@article {96281,
	title = {Physically Acting Treatments for Head Lice{\textemdash}Can We Still Claim They Are {\textquoteleft}Resistance Proof{\textquoteright}?},
	journal = {Pharmaceutics},
	volume = {14},
	year = {2022},
	month = {Nov-10-2022},
	pages = {12 pp},
	abstract = {<p><jats p="">Head lice worldwide have developed resistance to insecticides, prompting the introduction of a range of alternative treatments including plant extracts and natural and synthetic oils. Clinical studies of physically acting treatments showed them to be highly effective when first introduced, and a widely held, but unsubstantiated, belief is that lice are unlikely to develop resistance to them. However, this ignores possibilities for natural selection of traits enabling lice to survive exposure. More recent investigations of some physically acting products have shown reduced efficacy, suggesting either changes of behavior, physical structure, or physiology of some louse populations. In addition, the activity of surfactants and similar compounds, acting as solubilizing agents of insect cuticular lipids, can be compromised by the widespread use of toiletry products containing similar substances. Hitherto, most clinical investigations have provided \&ldquo;best case\&rdquo; data resulting from investigator application of treatments. In the few studies involving participant application, the effectiveness was reduced, suggesting that consumer use allows some insects to survive, which could then be selected for tolerance. Unlike neurotoxic insecticides, there is no straightforward method to test for the activity of physically acting chemicals other than by clinical investigations, which need to be rigorous to eliminate poorly effective products as a way of ensuring the continued effectiveness of those treatments that are successful in eliminating infestation.</jats></p>
},
	keywords = {Clinical Trials, Essential oils, head lice, insecticides, resistance, silicones, surfactants, treatment.},
	issn = {1999-4923},
	doi = {10.3390/pharmaceutics14112430},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/14/11/2430},
	author = {Burgess,Ian F.}
}
@article {61640,
	title = {International guidelines for clinical trials with pediculicides},
	journal = { Intnl. J. Dermatol. },
	volume = {51},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {858},
	chapter = {853},
	keywords = {Clinical Trials, Guidelines, Pediculicide},
	url = {http://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/219.\%20GuidelinesClinicalTrials.pdf},
	author = {Stephen C. Barker and Burgess,Ian F. and Meinking,Terri A. and Kosta Y. Mumcuoglu}
}
@article {46633,
	title = {The efficacy of phosmet as a "pour-on" for the control of long-nosed sucking lice (Linognathus vituli) on cattle},
	journal = {New Zealand veterinary journal},
	volume = {29},
	year = {1981},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0021406; 0 (Insecticides); 732-11-6 (Phosmet); ppublish},
	month = {1981},
	pages = {187 - 188},
	address = {NEW ZEALAND},
	keywords = {animals, Anoplura, cattle, Cattle Diseases, Clinical Trials, Comparative Study, insecticide, Lice Infestations/drug therapy/veterinary},
	isbn = {0048-0169},
	author = {Kettle,P. R. and Watson,A. J.}
}
@article {46631,
	title = {Clinical and laboratory trial employing carbaryl against the human head-louse, Pediculus humanus capitis (DeGeer)},
	journal = {Clinical and Experimental Dermatology},
	volume = {6},
	year = {1981},
	month = {1981},
	pages = {605 - 612},
	keywords = {animals, carbaryl, child, Clinical Trials, Comparative Study, Drug Resistance, humans, insecticide, Lice Infestations/drug therapy, Ovum, Pediculus, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t},
	isbn = {0307-6938},
	author = {John W. Maunder}
}
@article {46608,
	title = {Malathion for treatment of Pediculus humanus var capitis infestation},
	journal = {JAMA : the journal of the American Medical Association},
	volume = {247},
	year = {1982},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 7501160; 0 (Vehicles); 121-75-5 (Malathion); ppublish},
	month = {1982},
	pages = {3103 - 3105},
	address = {UNITED STATES},
	abstract = {One hundred fifteen subjects took part in a double-blind study comparing the efficacy and safety of 0.5\% malathion lotion (Prioderm lotion) and the alcoholic vehicle of the lotion as pediculicides in the treatment of head lice. The subjects, with a mean age of 9 years, had long-standing lice infestations and at least 20 viable ova. The subjects were treated with the test preparation, which was allowed to remain on the hair for 12 hours. Ovicidal and pediculicidal efficacy for the malathion lotion was significant; overall clinical evaluation by the investigators showed a significant number of moderate to marked therapeutic responses to malathion lotion. Only one adverse reaction (in the malathion lotion group) was reported, the stinging of pyodermal lesions in reaction to the alcoholic vehicle. Other concomitant scalp diseases were unchanged or improved at the end of the study.},
