@article {94416, title = {Deltamethrin{\textquoteright}in Do{\u g}al Enfeste Ratlarda (Rattus rattus) Polyplax serrata{\textquoteright}ya Etkisi}, journal = {T{\"u}rkiye Parazitoloji Dergisi}, volume = {26}, year = {2002}, month = {Sept 2001}, pages = {64 - 66}, abstract = {

\ÖZEl: Bu \çal{\i}{\c S}ma Sel\çuk \Üniversitesi T{\i}p Fak\ültesi Deney Hayvanlan \Üni{\i}esi\&$\#$39;nde bulunan ratlard{\i}ki P{\i}{\i}Il,plu,{\c s}eil?r.., ya kar{\c s}{\i} delta{\i}nethrinin etkisini ara{\c s}hr{\i}nak a{\i}nac{\i}yla yap\ülnx{\c s}t{\i}r. \Ünitede bulunan ve P. serrata ile do{\u g}al enfeste 60 rat, farkl{\i} ya{\c s} ve cinsiYetlerine g\öre her biri l2 adet rattan olu{\c s}an 5 gruba aynld{\i}. Ya{\c s}, cinsiyet ve gebelik durumuna g\öre d\ön gruba ayrlan tedavi gruPl{\i}{\i}r{\i}{\i}-{\i}daki ratlara Butox (Deltamethrin) Vo 0.2 oran{\i}nda sula{\i}{\i}d{\i}r{\i}Iarak p\üsk\üftme tarz{\i}nrla uyguland{\i}. Be{\c s}inci grup konn.oi olarak b{\i}raklld{\i}. Tedaviden s{\i}{\i}nra yap{\i}lan bi{\i}inci ve d\örd\ünc\ü g\ün muayenelerin\<le tedavi grubundaki ratlarcla hi\çbir car{\i}]{\i} bite rastlan{\i}{\i}acl{\i}. Di{\u g}er taraftan, kontrol grubundaki Iatla-rda bitlerin canl{\i} ve hareketli olduklan g\ör\ülrl\ü. Sonu\ç olarak, delta{\i}nethrinin uygulanan doz{\i}la, ratlarda bulunan P. serrata\&$\#$39; ya kar{\c s}{\i} 7o l00 etkili oldu{\u g}u g\özlenmi{\c s} ve herhangi bir yan etki g\ör\ülme{\i}ni{\c s}tir.

English title:\ The Effect of Deltamethrine on Polyplax serrata Found on Naturally Infested Rats (Rattus rattus)

Abstract:\ This st{\i}{\i}dY was carried out to deternine the efficacy of de]tanethrine on Pr{\i}\,1{\i}lruc serrt{\i}tt{\i} fo{\i}{\i}nd, on naturally infesrecl rats at the depa{\i}tn-]ent of Experimental Ani{\i}nal Research Llnit, Faculty of N4edicine, University of Selcuk. Sixty rats^ naturally infes{\i}ed by P. ,{\i}errala, rvere dividcd into l\&$\#$39;ivc groups (eacl-{\i} group containing l2 rats) ofdifferent ages a{\i}-{\i}d genders. Four groups wcre trcated with 0,27c butox (delta{\i}nethril{\i}e) spraying. The fifth group was kept as a control. No lice were founcl on the rats of the four t\ü\&$\#$39;eatme{\i}-\üt grouPs 24 hours and 4 days after treatinent, On the o{\i}her hand, living lice were found on the rats in the controi g{\i}oup. lt lvas col{\i}cluded that delta]rlethdne was l00 \% effective against Po{\c S}plas; serrata on the rats at the dose given ab{\i}.{\i}ve a{\i}{\i}d no side cffects were observed.

