@article {96518, title = {Severe Lice Infestation in Patient of Atopic Dermatitis}, journal = {Liaquat National Journal of Primary Care}, volume = {4}, year = {2022}, month = {Oct-2021}, abstract = {

A 13-year-old female came to us with the complaint of severe itching in her scalp, low-grade fever, loss of weight, and enlarged occipital lymph node. The patient was having very severe infestations of lice in her scalp. The patient was very anxious and irritated because of her itching. We excluded all the options for sexual, mental, and physical abuse by having proper examination and history taking in the absence of any guardian after taking permission from guardians. The patient was having lice and nits only on her scalp, other parts of body hairs were spared from the lice infestations. The patient was maintaining proper hygiene and belongs to an upper socioeconomic family. Along with this patient\&$\#$39;s mother informed us about her diagnosis of atopic dermatitis. The patient has been diagnosed with atopic dermatitis since she was at the age of 3. Lice infestation is a very common problem in low socio-economic societies and generally, it is considered the person who has the lice infestations must be unhygienic, in reality, it has been seen very often in very neat and clean people. Very severe lice infestations depend on many factors not only in neglected, homeless, or non-hygienic people, it depends on sebum production, many skin diseases e.g. hyperhidrosis, etc.

}, keywords = {Atopic dermatitis, Lice infestation, louse, Nits, Permethrin}, issn = {2707-3521}, doi = {10.37184/lnjpc.2707-3521.3.19}, url = {https://journals.lnh.edu.pk/lnjpc/Home/ArticleHtml?uid=541d6b43-cb29-44d5-a7df-cdf029da129a}, author = {Shamail Zia and Iman Zia and Aisha Liaqat and Syeda Rabab Jaffer and Farozaan Shamail} } @article {96505, title = {Parasitic findings on threatened pudu deer from Central Chile accounts first genetic characterization of lice parasitizing P. puda in Chile and the first molecular report of Taenia hydatigena metacestodes in this species}, journal = {Veterinary Quarterly}, volume = {44}, year = {2024}, month = {Jan-19-2024}, pages = {1-8}, type = {Open Access}, abstract = {

Southern pudu (Pudu puda) is a threatened endemic deer of the temperate forests of Chile. In recent years pudu populations rates have decreased mainly due to anthropogenic causes including forest loss and landscape fragmentation. In this context, the parasitic fauna of
Chilean pudu has been scarcely investigated. The aim of this study was to determine the parasitic status of rescued pudu n = 13 from its natural habitat in Central Chile (Maule region) during March 2022 and June 2023 by applying morphological, histopathological, and molecular analyses. As result, we report the presence of transmission of parasites from dogs to pudus as showed by the presence of metacestodes of the parasite Taenia hydatigena on omentum, liver, and pleura of pudus during postmortem examinations, being the first molecular report on the presence of this parasite on Chilean pudu. Meanwhile, ectoparasite examinations determined the presence of chewing and sucking lice on pudu exemplars here analysed. Molecular and phylogenetic analysis of lice revealed new insights on Bovicola and Anoplura lice parasitizing P. puda in Chile, equally being the first genetic characterization of lice parasitizing pudu
exemplars in Chile. In addition, parasite loads of lice and metacestodes were analysed. However, no statistically significance was observed when comparing environmental and individual traits influence on parasite load variation. Overall, the study area is the northern
limit of habitat distribution of this specie in Chile and we here provide novel information on pudu deer parasites, thus making a useful and valuable contribution to the parasitological knowledge on this threatened species.

