@article {46653,
	title = {Experimental infection of ectoparasitic arthropods with Rickettsia prowazekii (GvF-16 strain) and transmission to flying squirrels},
	journal = {American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene},
	volume = {30},
	year = {1981},
	month = {1981},
	pages = {253 - 263},
	abstract = {Epizootiologic studies conducted during the past few years showed the existence of widespread natural infection of the southern flying squirrel, Glaucomys volans, with epidemic typhus rickettsiae, Rickettsia prowazekii. The ecological findings strongly implicated transmission of the etiologic agent by an arthropod vector. Studies were conducted under controlled laboratory conditions to determine whether ectoparasites naturally associated with flying squirrels (squirrel fleas, lice, mites and ticks) were capable of acquiring, maintaining and transmitting the infection. Also studied were the cat flea, oriental rat flea and the human body louse. Flying squirrels inoculated with the GvF-16 strain of R. prowazekii circulated rickettsiae in their blood for 2-3 weeks, thus providing ample opportunity for arthropods feeding on them to become infected. The results with Dermacentor variabilis ticks indicated that the rickettsiae did not consistently survive in this insect and were not passed to the eggs of adult females that had been infected subcuticularly. Mites became infected by feeding on infectious blood but failed to sustain the infection. Also, mites fed on an infected flying squirrel did not transmit the infection to a normal squirrel. Squirrel, cat, and oriental rat fleas readily became infected by feeding on a rickettsemic host or on infectious blood through membranes, but failed to transmit the infection to susceptible flying squirrels. In the studies with flying squirrel lice, however, transmission of epidemic typhus from infected to uninfected flying squirrels was demonstrated. Infection of the human body louse with the GvF-16 flying squirrel strain of R. prowazekii was similar to that previously observed with classical human strains, viz., multiplication of the rickettsiae and excretion in the feces.},
	keywords = {animals, Arthropod Vectors/microbiology, cat, ectoparasite, Fleas/microbiology, Lice/microbiology, Mites/microbiology, rat, Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S., Rickettsia prowazekii/isolation \& purification, Sciuridae, Ticks/microbiology, typhus},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/45588.pdf},
	author = {Bozeman,F. Marilyn and Sonenshine,Daniel E. and Williams,Michael S. and Chadwick,Douglas P. and Lauer,David M. and Elisberg,Bennett L.}
}
@article {46639,
	title = {Epidemic typhus in the United States associated with flying squirrels},
	journal = {Journal of the American Medical Association},
	volume = {245},
	year = {1981},
	month = {1981},
	pages = {2318 - 2323},
	abstract = {Between July 1977 and January 1980, seven cases of sporadic, nonepidemic "epidemic" typhus (Rickettsia prowazekii) were discovered in Virginia, West Virginia, and North Carolina. The reservoir seemed to be the southern flying squirrel (Glaucomys volans), an animal indigenous to the eastern United States; however, the vector or mode of acquisition was not evident. Diagnosis was established principally through complement fixation, indirect immunofluorescence, and toxin neutralization tests. Patients{\textquoteright} ages were 11 to 81 years. Most were white women. Six had abrupt onset of illness. Headaches, fever, myalgias, and exanthems were among the presenting complaints. The disease seemed milder than classic louse-born epidemic typhus, but in some instances, it was life-threatening. All patients responded to tetracycline or chloramphenicol. This entity probably is more common than reported, is difficult to recognize, and is produced by an organism seemingly identical to that producing louse-born epidemic typhus.},
	keywords = {adolescent, adult, Aged, animals, Antibodies, Bacterial/analysis, child, Disease Reservoirs, Disease Vectors, humans, lice, Middle Aged, Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S., Rickettsia prowazekii/immunology, Rickettsia rickettsii/immunology, Sciuridae, typhus, U.S.A.},
	isbn = {0098-7484},
	author = {Duma,R. J. and Sonenshine,D. E. and Bozeman,F. Marilyn and Veazey,J. M.,Jr and Elisberg,Bennett L. and Chadwick,D. P. and Stocks,N. I. and McGill,T. M. and Miller,G. B.,Jr and MacCormack,J. N.}
}
@article {46508,
	title = {Ectoparasites of rodents in Suez governorate with special reference to fleas},
	journal = {Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology},
	volume = {16},
	year = {1986},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 8102141; ppublish},
	month = {1986},
	pages = {457 - 468},
	address = {EGYPT},
	keywords = {animals, Egypt, fleas, lice, mice, rat, Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S., Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S., Rodentia/parasitology, ticks},
	isbn = {0253-5890},
	author = {Morsy,Tosson A. and Fayad,M. E. and Abou Shady,M. K. and Yousef,N. S.}
}
@article {46281,
	title = {Phylogenetic methods come of age: testing hypotheses in an evolutionary context},
	journal = {Science},