}, keywords = {Deltamethrin, rats}, url = {http://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/94416.pdf}, author = {Ahmet G{\"o}k{\c c}en and Bilal Dik and U{\u g}ur Uslu} } @article {48309, title = {Light and scanning electron microscopical study on Antarctophthirus ogmorhini lice from the Antarctic seal Leptonychotes weddelli}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {88}, year = {2002}, month = {2002}, pages = {651 - 660}, url = {http://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/48309.pdf}, author = {Birgit Mehlhorn and Heinz Mehlhorn and Pl{\"o}tz,Joachim} } @article {48051, title = {Green plant material in breeding chambers of the Monk Parakeet Myiopsitta monachus (Psittacidae)}, journal = {Ornitologia Neotropical}, volume = {13}, year = {2002}, month = {2002}, pages = {433 - 436}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/47191.pdf}, author = {Arambur{\'u},Rosana and Armando Conrado Cicchino and Bucher,Enrique} } @inbook {48054, title = {Lice in literature}, year = {2002}, month = {2002}, pages = {48 - 53}, abstract = {Los piojos aparecieron con el "Homo sapiens" y hay registros de su presencia desde muy antiguo. Transmiten diferentes enfermedades y son ectopar{\'a}sitos en la cabeza, cuerpo y {\'a}rea genital. El piojo del cuerpo es conocido en Europa desde el siglo XV cuando en Granada, el tifus epid{\'e}mico o tabardillo mat{\'o} 20.000 personas. El piojo de la cabeza est{\'a} presente en la literatura y nosotros revisamos este aspecto en las obras de William Shakespeare, la vida de Samuel Pepys y la poes{\'\i}a de Robert Burns y Arthur Rimbaud.}, keywords = {Burns, history, lice, literature, Peys, Rimbaud, Shakespeare}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/47194.pdf}, author = {Espinosa Fern{\'a}ndez,E. and Vazquez Vald{\'e}s,F.} } @article {48035, title = {Endoparasites of the Northern Burgos Wolf (Canis lupus signatus Cabera, 1907)}, journal = {Galemys}, volume = {14}, year = {2002}, note = {Trichodectes canis on page 55}, month = {2002}, pages = {49 - 58}, abstract = {With the purpose of extending the knowledge of the endoparasites in the Iberian wolf we spent two years (2000-2001) collecting fresh faeces of three family groups in Burgos North area. Within the thirteen samples found to have parasite elements (72\%), of the eigthteen collected, we identified nine taxons, namely two protozoans, six nematodes and one cestode. The most prevailing taxon was Sarcocystis spp. (44.4\%) while the less common were the two ascaridoids found, Toxocara canis and Toxascaris leonina, (5.5\% each) and the only cestode with identical percentage. Uncinaria stenocephala was less prevalent than Ancylostoma caninum (11.1\% and 16.6\% respectively) something unusual in Iberian and European populations. It draws attention the high frecuency of Spirocerca lupi, a nematode, parasitizingthe wolf, it is reported for the first time in Spain. In addition to this we analized the parasite fauna from the perspective of the human and animal health. }, keywords = {Canis, Trichodectes}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/47174.pdf}, author = {Dominguez,G. and de la Torre,J. A.} } @article {47823, title = {Arthropod and Helminth Parasites of the Wild Guinea Pig, Cavia aperea, From the Andes and the Cordillera in Peru, South America}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {88}, year = {2002}, month = {2002}, pages = {409 - 411}, abstract = {

As part of an ongoing research project concerning the diversity and distribution of parasites of Caviidae in South America, 143 wild guinea pigs (Cavia aperea) were collected from 3 localities in the Andean Highlands of Peru. Samples were collected between November1996 and May 1999 and included representatives of arthropods, nematodes, and trematodes. Seven species of arthropods: Leptopsylla segnis (27.3\%), Tiamastus cavicola (6.9\%), Gliricola porcelli (55.2\%), Hoplopleura alata (6.9\%), Polyplax spinulosa (12.6\%), Myobia musculi (1.4\%), and Eutrombicula bryanti (49.6\%); 4 species of nematodes: Capillaria hepatica (6.9\%), Graphidioides mazzai (18.8\%), Trichuris gracilis (3.5\%), and Paraspirudera uncinata (37\%); and a single trematode, Fasciola hepatica (4.2\%), were identified.

}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/46957.pdf}, author = {Katharina Dittmar de la Cruz} } @mastersthesis {47812, title = {Congruence and cospeciation: Morphological and molecular phylogenetics of the Amblycera (Phthiraptera)}, volume = {Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.)}, year = {2002}, month = {2002}, pages = {1 - 253 + xii}, school = {University of Glasgow}, address = {Glasgow, Scotland, UK}, abstract = {