}, keywords = {Chile, lice, louse, Southern pudu, Taenia hydatigena, Threatened species, wildlife conservation}, issn = {0165-2176, 1875-5941}, doi = {10.1080/01652176.2024.2302027}, url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01652176.2024.2302027}, author = {Tamara Mu{\~n}oz-Caro and Mar{\'\i}a Fernanda Gonz{\'a}lez and Rodrigo Villalobos and Alejandro Hidalgo} } @article {96370, title = {Examination of vertical transmission of Bartonella quintana in body lice following multiple infectious blood meals}, journal = {Pathogens and Disease}, volume = {80}, year = {2022}, month = {Jan-01-2022}, pages = {5 pp}, abstract = {

Bartonella quintana is a re-emerging louse-borne pathogen. Horizontal transmission from the body louse vector (Pediculus humanus humanus) to a human host occurs through contact with infectious louse feces containing a high concentration of the bacteria. However, questions have remained about whether vertical transmission from infected vectors to their progeny, which could significantly influence the dynamics of transmission to humans, occurs in body lice. To address this subject, we performed a series of controlled laboratory experiments that examined the presence of B. quintana on the surface of and within eggs produced by female body lice that were provisioned multiple infectious blood meals to recapitulate the natural pathogen acquisition process. Our results demonstrate that B. quintana DNA can be detected from the surface of eggs by qPCR due to vertical transfer of infectious feces to the egg sheath during or after oviposition. However, viable B. quintana could not be cultured from the hemolymph of adult female lice or from within eggs that were surface sterilized, indicating a lack of true transovarial transmission. Based on this evidence, vertical transfer of B. quintana from infected adult lice to their eggs probably has a limited impact on the dynamics of transmission to humans.

}, keywords = {bartonella quintana, lice, louse, transmission, vector, vertical}, issn = {2049-632X}, doi = {10.1093/femspd/ftac028}, url = {https://academic.oup.com/femspd/article/80/1/ftac028/6634238}, author = {Lauren Kress and Rashaun Potts and Jose E. Pietri} } @inbook {96360, title = {Cutaneous Diseases Caused by Arthropods and Other Noxious Animals}, booktitle = {Atlas of Dermatology, Dermatopathology and Venereology}, year = {2020}, pages = {251-265}, publisher = {Springer International Publishing}, organization = {Springer International Publishing}, abstract = {

This chapter discusses the cutaneous manifestations caused by arthropods which includes insects, ticks, mites, spiders, and scorpions. Infestations by arthropods as well as their developing stages lead to various cutaneous and sometimes systemic symptoms These cutaneous manifestations are varied and nonspecific. It may cause lesions like petechiae, purpura, ulcer, nodule, and atrophic, and hyper-pigmented lesions. Most lesions develop because of immune reactions to the potential allergen

}, keywords = {Ant, arthropod, Bed bug, Bee, Beetle, body louse, Bug, cimex lectularius, Clothing louse, Coleopteran, Crab Louse, Cutaneous disease, Demodex, Diptera, flea, Head louse, Hemipteran, Hymenoptera, louse, myiasis, Norwegian scabies, Noxious anima, Pediculus capitis, pediculus corporis, Phthiriasis pubis, Pubic louse, Sarcoptes scabiei, Scabies, Scorpion, Siphonaptera, Tick, Wasp}, isbn = {9783319451343, 9783319451343}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-45134-3_77-1}, url = {https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-319-53805-1_77}, author = {Sumit Kar and Nidhi Yadav and Pooja Bonde and Varsha Verma} } @article {95581, title = {Itching eyes after itching around the head}, journal = {German Medical Sciences Ophthalmology Cases}, volume = {10}, year = {2020}, month = {02-2020}, pages = {2 pp}, type = {Case report, open access}, abstract = {

Objective: To report the occurrence and management of an eyelashes infestation by Phthirus pubis.

Methods: A 27-year-old female presented with itching in her right eye and head after she had been traveling in southern Italy five days earlier. Visual acuity (VA) was 20/20 in both eyes. Slit-lamp examination showed bilateral blepharitis. Moreover, mobile insects and eggs attached to the eyelashes were observed. A microbiological study was performed with a Phthirus pubis result. The patient was treated with mechanical dislodging.

