@article {95925, title = {Pediculus humanus capitis: a study of the male genitalia using a combined stereoscopic, confocal laser scanning, and scanning electron microscopy approach}, journal = {Parasites \& Vectors}, volume = {14}, year = {2021}, month = {Nov-17-2021}, pages = {10 pp}, abstract = {

Background The male genital structures of arthropods are key features in the taxonomic and phylogenetic study of these organisms. The male genitalia of the head louse Pediculus humanus capitis are complex organs which are partly composed of structures that dynamically extrude during copulation.

Methods Here, we describe the morphology of the genitalia of P. humanus capitis at the copulation stage, and at rest, by using stereoscopic microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Results CLSM and SEM images revealed that the vesica is composed of two distinct anatomical parts, the proximal lobe and the distal lobe. Both lobes have short and narrow spines, as well as long and wide scales with either sharp or rounded tips. The rounded scales vary in size and have a wavy base and rounded tips, and thus resemble a tongue in appearance. We identified a gland-like area on the penis with 11 shallow circular depressions, and a flat area with 14\–16 exit orifices. The apical end of the penis has a foliaceous trifurcation and serves to expel the contents of the ejaculatory duct. These characteristics were recorded for all the specimens analyzed, indicating that these structures are highly conserved; to our knowledge, they have not been previously reported for any suborder of lice.

Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, our results reveal for the first time the morphological details, and complexity, of the male genitalia of the head louse P. humanus capitis at different stages of copulation. The new approach described here provided information that should be taken into consideration in future research on the genitalia of lice. Application of this approach will also impact the taxonomic and phylogenetic study of other insect taxa. Graphical Abstract

}, keywords = {Confocal laser scanning microscopy, copulation, Dilator, Genital chamber, genitalia, Pediculus humanus capitis, scanning electron microscopy, Vesica}, issn = {1756-3305}, doi = {10.1186/s13071-021-05082-w}, url = {https://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13071-021-05082-w}, author = {{\'A}lvarez-Fern{\'a}ndez, Blanca E. and Morales-Su{\'a}rez-Varela, Mar{\'\i}a and Nogueda-Torres, Benjam{\'\i}n and Maria Adela Valero} } @article {95914, title = {Redescription of Chelopistes meleagridis (Linnaeus) (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera: Philopteridae) from Pakistan with reference to its morpho-taconomical and genitalial studies}, journal = {Pakistan Journal of Entomology Karachi}, volume = {18}, year = {2003}, pages = {29-35}, keywords = {genitalia, Karachi, morpho-taxonomy, Pakistan, redescription, turkey fowls}, url = {https://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/95914.pdf}, author = {Naz,Saima and Syed Anser Rizvi and Zubair Ahmad} } @article {47144, title = {Morphology of male genitalia in lice and their relatives and phylogenetic implications}, journal = {Systematic Entomology}, volume = {31}, year = {2006}, month = {2006}, pages = {350 - 361}, abstract = {

Lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) have long been considered to compose a monophyletic group of insects on the basis of external morphological characteristics. However, a recent phylogenetic analysis of 18S rDNA sequences suggested that {\textquoteleft}Phthiraptera\&$\#$39; have arisen twice within the order Psocoptera (booklice and barklice). The external features of lice are highly specialized to a parasitic lifestyle, and convergence may be frequent for such characters. To provide a further test between traditional and recent molecular-based phylogenetic hypotheses, a phylogenetic analysis of lice and relatives based on morphological characters that are independent from the selective pressures of a parasitic lifestyle is needed. Here, we examined the morphology of the male phallic organ in lice and relatives ({\textquoteleft}Psocoptera\&$\#$39;: suborders Troctomorpha and Psocomorpha) and detected some novel modifications that were stable within each group and useful for higher level phylogenetic reconstruction. Phylogenetic analysis based on these characters provided a concordant result with the 18S-based phylogeny. In particular, the apomorphic presence of articulations between the basal plate, mesomere and ventral plate (=\ sclerite on the permanently everted endophallus) is observed consistently throughout the psocid families Pachytroctidae and Liposcelididae and the louse suborder Amblycera, providing support for a clade composed of these three groups, although possible homoplasy was detected in some Ischnocera. This is the first study to provide morphological support for the polyphyly of lice.