Lice (Phthiraptera) are highly host-specific, permanent ectoparasites of birds and mammals. Their long association and close ecological relationship with their hosts is considered to facilitate the cospeciation (or parallel cladogenesis) of louse and host taxa. The high degree of topological congruence that has been found between the phylogenies of some lice (Ischnocera: Trichodectidae) and their hosts, has led to their recognition as the definitive example of cospeciation. However, further empirical studies of this phenomenon in other groups of lice are hampered by a lack of parasite phylogenies. Here, the phylogeny and cospeciation of a suborder of chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Amblycera) with their hosts is investigated.The first phylogeny reconstructed solely for amblyceran genera is presented. This study, based on an extensive comparison of adult morphology and a rigorous cladistic analysis, considers generic exemplars from 4 families of amblyceran lice (Menoponidae, Boopiidae, Laemobothriidae and Ricinidae). The monophyly and evolutionary relationships of these families are strongly supported and there is good support for the Menoponidae and Boopiidae as sister taxa. The relationships of the families are not concordant with the traditional hypothesis of a basal Menoponidae. The study identifies 4 supra-generic groups within the Menoponidae, which are discussed with reference to previous classifications and studies which have included amblyceran taxa. A preliminary assessment of host-parasite cospeciation is also provided. Whether a similar phylogeny would be produced from molecular data is investigated. The relationships of genera based on morphology are compared with phylogenies generated from the nuclear gene elongation factor 1a and the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase I. Different methods of reconstruction used to assess their phylogeny and raw signal find that the data are largely incongruent, although there is little support for the topologies generated from the sequence data. The monophyly and relationships of families are compared between the datasets and differences in rate heterogeneity between the data are also discussed. A first phylogeny for the genus Austromenopon (Amblycera: Menoponidae) and their close allies (based on the results of the morphological analysis) is reconstructed from molecular data using the mitochondrial genes COI and 12S rRNA. The molecular phylogenies obtained are generally incongruent, with most branch support located nearer the tips of the tree. No analysis recovered a monophyletic Austromenopon, although there is good support for a subset of the Austromenopon taxa, which repeatedly group together. The combined molecular phylogeny for the lice is subsequently compared with a phylogeny constructed for their seabird hosts (Aves: Charadriidae, Laridae, Phaethontidae, Phalacrocoracidae, Procellariidae, Scolopacidae and Sulidae), to evaluate the relative contributions of cospeciation and other processes in the host-parasite association (i.e. duplications, sorting events and host-switching). A significant level of cospeciation is found. A quantitative comparison with results found for another suborder of chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera) on similar birds, concludes that both amblyceran and ischnoceran lice have similarly cospeciated with their hosts. However, theamblyceran lineage has undergone more host-switching and less duplication and sorting events than ischnoceran lice. The ecological reasons for these different patterns of host association are discussed.

}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/46946.pdf}, author = {Marshall,Isabel K.} } @article {47167, title = {Sulawesi rodents: Description of a new genus and species of Murinae (Muridae, Rodentia) and its parasitic new species of sucking louse (Insecta, Anoplura)}, journal = {American Museum Novitates}, volume = {3368}, year = {2002}, month = {2002}, pages = {1 - 50}, url = {https://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/47167_1.pdf}, author = {Guy G. Musser and Lance A. Durden} } @article {46069, title = {Variation among Merino sheep in susceptibilty to lice (Bovicola ovis) and association with susceptibility to trichostrongylid gastrointestinal parasites}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {103}, year = {2002}, month = {2002}, pages = {355 - 365}, abstract = {

Sheep of two bloodlines of Merino were artificially infested with equal numbers of lice (Bovicola ovis) and the resulting louse populations were monitored over the following 20 months. The sheep were shorn 6 and 17 months after infestation and, for analysis, the louse counts considered in 3 years separated by shearings. Nematode faecal egg counts (FECs) were assessed on faecal samples collected on five occasions, three times following natural challenge and twice after artificial challenge with 40,000 trichostrongyloid larvae (84\% Trichostrongylus vitrinus). In addition, blood samples were collected and measured for B. ovis-specific immunoglobulins (predominantly IgG), B. ovis-specific IgE and serum total IgE. Bloodlines differed significantly in the size of louse populations at the end of year 2, FEC after both natural and artificial challenge and in serum levels of all three antibodies (p0.05). FEC following artificial challenge was significantly correlated with louse counts in year 3 (r=0.36, p0.05) or year 1 (r=0.04, p\>0.05). Louse counts in the 3 years were significantly correlated with anti-B. ovis antibody concentration (r=0.60, 0.48, 0.36), but not with levels of either anti-B. ovis or total serum IgE.These results suggest that sheep with greater resistance to gastrointestinal parasites also tend to be less susceptible to lice. Whether this is due to interaction of the effects of the parasites or to correlation in underlying resistance mechanisms requires clarification.

}, keywords = {animals, Disease Susceptibility/veterinary, Feces/parasitology, immunization, immunoglobulin, Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/immunology/veterinary, Lice Infestations/complications/immunology/veterinary, Mallophaga, parasite, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Seasons, sheep, Sheep Diseases/immunology/parasitology, Trichostrongylus, wool}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4017(01)00601-X}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030440170100601X?via\%3Dihub}, author = {Peter J. James and Carmichael,I. H. and Pfeffer,A. and Martin,R. R. and O{\textquoteright}Callaghan,M. G.} } @article {46071, title = {Sensitivity of two-stage sampling to detect sheep biting lice (Bovicola ovis) in infested flocks}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {103}, year = {2002}, month = {2002}, pages = {157 - 166}, abstract = {