Results: The resolution of the infection was carried out removing every insect and egg. A vaseline application twice daily for 7 days was necessary to stifle any nits that could remain.

Conclusions: The eyelashes pediculosis is frequently caused by Phthirus pubis. Only a minor percentage of the cases are due to Phthirus capitis, but the differential diagnosis is essential: there are Phthirus pubis pediculosis cases due to sexual abuse. A sexual history and screening for other sexually transmitted diseases is warranted.

}, keywords = {lice, louse, Nits, Pediculosis}, doi = {10.3205/oc000136 }, url = {https://www.egms.de/static/de/journals/oc/2020-10/oc000136.shtml}, author = {Del Barrio, Laura Tabuenca and Marcos Mozo Cuadrado and Alicia Zubicoa En{\'e}riz and I{\~n}igo Mart{\'\i}nez de Espronceda-Ezquerro} } @article {95564, title = {Body lice and bed bug co-infestation in an emergency department patient, Ohio, USA}, journal = {IDCases}, volume = {19}, year = {2020}, month = {Jan-01-2020}, pages = {4 pp}, type = {Open Access}, abstract = {

Body lice and bed bugs are hematophagous insects that parasitize humans. Body lice are established vectors of several bacterial pathogens (e.g. Bartonella quintana, Borrelia recurrentis). Bed bugs are biologically competent vectors of some of the same agents, but their vectorial capacity for these in nature is unclear. In particular, a lack of exposure to louse-borne pathogens in bed bugs in the field could be a factor that limits their contribution to transmission. Here, we describe a case of a patient seen in an urban emergency department who was suffering from infestation with both body lice and bed bugs. Insects were collected from the patient and tested for the presence of louse-borne bacterial pathogens using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Although no Bartonella, Borrelia, or Rickettsia were detected, this case provides evidence of ecological overlap between body lice and bed bugs and highlights several potential risk factors for co-infestation. The ecological relationships between bed bugs, body lice, and louse-borne bacteria should be further investigated in the field to determine the frequency of co-infestations and identify possible instances of pathogen infection in bed bugs.

}, keywords = {Bed bug, Cimex, Co-infestation, lice, louse}, issn = {2214-2509}, doi = {10.1016/j.idcr.2020.e00696}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214250920300044}, author = {Jose E. Pietri and Justin A. Yax and Diing D. M. Agany and Etienne Z. Gnimpieba and Johnathan M. Sheele} } @article {95518, title = {Evolution, Prehistory and Vitamin D}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, volume = {17}, year = {2020}, month = {Jan-2020}, pages = {646-653}, type = {Open Access}, abstract = {

Aspects of human evolutionary biology and prehistory are discussed in relation to vitamin D. The evolution of hairlessness, combined with the need for efficient eccrine sweat production for cooling, provided evolutionary pressure to protect the skin from ultraviolet damage by developing cutaneous pigmentation. There was a subsequent loss of pigmentation as humans journeyed to northern latitudes. Their increasing mastery of technology outstripped evolution\’s finite pace as further dispersal occurred around the globe. A timeline for the development of clothing to provide warmth, and the consequent shielding from ultraviolet light, which diminished vitamin D synthesis, can be inferred by an examination of mutations in the human louse.

}, keywords = {Africa, Clothing, Evolution, folate, human, louse, Migration, technology, vitamin D}, issn = {1660-4601}, doi = {10.3390/ijerph17020646}, url = {https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/2/646}, author = {Paul Jarrett and Robert Scragg} } @article {94619, title = {Ancient treatment for lice: a source of suggestions for carriers of other infectious diseases?}, journal = {Le Infezioni in Medicina}, volume = {26}, year = {2018}, pages = {181 - 192}, abstract = {

