@article {46065, title = {Comparative in vitro pediculicidal efficacy of treatments in a resistant head lice population in the United States}, journal = {Archives of Dermatology}, volume = {138}, year = {2002}, month = {2002}, pages = {220 - 224}, abstract = {

OBJECTIVE: To compare the pediculicidal activity of 5 head lice products available in the United States on head lice from south Florida.

DESIGN: In vitro pediculicidal product comparison.

SETTING: Lice Source Services, Inc, located in Plantation, Fla, a clinic for the treatment and grooming of individuals with pediculosis capitis.

PARTICIPANTS: Head lice were collected from healthy clients with Pediculus capitis that came to Lice Source Services, Inc, to seek their services.

INTERVENTIONS: Within 2 to 6 hours of capture, lice were placed in continuous direct contact with the pediculicide products and observed at regular intervals. Results were compared with findings of a recent study of a treatment-sensitive population of head lice conducted in Panama.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Percentage of lice dead at regular observation intervals between 5 minutes and 3 hours of continuous exposure to the pediculicides.

RESULTS: Two prescription products, Ovide lotion (0.5\% malathion) and 1\% lindane shampoo, were ranked in the same order as in 2 previous studies (first and last, respectively). The order of effectiveness from most to least effective was as follows: Ovide lotion, A-200 shampoo (a natural pyrethrin product synergized with piperonyl butoxide), undiluted Nix (1\% permethrin), diluted Nix, RID (a natural pyrethrin product synergized with piperonyl butoxide), and 1\% lindane shampoo.

CONCLUSIONS: There were statistically significant differences in the efficacy of all the products when compared with the results found in the recent study in Panama, except for Ovide lotion. Of those tested, Ovide was the only pediculicide in the United States that had not become less effective. The difference in efficacy of 1\% lindane, Nix, and pyrethrins between the Panama and Florida studies supports the argument that some head lice in the United States have become resistant to these treatments.

}, keywords = {adult, animals, child, Comparative Study, hair, humans, In Vitro, insecticide, Insecticide resistance, Kerosene, Lice Infestations/drug therapy, Lindane/pharmacology, Malathion, Pediculus, Piperonyl Butoxide, Pyrethrum, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, scalp dermatoses}, doi = {10.1001/archderm.138.2.220}, url = {https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/fullarticle/478698}, author = {Meinking,Terri Lynn and Serrano,L. and Hard,B. and Entzel,P. and Lemard,G. and Rivera,E. and Villar,M. E.} } @article {46040, title = {Spatial and kinetic factors for the transfer of head lice (Pediculus capitis) between hairs}, journal = {Journal of Investigative Dermatology}, volume = {119}, year = {2002}, month = {2002}, pages = {629 - 631}, abstract = {

Although the global increase in pediculosis is well known, little is known about the exact nature of head lice (Pediculus capitis) transmission. Several mechanisms have been proposed such as head-to-head and fomite transmission, but some contention remains concerning the primary transmission route. This study investigated spatial and kinetic factors influencing the dynamics of hair-to-hair transfer to clarify further how head lice transmit from head to head. Forty-eight factorial experimental trials, with 10 replicates each, were conducted using 480 freshly caught P. capitis from primary school children. In the trials, each louse was placed on a stationary suspended hair or a mobile hair and was presented with mobile or stationary hairs for transmission. All hair passes involved contact between the uninhabited hair and the lice. Hairs without a louse were presented dorsally, laterally, and ventrally to the louse. They were also passed from head to tail or from tail to head and were moved at speeds of 8 m and 4 m per min. The proportion of P. capitis transmission was highly dependent on the specific setting. The tail-to-head direction, slow movement, and a parallel direction all proved favorable for transmission. The highest transfer proportion of P. capitis (85\%) was observed in the setting where the presented hair was laterally slow moving in a parallel way from tail to head. No transmission at all was observed under an angle of 90 degrees. Hair-to-hair P. capitis transmission occurred more frequently when hairs were in particular physical and kinetic relationships. This suggests that head lice are less likely to take advantage of many proposed fomite transmission scenarios and are most likely to rely on head-to-head contact for transmission.

}, keywords = {animals, Behavior, Animal, child, hair, humans, Kinetics, Lice Infestations/transmission, Locomotion, Pediculus}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/44850.pdf}, author = {Canyon,Deon V. and Speare,Richard and Muller,Reinhold} } @article {46038, title = {Acute organophosphate intoxication after using a anti-lice insecticide shampoo}, journal = {Archives de Pediatrie}, volume = {9}, year = {2002}, note = {LR: 20041118; JID: 9421356; 0 (Antidotes); 0 (Cholinesterase Reactivators); 0 (Hair Preparations); 0 (Insecticides); 0 (Organophosphorus Compounds); 0 (Pralidoxime Compounds); 6735-59-7 (pralidoxime); ppublish}, month = {2002}, pages = {913 - 916}, address = {France}, abstract = {CASE REPORT: Two children were admitted for poisoning by organophosphate pesticides applied as hair rinses against lice. These chemical agents inhibit the acetylcholinesterase enzyme at various sites. The resultant accumulation of the transmitter acetylcholine causes abnormal signs and symptoms. The diagnosis is based on a reduction in the blood cholinesterase activity. The specific treatment comprises the administration of atropine and pralidoxime. CONCLUSION: Accidental poisoning by organophosphate insecticides may occur, due to the misuse of such substances as shampoo against lice. An accurate information for users is necessary.}, keywords = {abdomen, Acute Disease, animals, Antidotes/therapeutic use, child, Child, Preschool, English Abstract, hair, humans, insecticide, Lice Infestations/drug therapy, organophosphate, Pediculus, Portugal, scalp dermatoses, Time Factors, vomit}, isbn = {0929-693X}, author = {Paget,C. and Menard,S. and Wroblewski,I. and Gout,J. P. and Danel,V. and Bost,M.} } @article {46014, title = {Development of a paw paw herbal shampoo for the removal of head lice}, journal = {Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology}, volume = {9}, year = {2002}, month = {2002}, pages = {743 - 748}, abstract = {The development and clinical testing of an herbal lice removal shampoo, containing a standardized extract of paw paw, thymol, and tea tree oil, are described. All of these ingredients were selected for their ability to deplete adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels and, thus, prevent ATP-dependent pesticide resistance. Optimum concentrations of the ingredients, treatment times, and dosing schedules were established through in vitro tests with head lice. In addition to pilot studies involving 21 participants, a final clinical trial, using the optimum shampoo formulation in 16 participants, demonstrated 100\% effectiveness in removing head lice and nits.}, keywords = {adult, animals, Asimina, child, Dose-Response, hair, humans, insecticide, Lice Infestations/prevention \& control, Lice/drug effects, Phytotherapy, Pilot Projects, Plant Extracts}, isbn = {0944-7113}, author = {McCage,C. M. and Ward,S. M. and Paling,C. A. and Fisher,D. A. and Flynn,P. J. and McLaughlin,J. L.} }