@article {46215,
	title = {Differential permethrin susceptibility of head lice sampled in the United States and Borneo},
	journal = {Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine},
	volume = {153},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999},
	pages = {969 - 973},
	abstract = {<p>BACKGROUND: Pediculiasis is treated aggressively in the United States, mainly with permethrin- and pyrethrin-containing pediculicides. Increasingly frequent anecdotal reports of treatment failure suggest the emergence of insecticidal resistance by these lice. OBJECTIVE: To confirm or refute the susceptibility of head lice sampled in the United States to permethrin. DESIGN: Survey. Head lice were removed from children residing where pediculicides are readily available and where such products are essentially unknown. Their survival was compared following exposure to residues of graded doses of permethrin in an in vitro bioassay. SETTING: School children from Massachusetts, Idaho, and Sabah (Malaysian Borneo). SUBJECTS: In the United States, 75 children aged 5 to 8 years. In Sabah, 59 boys aged 6 to 13 years. Virtually all sampled US children had previously been treated with pediculicides containing pyrethrins or permethrin; none of the Sabahan children were so exposed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Survival of head lice exposed to permethrin. RESULTS: Permethrin did not affect head lice sampled from chronically infested US children who had previously been treated for pediculiasis. The slope of the dose-response regression line for these lice did not differ significantly from zero (P = .66). This pediculicide immobilized lice sampled in Sabah. Mortality correlated closely with permethrin concentration (P = .008). CONCLUSIONS: Head lice in the United States are less susceptible to permethrin than are those in Sabah. The pyrethroid susceptibility of the general population of head lice in the United States, however, remains poorly defined. Accordingly, these relatively safe over-the-counter preparations may remain the pediculicides of choice for newly recognized louse infestations.</p>
},
	keywords = {adolescent, animals, Borneo, child, Dose-Response, humans, Idaho, insecticide, Insecticide resistance, Lice Infestations/drug therapy, Linear Models, Massachusetts, Pediculus, Permethrin, Pyrethrum, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, scalp dermatoses},
	doi = {10.1001/archpedi.153.9.969},
	url = {https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/347786},
	author = {Richard J. Pollack and Kiszewski,Anthony and Armstrong,Philip and Hahn,Christine and Wolfe,Nathan and Rahman,Hasan Abdul and Laserson,Kayla and Telford,Sam R., 3rd and Spielman,Andrew}
}
@article {46159,
	title = {Over diagnosis and consequent mismanagement of head louse infestations in North America},
	journal = {Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal},
	volume = {19},
	year = {2000},
	month = {2000},
	pages = {693 - 696; discussion 694},
	abstract = {<p>BACKGROUND: Lay personnel and many health care workers in the United States believe that head louse infestations caused by Pediculus capitis are exceedingly transmissible and that infested children readily infest others. Schoolchildren therefore frequently become ostracized and remain so until no signs of their presumed infestations are evident. Repeated applications of pediculicidal product and chronic school absenteeism frequently result.METHODS: To determine how frequently louse-related exclusions from schools and applications of pediculicidal therapeutic regimens might be inappropriate, we invited health care providers as well as nonspecialized personnel to submit specimens to us that were associated with a diagnosis of pediculiasis. Each submission was then characterized microscopically. RESULTS: Health care professionals as well as nonspecialists frequently overdiagnose pediculiasis capitis and generally fail to distinguish active from extinct infestations. Noninfested children thereby become quarantined at least as often as infested children. Traditional anti-louse formulations are overapplied as frequently as are \&quot;alternative\&quot; formulations. Pediculicidal treatments are more frequently applied to non-infested children than to children who bear active infestations. CONCLUSIONS: Pediculicidal treatments should be applied solely after living nymphal or adult lice or apparently viable eggs have been observed. Because health care providers as well as lay personnel generally misdiagnose pediculiasis, and because few symptoms and no direct infectious processes are known to result, we suggest that the practice of excluding presumably infested children from school may be more burdensome than the infestations themselves.</p>
},
	keywords = {Administration, Topical, adolescent, adult, Age Distribution, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, animals, child, Child, Preschool, Diagnosis, Differential, Follow-Up Studies, humans, incidence, Lice Infestations/diagnosis/drug therapy/epidemiology, Middle Aged, North America/epidemiology, Pediculus, Permethrin, Pyrethrum, risk factors, scalp, Sex Distribution, Treatment Outcome},
	url = {https://journals.lww.com/pidj/Abstract/2000/08000/Overdiagnosis_and_consequent_mismanagement_of_head.3.aspx},
	author = {Richard J. Pollack and Kiszewski,A. E. and Spielman,Andrew}
}
@inbook {45823,
	title = {Louse antigens recognized by resistant hosts: Immunoblotting studies},
	booktitle = {Host regulated developmental mechanisms in vector arthropods},
	year = {1989},
	month = {1989},
	pages = {159 - 162},
	address = {Vero Beach, Florida},
	keywords = {antigens, host, Pediculosis, resistance},
	url = {http://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/45823.pdf},
	author = {Ben-Yakir,David and Kosta Y. Mumcuoglu},
	editor = {Borovsky,D. and Spielman,Andrew}
}
@article {39702,
	title = {Wild primate populations in emerging infectious disease research: the missing link?},
	journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases},
	volume = {4},
	year = {1998},
	month = {1998},
	pages = {149 - 158},
	abstract = {Wild primate populations, an unexplored source of information regarding emerging infectious disease, may hold valuable clues to the origins and evolution of some important pathogens. Primates can act as reservoirs for human pathogens. As members of biologically diverse habitats, they serve as sentinels for surveillance of emerging pathogens and provide models for basic research on natural transmission dynamics. Since emerging infectious diseases also pose serious threats to endangered and threatened primate species, studies of these diseases in primate populations can benefit conservation efforts and may provide the missing link between laboratory studies and the well-recognized needs of early disease detection, identification, and surveillance.},
	author = {Wolfe,N. D. and Escalante,A. A. and Karesh,W. B. and Kilbourn,A. and Spielman,Andrew and Lal,A. A.}
}