Louse infestation is one of the oldest contagious pes- tilential diseases of humankind, which has recently re-emerged in several developing countries as well as in homeless individuals and migrants. The present work provides the first phase of an historical excursus of louse remedies based on the classics of pharmaceu- tical literature, codes, pharmacopoeia and treatises. The second phase involves a literature search, based on the principal medical databases (SciFinder, Pu- bmed, Google Scholar, ISI-Web of Science and Scopus), to match ancient raw materials and active principles for the treatment of pediculosis and their possible ap- plications, with other current infectious pathologies transmitted by different carriers. In this regard, Rho- dodendron tomentosum has revealed repellent insect activity, particularly against Aedes aegypti, responsible
for Dengue fever, Chikungunya, Zika fever, Mayaro, yellow fever and other infectious diseases. Petroseli- num crispum is an insecticide employed for resistant strains of A. aegypti. In the case of Delphinium staphis- agria, the phytochemical profile was further investi- gated with the identification of further molecules in addition to delphinine. The latter shows interesting activities against Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania. Anthemis pyrethrum, now renamed as Anacyclus pyre- thrum, although not containing pyrethrins present in several plants of the genus Chrysanthemum, revealed pediculicidal activity but did not produce satisfactory results in antiprotozoal activity.

}, keywords = {Chagas Disease, leishmaniasis., louse, mosquito-borne dis- eases, remedies, trypanosomiasis, typhus}, issn = {1125-9390}, url = {https://www.infezmed.it/media/journal/Vol_26_2_2018_16.pdf}, author = {Chiara Beatrice Vicentini and Stefano Manfredini and Carlo Contini} } @article {94506, title = {Actualizaci{\'o}n y perspectiva integrada de la pediculosis}, journal = {Rev. Asoc. Colomb. Dermatol.}, volume = {25}, year = {2017}, pages = {38 - 48}, abstract = {

Update and integrated perspective of pediculosis

RESUMEN
La pediculosis es la infestaci\ón de la piel y el cuero cabelludo m\ás frecuente en humanos. Esta dermatosis es causada por el ectopar\ásito Pediculus capitis, cono- cido popularmente como \“piojo\” y, en la mayor\ía de los casos, se transmite por contacto directo con una persona infestada.
Esta enfermedad muestra una amplia distribuci\ón mundial y, aunque nadie est\á exento de contraerla, afectaparticularmente a la poblaci\ón infantil, tradu- ci\éndose en ausentismo, bajo rendimiento escolar y problemas desde el perfil psicosocial del paciente.
Si bien la pediculosis no parece tener mayor importancia cl\ínica, puede oca- sionar complicaciones graves; por la falta de conocimiento entre la poblaci\ón y las dificultades en su control, deber\ía considerarse un problema de salud p\ública en Colombia.
Se describen los hallazgos m\ás recientes de la biolog\ía molecular delos piojos, su ciclo de vida, las manifestaciones cl\ínicas, la t\écnica id\ónea para su identifica- ci\ón, las opciones terap\éuticas disponibles y la resistencia a las mismas.

Palabras clave: pediculosis, piojos, Pediculus capitis, infestaci\ón, mole- cular, Colombia.

SUMMARY
Pediculosis is the most common cutaneous and scalp infestation in human beings. This skin disease is caused by Pediculus capitis, an ectoparasite collo- quially known as \“louse\”, transmitted in the majority of cases through direct con- tact with an infested person.
Pediculosis has a worldwide distribution, it affects particularly the infant popu- lation and causes absenteeism from school, low academic performance and diffi- culties in psychosocial profile of patients.
Even though pediculosis does not have major clinical importance, it may cause serious complications due to lack of knowledge among the population and diffi- culties in its control strategies, this diseaseshould be taken into account as a pu- blic health problemand concern in Colombia.

