@article {96386, title = {First report of classical knockdown resistance (kdr) mutation, L1014F, in human head louse Pediculus humanus capitis (Phthiraptera: Anoplura)}, journal = {Medical and Veterinary Entomology}, volume = {37}, year = {2023}, pages = {209-212}, type = {Short communication}, abstract = {

There are at least three known knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations reported globally in the human head louse Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) that are associated with reduced sensitivity to pyrethroids. However, the prevalence of kdr mutation in head lice is not known in the Indian subcontinent. To identify kdr mutations in the Indian head lice population, the genomic region of the voltage-gated sodium channel gene encompassing IIS1-2 linker to IIS6 segments was PCR-amplified and sequenced from P. humanus capitis samples collected from different geographic localities of India. DNA sequencing revealed the presence of four kdr mutations: M827I, T929I, L932F and L1014F. The presence of a classical kdr mutation L1014F, the most widely reported mutation across insect-taxa associated with the kdr-trait, is being reported for the first time in P. humanus capitis.

}, keywords = {Insecticide resistance, kdr mutation, Pediculosis, Pyrethroid, voltage-gated sodium channel.}, issn = {0269-283X, 1365-2915}, doi = {10.1111/mve.12596}, url = {https://resjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/mve.12596}, author = {Prashant K. Mallick and Ankita Sindhania and Toshi Gupta and Dhirendra P. Singh and Seema Saini and Singh,O. P.} } @article {96211, title = {Second-generation sequencing of entire mitochondrial coding-regions (\~{}15.4 kb) holds promise for study of the phylogeny and taxonomy of human body lice and head lice}, journal = {Medical and Veterinary Entomology}, volume = {28}, year = {2014}, month = {Aug-01-2014}, pages = {40-50}, abstract = {

The Illumina Hiseq platform was used to sequence the entire mitochondrial coding-regions of 20 body lice, Pediculus humanus Linnaeus, and head lice, P. capitis De Geer (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae), from eight towns and cities in five countries: Ethiopia, France, China, Australia and the U.S.A. These data (\∼310\ kb) were used to see how much more informative entire mitochondrial coding-region sequences were than partial mitochondrial coding-region sequences, and thus to guide the design of future studies of the phylogeny, origin, evolution and taxonomy of body lice and head lice. Phylogenies were compared from entire coding-region sequences (\∼15.4\ kb), entire cox1 (\∼1.5\ kb), partial cox1 (\∼700\ bp) and partial cytb (\∼600\ bp) sequences. On the one hand, phylogenies from entire mitochondrial coding-region sequences (\∼15.4\ kb) were much more informative than phylogenies from entire cox1 sequences (\∼1.5\ kb) and partial gene sequences (\∼600 to \∼700\ bp). For example, 19 branches had \>\ 95\% bootstrap support in our maximum likelihood tree from the entire mitochondrial coding-regions (\∼15.4\ kb) whereas the tree from 700\ bp cox1 had only two branches with bootstrap support \>\ 95\%. Yet, by contrast, partial cytb (\∼600\ bp) and partial cox1 (\∼486\ bp) sequences were sufficient to genotype lice to Clade A, B or C. The sequences of the mitochondrial genomes of the P. humanus, P. capitis and P. schaeffi Fahrenholz studied are in NCBI GenBank under the accession numbers KC660761-800, KC685631-6330, KC241882-97, EU219988-95, HM241895-8 and JX080388-407.

}, keywords = {evolutionary genetics, mitochon- drial coding-region}, issn = {0269-283X}, doi = {10.1111/mve.12076}, url = {https://resjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mve.12076}, author = {H. Xiong and D. Campelo and Richard J. Pollack and Didier Raoult and Renfu Shao and M. Alem and J. Ali and K. Bilcha and Stephen C. Barker} } @article {95554, title = {Sensory features of the human louse antenna: new contributions and comparisons between ecotypes}, journal = {Medical and Veterinary Entomology}, volume = {35}, year = {2021}, month = {June 2021}, pages = {219-224}, type = {Short communication}, abstract = {

Body and head lice are known to be exclusive ectoparasites of human hosts. Current genomic and transcriptomic data suggest that both louse types represent ecotypes of the same species. They exhibit morphological and physiological differences that probably arose from living in different biotopes. Sensory traits represent suitable candidates to be affected by environmental heterogeneity. Therefore, through scanning electron microscope studies, this study analysed and compared the sensory structures of both ecotypes\&$\#$39; antennae. Seven types of sensory structures were identified in both ecotypes: bristles, tuft organs, pore organs, single pore and three morphotypes of sensilla basiconica. Notably, the single pore and the morphotypes of sensilla basiconica were described for the first time in the body louse antenna. This study\&$\#$39;s comparative analysis mainly revealed size differences across the sensory structures of the ecotypes. Bristles of the flagellomere 2 of the body louse antenna were longer than the head louse bristles. In addition, the pore organs of the head louse antenna presented a higher diameter than those of the body louse. The possible relevance of size differences regarding the biotopes exploited by the body louse and the head louse is discussed. Yet, physiological studies may help to fully understand the phenotypical differences of both ecotypes.