}, keywords = {dna, Evolution, genitalia, morphology}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/46250.pdf}, author = {Kazunori Yoshizawa and Kevin P. Johnson} } @article {46636, title = {Morphology of Pleurinirmus phylloscopus and Menacanthus sp., two Mallophaga of Phylloscopus collybita in Spain}, journal = {Angewandte Parasitologie}, volume = {22}, year = {1981}, month = {1981}, pages = {156 - 164}, keywords = {abdomen, animals, Bird parasites, Feathers/parasitology, genitalia, head, Mallophaga, Spain, Thorax/anatomy \& histology}, isbn = {0003-3162}, author = {Mar{\'\i}a D. Soler-Cruz and Guevara Ben{\'\i}tez,D. C.} } @article {46590, title = {Observation of symbiote migration in human body lice with scanning and transmission electron microscopy}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Microbiology}, volume = {29}, year = {1983}, note = {LR: 20031114; JID: 0372707; ppublish}, month = {1983}, pages = {755 - 762}, address = {CANADA}, abstract = {Bacterial symbiotes in the human body louse Pediculus humanus migrate from the mycetome to the lateral oviducts during the adult molt. Their migration was first described by Ries (E. Ries. 1931. Z. Morphol. Oekol. Tiere, 20:233-367.), who examined sectioned specimens with light microscopy. The present study is a more detailed investigation which involves the use of scanning and transmission electron micrographs. The results of our studies confirm Ries{\textquoteright} observations. Micrographs are presented of symbiotes emerging from the mycetome, migrating to the reproductive tract, and invading the lateral oviducts.}, keywords = {animals, genitalia, Hemocytes/physiology, Microscopy, Electron, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Oviducts/microbiology, Pediculus, Rickettsiaceae/physiology}, isbn = {0008-4166}, author = {Eberle,M. W. and McLean,D. L.} } @article {45296, title = {{\"U}ber den Stech- und Saugapparat der Pediculiden}, journal = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Wissenschaftliche Insektenbiologie}, volume = {2}, year = {1906}, note = {291, 2-6 Pl.}, month = {1906}, pages = {156 - 162, 198-204}, keywords = {anatomy, genitalia, Pediculus, Russisch., Troester}, author = {Pawlowsky,E. N.} } @article {43768, title = {Ein "Zwitter" beim Taubenfederling Columbicola c. columbae Lin.}, journal = {Mitteilungen der Deutschen Entomologischen Gesellschaft}, volume = {10}, year = {1941}, note = {164}, month = {1941}, pages = {71 - 73}, keywords = {biology, genitalia, Mallophaga, Troester}, author = {Hilde Sikora and Eichler,Wolfdietrich} } @article {42773, title = {Zur Anatomie der Geschlechtsorgane von Pediculus capitis und P. vestimenti}, journal = {Horae Soc. Entomol. Rossicae, St. Petersburg}, volume = {38}, year = {1907}, note = {291, 2-6 Pl.}, month = {1907}, pages = {82 - 108}, keywords = {anatomy, genitalia, Pediculus, Russisch., Troester}, author = {Pawlowsky,E. N.} } @article {42774, title = {Structure de l{\textquoteleft}appareil genital m{\^a}le du Phthirius inguinalis}, journal = {Soc. de Path. Exot. Bul.}, volume = {16}, year = {1923}, note = {678}, month = {1923}, pages = {416 - 417}, keywords = {genitalia, Pthirus, Troester}, author = {Pawlowsky,E. N.} } @article {42718, title = {Studies on Pediculus. I. The copulatory apparatus and the process of copulation in Pediculus humanus}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {9}, year = {1917}, note = {671}, month = {1917}, pages = {293 - 324}, abstract = {

Extract

Owing to the active interest now being taken in all that concerns lice and their habits, especially in connection with the war, it seems expedient to forestall a fuller publication, now in preparation, by giving an account of the copulatory apparatus and the curious process of copulation in Pediculus humanus Linn.