The sampling distribution of Bovicola ovis (Schrank) on sheep was examined in two flocks, one with a light and one with a heavy infestation of lice. The derived distributions were used to calculate the sensitivity of detecting lice on individual sheep and in flocks by fleece parting regimes that varied in number of parts per animal and number of sheep per flock, different scenarios of flock sizes, proportion infested and louse density were examined. Lice were aggregated among fleece partings in the heavily infested flock and described by a negative binomial distribution with k values between 0.3 and 1.92. The distribution was indistinguishable from Poisson in the lightly infested flock. The assumed distribution had little effect on sensitivity, except when only one fleece part per animal was examined. On individual sheep where louse density was 0.5 per 10 cm part or greater, there were only marginal gains from inspecting more than 10 parts per animal. Increasing the number of sheep inspected always increased sensitivity more than increasing number of parts per sheep by an equivalent amount. This advantage was greatest in situations where a low proportion of sheep in the flock were infested with a high density of lice, and less where a low proportion of sheep were infested with a low density of lice, or a high proportion of sheep were infested with a high density of lice.

}, keywords = {animals, head, Lice Infestations/diagnosis/parasitology/veterinary, Mallophaga, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Sensitivity and Specificity, sheep, Sheep Diseases/diagnosis/parasitology, wool}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4017(01)00585-4}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304401701005854?via\%3Dihub}, author = {Peter J. James and Garrett,J. A. and Moon,R. D.} } @article {46056, title = {A statistical test for host-parasite coevolution}, journal = {Systematic Biology}, volume = {51}, year = {2002}, month = {2002}, pages = {217 - 234}, abstract = {A new method, ParaFit, has been developed to test the significance of a global hypothesis of coevolution between parasites and their hosts. Individual host-parasite association links can also be tested. The test statistics are functions of the host and parasite phylogenetic trees and of the set of host-parasite association links. Numerical simulations are used to show that the method has correct rate of type I error and good power except under extreme error conditions. An application to real data (pocket gophers and chewing lice) is presented.}, keywords = {animals, Evolution, Molecular, host parasite, lice, Models, Statistical, Phylogeny, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, rodentia}, author = {Legendre,P. and Desdevises,Y. and Bazin,E.} } @article {46051, title = {Evaluation of the efficacy of fipronil formulations in the treatment and control of biting lice, Trichodectes canis (De Geer, 1778) on dogs}, journal = {Veterinary parasitology}, volume = {107}, year = {2002}, note = {LR: 20031114; JID: 7602745; 0 (Aerosols); 0 (Insecticides); 0 (Pyrazoles); 120068-37-3 (fipronil); ppublish}, month = {2002}, pages = {127 - 136}, address = {Netherlands}, abstract = {

The efficacy of FRONTLINE SPRAY (0.25\% (w/v) fipronil), FRONTLINE SPOT-ON FOR DOGS (10\% (w/v) fipronil) and FRONTLINE PLUS FOR DOGS (10\% (w/v) fipronil and 9\% (S)-methoprene) against the biting louse Trichodectes canis on dogs was confirmed under laboratory conditions. A field study evaluated the efficacy of a single topical application of FRONTLINE SPRAY and FRONTLINE SPOT-ON against the parasite on dogs. A total of 48 dogs of mixed breeds, both sexes, aged 2 months-7 years and weighing 1.8-37.0kg were used. The animals were either experimentally (laboratory study) or naturally (field study) infested with lice. Dogs were housed individually in order to prevent contact between animals. In the laboratory study, animals were allocated based on pre-treatment louse counts from 38 hair coat-partings per animal. Dogs were randomly assigned to the four treatment groups: (1) untreated control; (2) FRONTLINE SPRAY, at 6ml/kg; (3) FRONTLINE SPOT-ON as per label and (4) FRONTLINE PLUS as per label. Dogs in treatment groups 2-4 were treated twice topically on Days 0 and 28. The number of live lice in the 38 hair coat-partings per animal were counted on Days 2, 7 and weekly to Day 63. In addition, a whole body comb count was performed on Day 63. No live T. canis were found on dogs treated with FRONTLINE formulations at any post-treatment examination. The difference from controls was significant (P98\% on Day 2 and, 100\% on Days 28 and 42 in all treatment groups. The results of these studies demonstrate that fipronil in topical formulations is effective for treatment and control of biting lice (T. canis) infestations on dogs.

