@article {95359, title = {Reconstructing aspects of the daily life in late 19th and early 20th-century Iceland: archaeoentomological analysis of the Vatnsfj{\"o}r{\dh}ur Farm, NW Iceland}, journal = {Archaeologia Islandica}, volume = {8}, year = {2010}, pages = {77-110}, abstract = {

To better understand the daily lives and living conditions of late 19th and early 20th-century Icelandic farmers, archaeoentomological analyses were undertaken using sediment samples collected at the site of Vatnsfj\ör\ður, in the Westfjords. Used in a contextual and multidisciplinary analytical framework, the analysis of preserved insect remains from multiple archaeological contexts allowed the identification of domestic activities, including animal products and hay storage, house renovations, floor maintenance, and trade. The hygienic conditions within the buildings and of their occupants were also interpreted along with some elements of the local landscape. This study demonstrates the potential of archaeoentomology to contribute to a better understanding of daily life in Early Modern Iceland.

}, issn = {1560-8026}, url = {https://timarit.is/gegnir/001253417}, author = {V{\'e}ronique Forbes and Allison Bain and Gu{\dh}r{\'u}n Alda G{\'\i}slad{\'o}ttir and Karen B. Milek} } @article {94801, title = {Genotyping of Human Lice Suggests Multiple Emergences of Body Lice from Local Head Louse Populations}, journal = {PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases}, volume = {4}, year = {2010}, month = {03-2010}, pages = {e641}, type = {Open Access}, abstract = {

Background:\ Genetic analyses of human lice have shown that the current taxonomic classification of head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) and body lice (Pediculus humanus humanus) does not reflect their phylogenetic organization. Three phylotypes of head lice A, B and C exist but body lice have been observed only in phylotype A. Head and body lice have different behaviours and only the latter have been involved in outbreaks of infectious diseases including epidemic typhus, trench fever and louse borne recurrent fever. Recent studies suggest that body lice arose several times from head louse populations.

Methods and Findings:\ By introducing a new genotyping technique, sequencing variable intergenic spacers which were selected from louse genomic sequence, we were able to evaluate the genotypic distribution of 207 human lice. Sequence variation of two intergenic spacers, S2 and S5, discriminated the 207 lice into 148 genotypes and sequence variation of another two intergenic spacers, PM1 and PM2, discriminated 174 lice into 77 genotypes. Concatenation of the four intergenic spacers discriminated a panel of 97 lice into 96 genotypes. These intergenic spacer sequence types were relatively specific geographically, and enabled us to identify two clusters in France, one cluster in Central Africa (where a large body louse outbreak has been observed) and one cluster in Russia. Interestingly, head and body lice were not genetically differentiated.

Conclusions:\ We propose a hypothesis for the emergence of body lice, and suggest that humans with both low hygiene and head louse infestations provide an opportunity for head louse variants, able to ingest a larger blood meal (a required characteristic of body lice), to colonize clothing. If this hypothesis is ultimately supported, it would help to explain why poor human hygiene often coincides with outbreaks of body lice. Additionally, if head lice act as a reservoir for body lice, and that any social degradation in human populations may allow the formation of new populations of body lice, then head louse populations are potentially a greater threat to humans than previously assumed.

}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pntd.0000641}, url = {https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000641}, author = {Wenjun Li and Gabriel Ortiz and Pierre-Edouard Fournier and Gregory Gimenez and David L. Reed and Barry R. Pittendrigh and Didier Raoult} } @inbook {94443, title = {L{\"a}use {\textendash} Biologie, medizinische Bedeutung und Bek{\"a}mpfung}, booktitle = {Krank durch Arthropoden - Denisia}, volume = {30}, year = {2010}, pages = {191-212}, publisher = {Biologiezentrum der Ober{\"o}sterreichischen Landesmuseen}, organization = {Biologiezentrum der Ober{\"o}sterreichischen Landesmuseen}, address = {Linz, Austria}, abstract = {

English title:\ Lice \– Biology, medical importance and control.

Abstract: All species of Phthiraptera are strongly stenoxenous ectoparasites on birds and mammals. They spend their entire life cycle on the host. Many species are of veterinary importance, but only three are ec- toparasites of humans \– the head louse Pediculus humanus capitis, the clothing louse Pediculus humanus humanus and the crab louse Pthirus pubis. The clothing louse is important as the main vector of Rickettsia prowazekii, Borrelia recurrentis and Bartonella quintana. Its preferred habitat is clothing. Long-term survival of the clothing louse is only possible when infested clothes are worn for long pe- riods of time in the absence of sufficient disinsection measures such as washing or storage. The head louse infests scalp hair. It is wide- spread the world over, among all social groups and especially among children. The crab louse Pthirus pubis is mainly found in pubic hair. It is usually transmitted by close bodily contact, such as during sexual intercourse, and occurs more rarely.
Head and crab lice, as well as animal lice, can be eradicated only by efficient and repeated lice control measures that include re- peated applications of pediculicid medications having a high anti-lice efficacy. To treat human lice, various pediculicids are avail- able with classical and alternative modes of action. Additional steps to effectively control lice and to guard against lice-borne dis- eases are information, attention, early diagnosis, contact tracing and hygienic measures.

}, keywords = {Bartonella quintana., Borrelia recurrentis, clothing lice, crab lice, head lice, Pediculosis, rickettsia prowazekii}, url = {https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/DENISIA_0030_0191-0212.pdf}, author = {Habedank,Birgit}, editor = {Horst Asp{\"o}ck} } @article {61637, title = {The effect of blood group and blood handling on feeding success, longevity and egg production of the body louse, Pediculus humanus humanus}, journal = {Med. Vet. Entomol}, year = {2010}, abstract = {

The effects of feeding different types of human blood to human body lice, Pediculus humanus humanus L. (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae), on feeding success, longevity and numbers of eggs laid were investigated using an artificial blood-feeding system in the laboratory. No significant differences were found between lice fed on different human blood types for any of the parameters tested. However, when lice were fed on human blood of one blood type followed immediately by a different blood type, they took significantly smaller bloodmeals, their longevity was reduced and they laid fewer eggs per female than control lice that had been fed twice on the same human blood type. When lice were fed human blood that had been stored for 1\–26 weeks, the quantity of blood taken, the proportion of lice that became fully engorged and lice longevity diminished gradually as the storage time of the blood increased, but there was no effect of storage time on the mean number of eggs laid per female. However, lice would not feed on 26-week-old blood. The type of anticoagulant used had a significant effect on the proportion fed, longevity and number of eggs laid per female. Generally, EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid)-treated blood reduced longevity and the number of eggs laid per female to a greater degree than heparinized or citrated blood. Lice fed on rabbit blood took significantly larger amounts of blood, lived longer and laid a higher mean number of eggs per female than lice fed on human blood.

}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2915.2010.00897.x}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2915.2010.00897.x}, author = {Kosta Y. Mumcuoglu and Danilevich, M and Zelig, O and Grinbaum, H and Michael Friger and Meinking,Terri A.} }