}, keywords = {biology, development, genitalia, Pediculus, Troester}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031182000006107}, url = {http://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/42718.pdf}, author = {Nuttall,George H. F.} } @article {42668, title = {Spermatheca in sucking louse}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {168}, year = {1951}, note = {452}, month = {1951}, pages = {612}, keywords = {development, genitalia, Haematomyzus, linognathus vituli, Troester}, url = {http://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/42668.pdf}, author = {Mukerji,D. and Sarma,P. S.} } @article {42492, title = {The sexual organs of Phthirus pubis Leach, 1815 with special reference to the copulatory apparatus}, journal = {Chin. Med. J. Sup.}, volume = {2}, year = {1938}, note = {707}, month = {1938}, pages = {545 - 554}, keywords = {genitalia, Pthirus, Troester}, author = {Kubo,Michio} } @article {42475, title = {The mechanism of egg-laying in the clothes louse (Pediculus humanus corporis De Geer) and its anomaly}, journal = {Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie}, volume = {30}, year = {1949}, note = {451}, month = {1949}, pages = {235 - 238}, keywords = {development, egg, genitalia, Pediculus, Primates, Troester}, author = {Kozulina,O. V.} } @article {42422, title = {Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Eichh{\"o}rnchenlaus: Neohaematopinus sciuri Jancke.}, journal = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Angewandte Entomologie}, volume = {33}, year = {1952}, note = {293}, month = {1952}, pages = {585 - 599}, keywords = {abdomen, Beine, Beziehung zum Wirt + Curiosa (8000 L{\"a}use auf einem Eichh{\"o}rnchen)., egg, genitalia, head, larva, Methodik, neohaematopinus, Thorax, Troester}, doi = {10.1111/j.1439-0418.1952.tb00685.x}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1439-0418.1952.tb00685.x/abstract}, author = {K{\'e}ler,Stefan von} } @article {42397, title = {The murine lice (Anoplura) from Iran}, journal = {Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology}, volume = {23}, year = {1972}, note = {1017}, month = {1972}, pages = {57 - 58}, keywords = {Asien pal.., genitalia, Polyplax, rodentia, Troester}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/40841.pdf}, author = {Kaneko,Kiyotoshi} } @article {42355, title = {Zur Kenntnis der m{\"a}nnlichen Kaudalregion der Anopluren}, journal = {Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Parasitenkunde}, volume = {3}, year = {1930}, note = {813}, month = {1930}, pages = {1 - 7}, keywords = {chaetotaxy, Enderleinellus, genitalia, Hoplopleura, Polyplax, Troester}, author = {Jancke,O.} } @article {42187, title = {L{\"a}usestudie V. Die Kaudalregion der weiblichen L{\"a}use}, journal = {Prag. Arch. Tiermed.}, volume = {4}, year = {1924}, note = {736}, month = {1924}, pages = {39 - 71}, keywords = {abdomen, Antarctophthirus, Enderleinellus, genitalia, Haematopinus, Hoplopleura, Lepidophthirus, Linognathus, Morphologie allg., neohaematopinus, Pedicinus, Pediculus, Polyplax, Pthirus, Solenopotes, Troester}, author = {Ludwig Freund} } @article {42189, title = {L{\"a}usestudie VI: Menschen- und Affenl{\"a}use}, journal = {Prag. Arch. Tiermed.}, volume = {6}, year = {1926}, note = {042, 4 fig.}, month = {1926}, pages = {113 - 122}, keywords = {biology, genitalia, Literatur, parasitophyletic, Pediculus, Primates, Systematik, Troester, Wirtsspezifit{\"a}t}, author = {Ludwig Freund} } @article {42192, title = {Weitere Unterschiede zwischen Kopf-und Kleiderlaus}, journal = {Med. Klinik.}, volume = {23}, year = {1927}, note = {683}, month = {1927}, pages = {601 - 602}, keywords = {genitalia, Nomenklatur, Pediculus, Systematik, Troester}, author = {Ludwig Freund} } @article {42134, title = {Pediculus schaeffi on chimpanzee in the Netherlands (Anopl.)}, journal = {Entomologische Berichten}, volume = {15}, year = {1955}, note = {156, 1 fig.}, month = {1955}, pages = {398 - 400}, keywords = {genitalia, Pediculus, Primates, Troester}, url = {http://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/42134.pdf}, author = {Eyndhoven,G. L. van} } @article {42127, title = {The male genital armature in the order Anoplura, or sucking lice}, journal = {Annals of the Entomological Society of America}, volume = {25}, year = {1932}, note = {635}, month = {1932}, pages = {657 - 669}, keywords = {genitalia, Pedicinus, Pediculus, Phthirpediculus, Troester}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/5329.pdf}, author = {Ewing,Henry Ellsworth} } @article {42092, title = {Die L{\"a}use Schlesiens}, journal = {Acta Parasitologica Polonica}, volume = {8}, year = {1960}, note = {111, 56 figs.}, month = {1960}, pages = {1 - 23}, keywords = {chaetotaxy, ecology, Enderleinellus, genitalia, Hoplopleura, Mitteleuropa, Polyplax, rodentia, Troester}, url = {http://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/42092.pdf}, author = {Eichler,Wolfdietrich} } @article {41777, title = {A bacillary infection of the copulatory apparatus of Pediculus humanus}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {13}, year = {1921}, note = {521}, month = {1921}, pages = {25 - 26}, keywords = {genitalia, Gert, Medizinische Bedeutung., Pediculus}, author = {Arkwright,J. A. and Bacot,A. W.} } @article {38831, title = {Structure and function of the male genitalia of the badger louse, Trichodectes melis (Fabricius) (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera: Trichodectidae)}, journal = {Entomologist{\textquoteright}s Monthly Magazine}, volume = {123}, year = {1987}, note = {Structure and function of male genitalia in a badger louse as well as a description of copulation.}, month = {1987}, pages = {55 - 58}, keywords = {genitalia, Ischnocera, morphology, Trichodectes, trichodectidae}, url = {http://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/38831.pdf}, author = {Christopher Henry Coutts Lyal} }