}, keywords = {Administration, Topical, Aerosols, animals, Dog Diseases, insecticide, Lice Infestations/drug therapy/prevention \& control/veterinary, Mallophaga, Pyrazoles, Treatment Outcome}, isbn = {0304-4017}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4017(02)00090-0}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304401702000900}, author = {Pollmeier,M. and Pengo,G. and Jeannin,P. and Soll,M.} } @article {46048, title = {Leaf-grooming by a wild chimpanzee in Mahale}, journal = {Primates}, volume = {43}, year = {2002}, month = {2002}, pages = {87 - 90}, abstract = {During the course of systematic observations of the leaf-grooming behavior by the chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) of the Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania, I recovered a louse from a leaf "groomed" by an adult male chimpanzee after a typical leaf-grooming session. During the leaf-grooming session I observed a small object on his lower lip. He picked up a leaf, transferred the small object from his lip to the leaf, folded the leaf and crushed the folded side of the leaf with his thumb. I present this observation as further evidence of the "squashing ectoparasites" hypothesis for leaf-grooming.}, keywords = {animals, Ape Diseases/physiopathology, Behavior, Animal/physiology, grooming, lice, Lice Infestations/physiopathology/veterinary, Pan, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/44860.pdf}, author = {Zamma,Koichiro} } @article {46049, title = {Grooming site preferences determined by lice infection among Japanese macaques in Arashiyama}, journal = {Primates}, volume = {43}, year = {2002}, month = {2002}, pages = {41 - 49}, abstract = {I investigated the effect of the density of louse eggs (Pedicinus obtusus and P. eurygaster) on grooming site preferences in Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata). Louse eggs were more often found on the outer side of the body (upper back, lower back, outer arms, and outer legs) than on the inner side of the body (chest, belly, inner arms, and inner legs). Japanese macaques were more likely to be groomed on the outer side than the inner side of the body by allogrooming and autogrooming. Such grooming site preferences correlated with the distribution of louse eggs but not with the areas of body parts. Thus, the ecology of lice might affect grooming behavior of Japanese macaques. Five hundred and fifty louse eggs were estimated to parasitize an adult female Japanese macaque. Considering the intrinsic rate of natural increase of lice, monkeys need to be groomed almost every day. This suggests that Japanese macaques need grooming partners and form social bonds with others for everyday grooming.}, keywords = {animals, Behavior, Animal/physiology, grooming, hygiene, Lice Infestations/physiopathology/veterinary, Lice/embryology, Macaca, Monkey Diseases/physiopathology, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, social behavior}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/44861.pdf}, author = {Zamma,Koichiro} } @article {46043, title = {Detection of Rickettsia prowazekii in body lice and their feces by using monoclonal antibodies}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Microbiology}, volume = {40}, year = {2002}, month = {2002}, pages = {3358 - 3363}, abstract = {

In order to identify Rickettsia prowazekii in lice, we developed a panel of 29 representative monoclonal antibodies selected from 187 positive hybridomas made by fusing splenocytes of immunized mice with SP2/0-Ag14 myeloma cells. Immunoblotting revealed that 15 monoclonal antibodies reacted with the lipopolysaccharide-like (LPS-L) antigen and 14 reacted with the epitopes of a 120-kDa protein. Only typhus group rickettsiae reacted with the monoclonal antibodies against LPS-L. R. felis, a recently identified rickettsial species, did not react with these monoclonal antibodies, confirming that it is not antigenically related to the typhus group. Monoclonal antibodies against the 120-kDa protein were highly specific for R. prowazekii. We successfully applied a selected monoclonal antibody against the 120-kDa protein to detect by immunofluorescence assay R. prowazekii in smears from 56 wild and laboratory lice, as well as in 10 samples of louse feces infected or not infected with the organism. We have developed a simple, practical, and specific diagnostic assay for clinical specimens and large-scale epidemiological surveys with a sensitivity of 91\%. These monoclonal antibodies could be added to the rickettsial diagnostic panel and be used to differentiate R. prowazekii from other rickettsial species.

}, keywords = {animals, Antibodies, Bacterial/biosynthesis/diagnostic use/immunology, Antibodies, Monoclonal/biosynthesis/diagnostic use/immunology, Antibody Specificity, Blotting, Western, electrophoresis, Feces/microbiology, mice, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Pediculus, Rickettsia prowazekii/immunology/isolation \& purification}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/44853.pdf}, author = {Fang,Rong and Houhamdi,Linda and Didier Raoult} } @article {46031, title = {Vernon Kellogg, host-switching, and cospeciation: rescuing straggled ideas}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {88}, year = {2002}, month = {2002}, pages = {1045 - 1048}, abstract = {

Cospeciation and host-switching have become central concepts in host\–parasite coevolutionary studies (Brooks, 1981; Hafner and Nadler, 1988, 1990; Brooks and McLennan, 1993; Page, 1993, 1994). Parasite speciation may either be concomitant with and resulting from host speciation (cospeciation) or follow the colonization of a \‘\‘new\’\’ host from an existing one (host-switching). Historical summaries that deal with these concepts (Klassen, 1992; Brooks and McLennan, 1993; Hoberg et al., 1997) credit the origin of one or both of these concepts to Vernon Lyman Kellogg, an entomologist at Stanford, who specialized on the taxonomy and distribution of the mallophagan lice of birds and mammals.The issue is not without its intrigue and controversy however; another leading mallophagan systematist of the time, Wolfdietrich Eichler (Eichler, 1942, 1948), apparently accused Kellogg of \‘\‘stealing\’\’ the idea of cospeciation from Fahrenholz (Klassen, 1992). According to Klassen (1992), the issue is settled in favor of Kellogg because he had the idea before Fahrenholz did. During the course of research on the logic and implications of the host\–parasite method in biogeography, see Marques (2000), for example, it was discovered that Kellogg did not ascribe any evolutionary significance to \‘straggling,\’ nor did he address cospeciation until he became aware of Fahrenholz\’s work. The present critical comment discusses these conclusions. In supporting our contentions, Kellogg\’s own writings have been quoted extensively because this approach leaves little room for misinterpretation and allows the readers to judge for themselves the validity of the conclusions reached here.