	volume = {276},
	year = {1997},
	month = {1997},
	pages = {227 - 232},
	abstract = {The use of molecular phylogenies to examine evolutionary questions has become commonplace with the automation of DNA sequencing and the availability of efficient computer programs to perform phylogenetic analyses. The application of computer simulation and likelihood ratio tests to evolutionary hypotheses represents a recent methodological development in this field. Likelihood ratio tests have enabled biologists to address many questions in evolutionary biology that have been difficult to resolve in the past, such as whether host-parasite systems are cospeciating and whether models of DNA substitution adequately explain observed sequences.},
	keywords = {animals, Base Sequence, dna, Evolution, Evolution, Molecular, Hantavirus, Lice/genetics, Likelihood Functions, Mutation, Phylogeny, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S., RNA, Viral/genetics, Rodentia/genetics},
	isbn = {0036-8075},
	author = {Huelsenbeck,J. P. and Rannala,B.}
}
@article {46171,
	title = {A Bayesian framework for the analysis of cospeciation},
	journal = {Evolution},
	volume = {54},
	year = {2000},
	month = {2000},
	pages = {352 - 364},
	abstract = {Information on the history of cospeciation and host switching for a group of host and parasite species is contained in the DNA sequences sampled from each. Here, we develop a Bayesian framework for the analysis of cospeciation. We suggest a simple model of host switching by a parasite on a host phylogeny in which host switching events are assumed to occur at a constant rate over the entire evolutionary history of associated hosts and parasites. The posterior probability density of the parameters of the model of host switching are evaluated numerically using Markov chain Monte Carlo. In particular, the method generates the probability density of the number of host switches and of the host switching rate. Moreover, the method provides information on the probability that an event of host switching is associated with a particular pair of branches. A Bayesian approach has several advantages over other methods for the analysis of cospeciation. In particular, it does not assume that the host or parasite phylogenies are known without error; many alternative phylogenies are sampled in proportion to their probability of being correct.},
	keywords = {animals, Bayes Theorem, dna, host parasite, Lice/physiology, Models, Genetic, Monte Carlo Method, Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S., Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S., Rodentia/parasitology},
	isbn = {0014-3820},
	author = {Huelsenbeck,J. P. and Rannala,B. and Larget,B.}
}
@article {46163,
	title = {Winter ectoparasites of mammals in the northeastern piedmont area of Georgia},
	journal = {Journal of Vector Ecology},
	volume = {25},
	year = {2000},
	month = {2000},
	pages = {23 - 27},
	abstract = {Twenty-three species of ectoparasites were recovered from 10 species of mammals (89 individuals) in Mistletoe State Park, Columbia County, Georgia, during three winter months of 1998. The collection consisted of 9 species of fleas, 6 mites, 4 sucking lice, 3 ticks, and 1 mammal-associated beetle. Some rarely-collected arthropods were recorded including the ctenophthalmid fleas, Doratopsylla blarinae C. Fox and Epitedia cavernicola Traub, the laelapid mite, Echinonyssus blarinae (Herrin) (first records from Georgia for these three ectoparasites), and the leptinid beetle, Leptinus orientamericanus Peck (second record for Georgia). Varying degrees of host-specificity were exhibited by the 23 species of ectoparasites. Because relatively few mammal ectoparasite surveys are completed during the winter months, some seemingly rare species may, in reality, be more common at this time of year.},
	keywords = {animals, Beetles, fleas, geography, Georgia, lice, mammal, mites, parasite, Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S., Rodentia/parasitology, Seasons, ticks},
	isbn = {1081-1710},
	author = {Hu,R. and Lance A. Durden and James H. Oliver Jr}
}
@article {46073,
	title = {Hoplopleura janzeni n. sp. (Phthiraptera: Anoplura), a new sucking louse from a Central American swimming mouse},
	journal = {Journal of Parasitology},
	volume = {87},
	year = {2001},
	month = {2001},
	pages = {1409 - 1413},
	abstract = {<p>Both sexes of a new species of sucking louse Hoplopleura janzeni (Phthiraptera: Hoplopleuridae) are described and illustrated from the Central American ichthyomyine swimming mouse Rheomys raptor (Rodentia: Muridae) collected in Costa Rica. The morphology of the new species is compared with that of Hoplopleura exima Johnson, the only other species of sucking louse known to parasitize an ichthyomyine rodent. Hoplopleura janzeni is unique in having posteriorly directed spurs on the first antennal segment, the fore- and midcoxae, and the hind femora of both sexes.</p>
},
	keywords = {animals, Anoplura, atax, Costa Rica, Muridae/parasitology, n.sp., Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S., Swimming, Tropical Climate},
	url = {https://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/44889.pdf},
	author = {Lance A. Durden and Timm,Robert M.}
}
