice were collected from healthy clients with Pediculus capitis that came to Lice Source Services, Inc, to seek their services.

INTERVENTIONS: Within 2 to 6 hours of capture, lice were placed in continuous direct contact with the pediculicide products and observed at regular intervals. Results were compared with findings of a recent study of a treatment-sensitive population of head lice conducted in Panama.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Percentage of lice dead at regular observation intervals between 5 minutes and 3 hours of continuous exposure to the pediculicides.

RESULTS: Two prescription products, Ovide lotion (0.5\% malathion) and 1\% lindane shampoo, were ranked in the same order as in 2 previous studies (first and last, respectively). The order of effectiveness from most to least effective was as follows: Ovide lotion, A-200 shampoo (a natural pyrethrin product synergized with piperonyl butoxide), undiluted Nix (1\% permethrin), diluted Nix, RID (a natural pyrethrin product synergized with piperonyl butoxide), and 1\% lindane shampoo.

CONCLUSIONS: There were statistically significant differences in the efficacy of all the products when compared with the results found in the recent study in Panama, except for Ovide lotion. Of those tested, Ovide was the only pediculicide in the United States that had not become less effective. The difference in efficacy of 1\% lindane, Nix, and pyrethrins between the Panama and Florida studies supports the argument that some head lice in the United States have become resistant to these treatments.

}, keywords = {adult, animals, child, Comparative Study, hair, humans, In Vitro, insecticide, Insecticide resistance, Kerosene, Lice Infestations/drug therapy, Lindane/pharmacology, Malathion, Pediculus, Piperonyl Butoxide, Pyrethrum, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, scalp dermatoses}, doi = {10.1001/archderm.138.2.220}, url = {https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/fullarticle/478698}, author = {Meinking,Terri Lynn and Serrano,L. and Hard,B. and Entzel,P. and Lemard,G. and Rivera,E. and Villar,M. E.} } @article {46062, title = {Ectoparasitic skin diseases. Scabies and pediculosis}, journal = {La Revue du praticien}, volume = {52}, year = {2002}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0404334; 0 (Insecticides); 0 (Pyrethrins); 70288-86-7 (Ivermectin); ppublish}, month = {2002}, pages = {79 - 84}, address = {France}, keywords = {adult, animals, child, Child, Preschool, Diagnosis, Differential, humans, Infant, insecticide, Ivermectin/therapeutic use, Lice Infestations/diagnosis/therapy, Pediculus, Pyrethrum, Scabies, scalp}, isbn = {0035-2640}, author = {Becherel,P. A. and Chosidow,Olivier} } @article {45872, title = {Treatment of head louse infestation with 4\% dimeticone lotion: randomised controlled equivalence trial}, journal = {British Medical Journal}, volume = {330}, year = {2005}, note = {DEP: 20050610; JID: 8900488; 0 (Insecticides); 0 (Pyrethrins); 0 (Siloxanes); 0 (dimeticone); 26002-80-2 (phenothrin); 2005/06/10 [aheadofprint]; ppublish}, month = {2005}, pages = {1423 - 1426}, abstract = {

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of 4\% dimeticone lotion for treatment of head louse infestation.DESIGN: Randomised controlled equivalence trial. SETTING: Community, with home visits. PARTICIPANTS: 214 young people aged 4 to 18 years and 39 adults with active head louse infestation. INTERVENTIONS: Two applications seven days apart of either 4.0\% dimeticone lotion, applied for eight hours or overnight, or 0.5\% phenothrin liquid, applied for 12 hours or overnight. OUTCOME MEASURES: Cure of infestation (no evidence of head lice after second treatment) or reinfestation after cure. RESULTS: Cure or reinfestation after cure occurred in 89 of 127 (70\%) participants treated with dimeticone and 94 of 125 (75\%) treated with phenothrin (difference -5\%, 95\% confidence interval -16\% to 6\%). Per protocol analysis showed that 84 of 121 (69\%) participants were cured with dimeticone and 90 of 116 (78\%) were cured with phenothrin. Irritant reactions occurred significantly less with dimeticone (3/127, 2\%) than with phenothrin (11/125, 9\%; difference -6\%, -12\% to -1\%). Per protocol this was 3 of 121 (3\%) participants treated with dimeticone and 10 of 116 (9\%) treated with phenothrin (difference -6\%, -12\% to -0.3\%). CONCLUSION: Dimeticone lotion cures head louse infestation. Dimeticone seems less irritant than existing treatments and has a physical action on lice that should not be affected by resistance to neurotoxic insecticides.

}, keywords = {Administration, Topical, adolescent, adult, animals, child, Child, Preschool, Follow-Up Studies, humans, insecticide, Lice Infestations/drug therapy, Pediculus, Pyrethrum, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, scalp dermatoses, Siloxanes/administration \& dosage, Treatment Outcome}, isbn = {1468-5833}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/44641.pdf}, author = {Burgess,Ian F. and Christine M. Brown and Lee,Peter N.} }