}, keywords = {animals, Bird parasites, Evolution, history, host parasite, humans, Lice/growth \& development, Parasitology, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t}, url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/3285560}, author = {Choudhury,Anindo and Moore,B. R. and Marques,F. L.} } @article {46011, title = {Structure and seasonal dynamics of the biotic community ectoparasites of the bank vole in the Il{\textquoteright}men{\textquoteright}-Volkhov lowland}, journal = {Parazitologiya}, volume = {36}, year = {2002}, note = {LR: 20031114; JID: 0101672; ppublish}, month = {2002}, pages = {433 - 446}, address = {Russia}, abstract = {A biodiversity, seasonal dynamics and parasite load of a single individual and local population of the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus) were studied in coniferous and mixed forests of the Ilmen-Volkhov lowland (neighborhood of Oskuy village, Chudovo region, Novgorod Province) in the period from June 1999 till May 2002. The Gero{\textquoteright}s traps were used for collecting the host. Lines of traps stood in each place during 3-5 days and were checked twice a day. Trapping of micromammalian hosts and collecting of parasites took place each month, except a few gaps. Total number of collected animals 2854 including 1405 bank voles. The 29 ectoparasite species were recorded on the bank vole in the area of study. Among some mites and fleas a few species are accidental parasites probably accepted by voles from other species of animals. In the Oskuy area, the bank voles are the main and additional hosts of 25 ectoparasite species: fleas--8, lice--1, ixodid ticks--2, gamasid mites--7, acariform mites 7. Species composition of ectoparasites, their occurrence and abundance change during the year. Seasonal changes of abundance and occurrence indices are most expressed in the temporary ectoparasites (ixodid ticks, chiggers, gamasid mites), while in the permanent parasites (lice, acariform mites: Myobiidae, Myocoptidae, Listrophoridae), the seasonal fluctuations of indices are displayed in a less scale. Most vole specimens were infected with this or that ectoparasite species. The parasitocenosis on an individual specimen usually included less than 10 species of the total number 29 species recorded on the bank vole in the area investigated. One ectoparasite species was recorded on 21\% of host specimens, 2-5 ectoparasite species were found on 71\% of host individuals. Maximal number of ectoparasite species (10 species) was registered on one specimen only. The parasite load was dispersed unevenly among the infected voles. Mean number of parasites of all species on a host individual varied from 124 to 295. The highest grade of parasites (237-297 parasite specimens) was found in the voles with 7-10 species of parasites.}, keywords = {animals, Comparative Study, ectoparasite, English Abstract, fleas, host parasite, Ixodes, lice, Microtinae/parasitology, mites, population density, Russia/epidemiology, Seasons, Species Specificity}, isbn = {0031-1847}, author = {Balashov,I. U. S. and Bochkov,A. V. and Vashchenok,V. S. and Grigor{\textquoteright}eva,L. A. and Tret{\textquoteright}iakov,K. A.} } @article {45119, title = {Parasites from farmed ostriches (Struthio camelus) and rheas (Rhea americana) in Europe}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {107}, year = {2002}, month = {2002}, pages = {137 - 160}, abstract = {

During a 4-year-period, more than 500 ostriches and several rheas, all born in European countries and raised in Spain and Portugal, have been analyzed for the presence of ectoparasites and endoparasites. A total of 29 parasite species have been found, most of them of the gastrointestinal tract. Some of the helminth species found may represent spureous parasitosis, as only the eggs (of an ascarid and a trematode) were found in some samples. From the organisms identified, the ectoparasites (lice-Struthiolipeurus rheae, S. nandu; mites-Dermoglyphus pachycnemis, Gabucinia bicaudata), helminths (cestoda-Houttuynia struthionis- and nematoda-Libyostrongylus sp., Codiostomum struthionis-) and the ciliate Balantidium struthionis are known as ratite specific parasites. Capillaria eggs and larvae were also found; there are no previous records of this parasite from ostriches, and the data available do not allow to do a temptative specific diagnosis. Among protozoa, most of the species now found are described for the first time in ratites. They include organisms also found in other birds (Trichomonas gallinae, Tetratrichomonas gallinarum, Chilomastix gallinarum, Spironucleus meleagridis and Pleuromonas jaculans), and organisms whose specific status cannot be established until further analysis are performed (Cryptosporidium sp., Eimeria sp. and/or Isospora sp., Entamoeba sp. of the one-nucleate and of the eight-nucleate mature cyst groups, Endolimax sp., Iodamoeba sp., Monocercomonas sp., Retortamonas sp., Giardia sp., Blastocystis sp. and euglenids).