}, keywords = {Colombia., Infestation, louse, molecular, Pediculosis, Pediculus capitis}, url = {http://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/94506.pdf}, author = {David L{\'o}pez and {\'A}ngela Patricia Medina and Sara Luc{\'\i}a Mosquera and Luis Reinel V{\'a}squez} } @article {94503, title = {Ensayo cl{\'\i}nico aleatorizado para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad en la erradicaci{\'o}n del Pediculus humanus capitis de un nuevo pediculicida elaborado con aceite de oliva saponificado}, journal = {SEMERGEN - Medicina de Familia}, volume = {43}, year = {2017}, pages = {91 - 99}, abstract = {

Resumen
Introducci\ón: El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un nuevo pediculicida en la erradicaci\ón del Pediculus humanus capitis.

Material y m\étodos: Se disen ̃\ó un ensayo cl\ínico aleatorizado en el que se seleccionaron nin ̃os con edades entre los 5 y los 15 an ̃os, en los que se diagnostic\ó pediculosis. El tratamiento se administr\ó en los d\ías 1 y 7 tras su selecci\ón, y fueron evaluados en 4 visitas (d\ías 2, 7, 9 y 14). El producto en evaluaci\ón con aceite de oliva saponificado fue Inex Pediculicide Soap\® , que fue comparado con Paranix\®, con un mecanismo de acci\ón similar. La variable principal de eficacia fue la erradicaci\ón del par\ásito en el d\ía 14, realiz\ándose el an\álisis por intenci\ón de tratar.\ 

Resultados: Participaron 6 pediatras pertenecientes a 5 centros de salud de la Comunidad de Madrid (Espan ̃a) y una cl\ínica privada. Se seleccionaron 45 nin ̃os, de los que el 75,6\% eran nin ̃as (n = 34). La media de edad fue de 7,1 an ̃os (IC 95\% 6,3-7,9), perteneciendo el 80\% de los nin ̃os a la clase social media. El 82,2\% ten\ían antecedentes de pediculosis previas. La eficacia a los 14 d\ías fue del 76,2\% (IC 95\% 52,8-91,8) en el grupo tratado con Inex Pediculicide Soap\®, y del 79,2\% (IC 95\% 57,9-92,9) en el grupo de Paranix\® (NNT = 33,3). No se registraron efectos adversos al tratamiento.

Conclusiones: Los 2 productos en evaluaci\ón se mostraron eficaces y seguros en el tratamiento de erradicaci\ón del Pediculus humanus capitis, sin diferencias estad\ísticamente significativas entre ellos.

Randomised clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a new pediculicide made with saponified olive oil in the eradication of Pediculus humanus capitis
Abstract
Introduction: The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a new pediculicide in the eradication of Pediculus humanus capitis infestation.

Material and methods: A randomised clinical trial was designed, in which children aged bet- ween 5 and 15 years diagnosed with pediculosis were selected. Treatment was administered on days 1 and 7 after selection, and they were evaluated in 4 visits (day 2, 7, 9, and 14). The product under evaluation with saponified olive oil was Inex Pediculicide Soap\® , which was com- pared with Paranix\®, with a similar mechanism of action. The primary efficacy endpoint was the eradication of the parasite by day 14 (louse-free rate), using an intention to treat analysis.

Results: Six paediatricians from 5 Primary Health Care centres in the Community of Madrid (Spain) and one private clinic participated in the study. A total of 45 children were included, of which 75.6\% were girls (n=34). The mean age was 7.1 years (95\% CI 6.3-7.9). The large majority (80\%) were middle class, and 82.2\% had a history of previous pediculosis. The efficacy at 14 days was 76.2\% (95\% CI 52.8-91.8) in the group treated with Inex Pediculicide Soap\® group, and 79.2\% (95\% CI 57.9-92.9) in Paranix\® group (NNT = 33.3). No adverse effects were observed with treatment.

Conclusions: The 2 products were effective and safe in the eradication therapy Pediculus humanus capitis, with no statistical differences.