}, keywords = {antenna, body louse, Head louse, Pediculus humanus, sensilla}, issn = {0269-283X, 1365-2915}, doi = {10.1111/mve.12485}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mve.12485}, author = {Isabel Ortega-Insaurralde and Picollo,Mar{\'\i}a In{\'e}s and R. B. Barrozo} } @inbook {95188, title = {Lice (Phthiraptera)}, booktitle = {Medical and Veterinary Entomology}, year = {2019}, pages = {79 - 106}, publisher = {Academic Press}, organization = {Academic Press}, edition = {3rd}, chapter = {7}, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States}, abstract = {

The taxonomy, morphology, life history, and medical and veterinary importance of parasitic sucking lice and chewing lice are discussed. Important lice that parasitize humans, pets, and livestock animals are documented. Louse-borne diseases, including epidemic typhus, trench fever, louse-borne relapsing fever, and swinepox, are detailed. The chapter concludes with an overview of methods used to prevent and control louse infestations and associated louse-borne diseases

}, keywords = {Chewing lice, lice, Louse-borne diseases, Medical importance, sucking lice, veterinary importance}, isbn = {3-9780128140444, p-9780128140437 }, doi = {doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-814043-7.00007-8}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128140437000078?via\%3Dihub}, author = {Lance A. Durden}, editor = {Mullen,Gary R. and Lance A. Durden} } @article {94605, title = {Ovicidal and adulticidal effects of monoterpenoids against permethrin-resistant human head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis}, journal = {Medical and Veterinary Entomology}, volume = {22}, year = {2008}, month = {December 2008}, pages = {335 - 339}, abstract = {

The improper use of pediculicides containing permethrin has led to the development of resistance. Thus, new alternatives for control are needed. Plant-derived insecticides are attractive alternatives to common chemical insecticides because most of them are environmentally friendly and non-toxic to mammals. The toxic activity of 23 monoterpenoids belonging to several chemical classes was tested against the eggs of permethrin-resistant head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae). Significant differences in ovicidal action were observed among the tested substances. The most effective chemicals were hydrocarbons and ethers, followed by ketones, alcohols, phenols and esters. A linear relationship between egg mortality and knockdown time (KT50) on adults by the tested components revealed that most of the components were effective on both egg and adult stages. The monoterpenoids described herein are good candidates as effective

}, keywords = {adult head lice, fumigant activity, head lice eggs, Monoterpenes, toxicity.}, issn = {0269283X}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2915.2008.00759.x}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1365-2915.2008.00759.x}, author = {Toloza,Ariel Ceferino and Vassena,Claudia V. and Picollo,Mar{\'\i}a In{\'e}s} } @article {68865, title = {Evidence that clade A and clade B head lice live in sympatry and recombine in Algeria}, journal = {Medical and Veterinary Entomology}, volume = {29}, year = {2015}, month = {Jan-03-2015}, pages = {94 - 98}, abstract = {

Pediculus humanus L. (Psocodea: Pediculidae) can be characterized into three deeply divergent lineages (clades) based on mitochondrial DNA. Clade A consists of both head lice and clothing lice and is distributed worldwide. Clade B consists of head lice only and is mainly found in North and Central America, and in western Europe and Australia. Clade C, which consists only of head lice, is found in Ethiopia, Nepal and Senegal. Twenty-six head lice collected from pupils at different elementary schools in two localities in Algiers (Algeria) were analysed using molecular methods for genotyping lice (cytochrome b and the multi-spacer typing (MST) method. For the first time, we found clade B head lice in Africa living in sympatry with clade A head lice. The phylogenetic analysis of the concatenated sequences of these populations of head lice showed that clade A and clade B head lice had recombined, suggesting that interbreeding occurs when lice live in sympatry.

}, keywords = {clade A, clade B, Genotype, Pediculus humanus capitis, recombination, sympatry.}, doi = {10.1111/mve.2015.29.issue-110.1111/mve.12058}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/mve.2015.29.issue-1http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/mve.12058}, author = {BOUTELLIS, A. and BITAM, I. and FEKIR, K. and MANA, N. and Didier Raoult} } @article {40059, title = {Ectoparasites of commensal rodents in Sulawesi Utara, Indonesia, with notes on species of medical importance}, journal = {Medical and Veterinary Entomology}, volume = {5}, year = {1991}, month = {1991}, pages = {1 - 7}, abstract = {

Ectoparasite records are presented for four species of commensal murid rodents (Rattus rattus palelae Miller \& Hollister, R.argentiventer (Robinson \& Kloss), R.exulans (Peale) and Mus musculus castaneus Waterhouse) in Sulawesi Utara, with particular reference to the potential for these arthropods to bite and transmit pathogens to humans. The flea, Xenopsylla cheopis (Rothschild), was most common on R.r.palelae and is capable of transmitting plague and other pathogens to humans although no current foci for these diseases are known in Sulawesi. Hoplopleura pacifica Ewing and Polyplax spinulosa (Burmeister) sucking lice parasitized all three Rattus species although H.pacifica was mainly associated with R.exulans and P.spinulosa with R.r.palelae. These lice do not bite humans but may be intramurid vectors of murine typhus and other zoonoses. The mites Laelaps echidnina Berlese and L.nuttalli Hirst were both collected; the latter was recorded from all four murid species, mainly R.exulans. The mite Ornithonyssus bacoti Hirst was rare. Only one chigger mite, Walchiella oudemansi (Walch), was retrieved from murids (from R.exulans) and a single Leptotrombidium deliense (Walch) chigger was taken from a human subject. Although L.deliense is a significant vector of scrub typhus, a disease known from Sulawesi, the L.deliense-R.argentiventer relationship frequently noted in the ecology of this rickettsial disease, was not evident in this survey. Other ectoparasites collected from murids were the ticks, Ixodes granulatus Supino (first record for Sulawesi), Haemaphysalis sp. and Dermacentor sp., the mites Myocoptes musculinus (Koch) and Listrophoroids cucullatus (Trouessart), acarids and a uropodid. Additional ectoparasites noted on humans were the tick Amblyoma babirussae (Schulze), the scabies mite Sarcoptes scabiei L. and the head louse Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer.

}, keywords = {disease, ectoparasite, fleas, Indonesia, lice, mice, mites, muridae, rat, Scabies, sulawesi, ticks, transmission, vector}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/2627.pdf}, author = {Lance A. Durden and Page,B. F.} }