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4017(02)00104-8}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304401702001048}, author = {Ponce Gordo,F. and Herrera,S. and Castro,A. T. and Garcia Duran,B. and Martinez Diaz,R. A.} } @article {45086, title = {Parasitic arthropods of some wild rodents from Jureia-Itatins Ecological Station, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil}, journal = {Mem{\'o}rias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz}, volume = {97}, year = {2002}, month = {2002}, pages = {959 - 963}, abstract = {

A study of the associations between three species of rodents in the Atlantic forest and their parasitic arthropods was undertaken at the Jur\éia-Itatins Ecological Station, located in the State of S\ão Paulo, Southeastern Brazil, from March 1989 to February 1990. Individuals of three species, Oryzomys russatus, Proechimys iheringi and Nectomys squamipes were captured and examined for ectoparasites. Eleven species of parasitic arthropods were found, including four species of insects and seven of Acari. Parasitism intensity, phenology, and rainfall were positively correlated with the abundance of the ectoparasites and their hosts. The most abundant host was O. russatus (Muridae: Sigmodontinae), and the most common parasite on it was the laelapid mite Gigantolaelaps oudemansi. The cuterebrid Metacuterebra apicalis caused myiasis in O. russatus. A mutualistic association between the staphylinid beetle Amblyopinus sp. and its host P. iheringi (Echimyidae) was observed. The few N. squamipes captured had small numbers of ectoparasites.

}, keywords = {Acari, Atlantic rain forest, Brazil, Coleoptera, Diptera, ectoparasites, rodent, Siphonaptera}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02762002000700006}, url = {https://www.scielo.br/j/mioc/a/VXj5hxXDZdSkSbB6YxhjbGJ/?lang=en}, author = {Bossi,David Eduardo Paolinetti and Linhares,Ar{\'\i}cio Xavier and Bergallo,Helena de Godoy} } @article {44758, title = {A new species of Ferrisella (Phthiraptera, Anoplura, Hoplopleuridae) parasitic on the desert-adapted rodent Tympanoctomys barrerae (Rodentia, Octodontidae)}, journal = {Rudolst{\"a}dter Naturhistorische Schriften}, volume = {Suppl. 4}, year = {2002}, month = {2002}, pages = {113 - 123}, url = {https://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/8255.pdf}, author = {Castro,Dolores del Carmen and Verzi,Diego H.} } @article {44222, title = {Arthropod and helminth parasites of the wild guinea pig, Cavia aperea, from the Andes and the cordillera in Peru, South America}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {88}, year = {2002}, month = {2002}, pages = {409 - 411}, abstract = {Studies on the prevalence and distribution of ectoparasites in Peru were carried out during a period of 2 1/2 years. The survey included 17,421 domesticated guinea pigs (Cavia aperea f. porcellus) from 14 departments in all bioregions and altitude levels and 143 wild guinea pigs (Cavia aperea) from three areas (El Paramo, Junin and La Raya) in the Andes and the Cordillera. The guinea pig is an important source of food, especially for the rural population, the infestation with ectoparasites, such as fleas, lice or mites greatly contributes to a decrease in production and low performance. Ectoparasites can be vectors for a variety of pathogens, which is particularly problematic due to the close association of this animal with humans. Twenty one ectoparasite species have been recovered. New knowledge about host associations and distributions could be obtained. The results of the studies are presented under faunistic and ecological aspects.}, author = {Katharina Dittmar de la Cruz} } @article {44214, title = {A new species of Phtheiropoios (Phthiraptera, Amblycera) parasitic on Ctenomys sp. (Rodentia, Octodontidae) in the Province of C{\'o}rdoba, Argentina}, journal = {Gayana Zoologia}, volume = {66}, year = {2002}, month = {2002}, pages = {89 - 96 (abstact only)}, keywords = {new species}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/7694.pdf}, author = {Castro,Dolores del Carmen and Armando Conrado Cicchino} } @article {44196, title = {Spatial use of rodents (Rodentia: Mammalia) host body surface by ectoparasites}, journal = {Brazil Journal of Biology}, volume = {62}, year = {2002}, month = {2002}, pages = {419 - 425}, abstract = {We studied the ectoparasite and the Amblyopinini beetle fauna associated with four small mammal species of the Atlantic Rainforest of Ilha Grande, an island located off the southern Rio de Janeiro State Coast, Southeastern Brazil, analyzing to what extent the parasites were specific to each region of the host body. During the study, a total of 90 individual rodents were captured: 61 Proechimys iheringi Thomas, 1911 (Echymyidae), 22 Sciurus aestuans (Thomas, 1901) (Sciuridae), 4 Oxymycterus sp. (Waterhouse, 1837), and 2 Nectomys squamipes (Brants, 1827) (Sigmodontinae). The data showed that the ectoparasites and Amblyopinini on some rodent hosts in Ilha Grande tend to prefer particular host body sites, and that some ectoparasite species sites may overlap owing to their inaccessibility to the host.}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/7675.pdf}, author = {Bittencourt,Emerson Brum and Rocha,Carlos Frederico Duarte} } @article {43321, title = {Nymphal stages of Abrocomophaga hellenthali (Phthiraptera, Gyropidae), a parasite of Octodon degus (Rodentia, Octodontidae)}, journal = {Iheringia, S{\'e}rie Zoologia, Porto Alegre}, volume = {92}, year = {2002}, month = {2002}, pages = {19 - 24}, abstract = {