}, keywords = {Clinical trial, louse, Nit, Pediculicidae}, issn = {11383593}, doi = {10.1016/j.semerg.2016.03.009}, url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1138359316001179}, author = {Bego{\~n}a Soler and Carol Castellares and S. Viver and Luis A. D{\'\i}az and Roque G{\'o}mez and Elizabeth Garc{\'\i}a Ru{\'\i}z} } @article {40269, title = {Characterization of body louse midgut proteins recognized by resistant hosts}, journal = {Medical and Veterinary Entomology}, volume = {10}, year = {1996}, month = {1996}, pages = {35 - 38}, abstract = {

The human body louse, Pediculus humanus, showed eighteen midgut proteins ranging between 12 and 117 kDa, when analysed by SDS- PAGE electrophoresis. Seven of them (12 kDa, 17 kDa, 29 kDa, 35 kDa, 40 kDa, 55 kDa and 97 kDa) were major bands based on their intensity of staining. The immunization of rabbits with a midgut extract elicited the production of protective polyclonal antibodies. These antibodies reacted strongly with all major midgut proteins as well as with 63 kDa and 117 kDa proteins when tested by the Western blot technique. The analysis of the proteins revealed that the 12 kDa, 25 kDa, 29 kDa, 35 kDa, 45 kDa, 87 kDa and 97 kDa proteins are glycosylated and none of them contained a lipid moiety. By electroelution, the proteins of 35 kda and 63 kDa were purified. On trypsinization, the proteins of 35 kDa and 63 kDa produced four major fragments (F- 1, F-2, F-3, and F-4) when resolved on a 18\% SDS-PAGE. The F-1 fragment of the 35 kDa protein reacted with the polyclonal antibodies by the immunoblot technique.

}, keywords = {adult, antigens, arthropod, body, Boophilus, cattle, Control, human, immunization, immunogens, immunological, louse, midgut, pdf, Pediculus humanus, protein, ticks, vaccinated, vaccine}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/38618.pdf}, author = {Ochanda,James O. and Kosta Y. Mumcuoglu and Ben-Yakir,David and Okuru,J. K. and Oduol,V. O. and Galun,Rachel} } @article {40221, title = {Permethrin resistance in the head louse Pediculus capitis from Israel}, journal = {Medical and Veterinary Entomology}, volume = {9}, year = {1995}, month = {1995}, pages = {427 - 432}, abstract = {

Head lice, Pediculus capitis, were collected from children aged 3-12 years in Maale Adumin, a town near Jerusalem, after reports of control failure with the pyrethroid insecticide permethrin. A total of 1516 children were examined: living lice and eggs were found on 12.1\% of the children; or another 22.8\% of the children only nits were found. Twice as many girls as boys (8.1\% v 4\%) were infested with lice and or nits. Head lice collected from infested children were exposed to permethrin impregnated filter-papers. Log time probit mortality (Itp) regression lines were calculated for mortality data and compared to Itp lines for a similar collection of head lice made in 1989. The regression lines for the two years were significantly different, with a 4-fold decrease in susceptibility at the LT(50) level between 1989 and 1994. The slopes of the lines also suggested that the 1994 population was more heterogenous in its response to permethrin than the 1989 population. In contrast, a laboratory population of body lice (Pediculus humanus) tested with the same batch of permethrin- impregnated papers showed a slight but nonsignificant increase in susceptibility between 1989 and 1994. The results suggest that resistance to pyrethroids has developed rapidly among head lice since permethrin was introduced in 1991 as a pediculicide in Israel.

}, keywords = {body, capitis, Children, Control, DDT, Diptera, head, humanus, insecticide, Israel, lindane, locus, louse, mechanism, musca domestica l, pdf, Pediculosis, Pediculus, Permethrin, Pyrethrum, resistance, rinse, shampoo}, url = {http://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/40221.pdf}, author = {Kosta Y. Mumcuoglu and Hemingway,Janet and Miller,Jacqueline and Ioffe-Uspensky,Inna and Klaus,Sidney and Ben-Ishai,Fiameta and Galun,Rachel} }