	keywords = {Administration, Topical, adolescent, adult, child, Child, Preschool, Clinical Trials, Double Blind, Drug Resistance, hair, humans, Lice Infestations/drug therapy, Malathion, Ovum/drug effects, Pediculus, Pyoderma, Random Allocation, scalp dermatoses, Vehicles},
	isbn = {0098-7484},
	author = {Taplin,David and Castillero,P. M. and Spiegel,J. and Mercer,S. and Rivera,A. A. and Schachner,L.}
}
@article {46599,
	title = {Comparative study of DDT, carbaryl (Sevin) and Actellic (pirimiphos-methyl) in the treatment of Pediculus humanus capitis infestation},
	journal = {Public health},
	volume = {97},
	year = {1983},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0376507; 0 (Organothiophosphorus Compounds); 29232-93-7 (pirimiphos methyl); 50-29-3 (DDT); 63-25-2 (Carbaryl); ppublish},
	month = {1983},
	pages = {3 - 7},
	address = {ENGLAND},
	keywords = {adolescent, carbaryl, child, Child, Preschool, Clinical Trials, DDT, Drug Evaluation, Drug Resistance, humans, Lice Infestations/drug therapy/epidemiology, Malaysia, organophosphate, patient, Pediculus, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t},
	isbn = {0033-3506},
	author = {Sinniah,B. and Sinniah,D.}
}
@article {46441,
	title = {Clinical evaluation of an after-pediculicide nit removal system},
	journal = {International Journal of Dermatology},
	volume = {28},
	year = {1989},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0243704; 0 (Formic Acids); 0 (Pyrethrins); 0 (Soaps); 64-18-6 (formic acid); ppublish},
	month = {1989},
	pages = {468 - 470},
	abstract = {A significant problem in the management of pediculosis is the removal of nits from the hair after pediculicide treatment. This study describes use of a nit removal system incorporating a cream rinse containing formic acid that loosens the bond between the nit and hair. Twenty-four children with pediculosis capitis, age 4 to 12 years, were evaluated. Sections of hair with equivalent numbers of nits were identified as control or test sites. Combining for 5 minutes after use of the formic acid rinse removed 93.5\% of nits compared with a 27.6\% reduction in the control section (p less than 0.0001). These results demonstrate that use of this nit removal system greatly facilitates nit removal.},
	keywords = {animals, child, Child, Preschool, Clinical Trials, Comparative Study, Formic Acids/pharmacology, humans, Lice Infestations/drug therapy, Ovum/drug effects, Pediculus, Pyrethrum, Soaps},
	author = {DeFelice,J. and Rumsfield,J. and Bernstein,J. E. and Roshal,J. Y.}
}
@article {46205,
	title = {Malathion for treatment of head lice},
	journal = {Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics},
	volume = {41},
	year = {1999},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 2985240R; 0 (Cholinesterase Inhibitors); 121-75-5 (Malathion); ppublish},
	month = {1999},
	pages = {73 - 74},
	address = {UNITED STATES},
	keywords = {animals, Clinical Trials, Double Blind, humans, Lice Infestations/drug therapy, Malathion, Pediculus},
	isbn = {0025-732X},
	url = {https://secure.medicalletter.org/article-share?a=1059b\&p=tml\&title=Malathion\%20for\%20the\%20Treatment\%20of\%20Head\%20Lice\&cannotaccesstitle=1},
	author = {Anonymous}
}
@article {45985,
	title = {Phthiriasis palpebrarum: diagnosis and treatment},
	journal = {Archivos de la Sociedad Espanola de Oftalmologia},
	volume = {78},
	year = {2003},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 1304603; 0 (Insecticides); RF: 57; ppublish},
	month = {2003},
	pages = {365 - 374},
	address = {Spain},
	abstract = {Phthiriasis palpebrarum, caused by Phthirus pubis, is an uncommon cause of blepharoconjunctivitis; therefore, this condition is easily misdiagnosed. When diagnosed, genital involvement must be ruled out. Association with other venereal diseases is common. Affected children must be searched for sexual abuse. The number of diagnosed patients in our department has increased in recent years. We review the epidemiological, clinical and diagnostic features of phthriasis palpebrarum as well as the different treatment options to eradicate the parasite and to prevent infestations.},
	keywords = {Blepharitis, Clinical Trials, English Abstract, humans, insecticide, Lice Infestations/diagnosis/drug therapy/parasitology, Pthirus},
	isbn = {0365-6691},
	author = {Lopez Garcia,J. S. and Garcia Lozano,I. and Martinez Garchitorena,J.}
}
@article {45965,
	title = {Evidence in the treatment of head lice: drowning in a swamp of reviews},
	journal = {Clinical Infectious diseases},
	volume = {37},
	year = {2003},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 9203213; 0 (Insecticides); 121-75-5 (Malathion); CON: Clin Infect Dis. 2003 Jun 1;36(11):1355-61. PMID: 12766828; ppublish},
	month = {2003},
	pages = {1580 - 1582},
	address = {United States},
	keywords = {animals, Clinical Trials, humans, insecticide, Lice Infestations/drug therapy, Malathion, Pediculosis, Pediculus},
	isbn = {1537-6591},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1086/379614},
	url = {https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/37/11/1580/373951},
	author = {Lapeere,Hilde and Vander Stichele,Robert H. and Naeyaert,J. M.}
}