The three nymphal instars of Abrocomophaga hellenthali Price \& Timm, 2000 are described and compared with both sexes of the adult stage. The most remarkable quali and quantitative body features of all instars are cathegorized and its progression along the development stated.

}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/6690.pdf}, author = {Armando Conrado Cicchino and Castro,Dolores del Carmen} } @article {43311, title = {Louse (Insecta: Phthiraptera) mitochondrial 12S rRNA secondary structure is highly variable}, journal = {Insect Molecular Biology}, volume = {11}, year = {2002}, month = {2002}, pages = {361 - 369}, abstract = {

Lice are ectoparasitic insects hosted by birds and mammals. Mitochondrial 12S rRNA sequences obtained from lice show considerable length variation and are very difficult to align. We show that the louse12S rRNA domain III secondary structure displays considerable variation compared to other insects, in both the shape and number of stems and loops. Phylogenetic trees constructed from tree edit distances between louse 12S rRNA structures do not closely resemble trees constructed from sequence data, suggesting that at least some of this structural variation has arisen independently in different louse lineages. Taken together with previous work on mitochondrial gene order and elevated rates of substitution in louse mitochondrial sequences, the structural variation in louse 12S rRNA confirms the highly distinctive nature of molecular evolution in these insects.

}, keywords = {lice, metrics, molecular, multiple alignment, RNA, secondary structure, tree}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/6680.pdf}, author = {Page,Roderic D. M. and Cruickshank,Robert H. and Kevin P. Johnson} } @article {41701, title = {A new species of biting louse, Damalinia balabacensis (Mallophaga: Trichodectidae) from the Philippine mouse deer, Tragulus nigricans Thomas, 1892 (Ruminantia: Tragulidae)}, journal = {Philippine Journal of Veterinary Medicine}, volume = {39}, year = {2002}, month = {2002}, pages = {6 - 10}, keywords = {mtax, PHP}, author = {Salcedo L. Eduardo} } @article {41699, title = {Two new species of the chewing louse genus Gliricola Mj{\"o}berg (Phthiraptera: Gyropidae) from Peruvian rodents}, journal = {Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington}, volume = {104}, year = {2002}, month = {2002}, pages = {863 - 867}, abstract = {

Two new species of chewing lice (Philopteridae: Gyropidae) from high-elevation Peruvian rodents are described and illustrated: Gliricola cutkompi from Cuscomys ashaninka (Abrocomidae) and G. brooksae from Dactylomys peruanus (J. A. Allen) (Echimyidae) The specimen of Cuscomys ashaninka that yielded the series of G. cutkompi also was the source of the type series of the previously described Abrocomophaga emmonsae Price and Timm. This finding reconfirms that single individual caviomorph rodents may harbor two different genera of lice of the family Gyropidae.

}, keywords = {mtax, PHP}, url = {https://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/40094.pdf}, author = {Roger D. Price and Timm,Robert M.} } @article {39420, title = {The species of the genus Gyropus Nitzsch, 1818 (Phthiraptera: Gyropidae) parasitic on the Octodontidae (Mammalia: Rodentia)}, journal = {Revista Chilena de Historia Natural}, volume = {75}, year = {2002}, month = {2002}, pages = {293 - 298}, abstract = {

The purpose of this paper is to give full specific status to the subspecies Gyropus parvus elongatus Castro, Cicchino \& Torres-Mura, 1987, to describe the new species Gyropus distinctus collected in Octodon degus and O. lunatus from central Chile, along with an analysis of the possible causes than could explain their geographic and host range distributions known to date for these three species.

}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/0960.pdf}, author = {Castro,Dolores del Carmen and Armando Conrado Cicchino} }