@article {40293,
	title = {Efficacy of injectable doramectin against naturally acquired louse infestations on cattle},
	journal = {New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research},
	volume = {39},
	year = {1996},
	month = {1996},
	pages = {401 - 404},
	abstract = {Twenty weaner calves were ranked on the basis of naturally acquired Linognathus vituli and Bovicola (Damalinia) bovis infestations and allocated to one of two equal groups. Calves in one group received doramectin (200 mcg/kg) by subcutaneous injection near the base of the ear while those in the second group were given 0.9\% sterile saline by the same route. Louse counts at 7 sites replicated on each side of the animals were carried out at the beginning of the trial and then at 7, 14, 21, 28, and 42 days post-treatment. By 7 days post-treatment the Linognathus vituli infestations were absent from all treated calves and all but 1 control animal. Up to Day 21, all treated animals remained louse-free. The doramectin-treated animals showed significant (P < 0.05) reductions in Bovicola (Damalinia) bovis infestations from 7 to 42 days post- treatment. Efficacies of 81.9, 98.6, 94.2, 99.3, and 95.4\% were obtained for Days 7, 14, 21, 28, and 42 respectively, when comparisons were made with non-treated animals for the same days.},
	keywords = {Bovicola, cattle, damalinia, efficacy, Injections, lice, Linognathus},
	author = {Watson,T. G. and Bishop,D. M. and Hooke,F. G. and A. C. G. Heath and Cole,D. J. W.}
}
@article {40248,
	title = {The comparative ability of some lousicides to reduce cockle in sheep pelts},
	journal = {New Zealand Veterinary Journal},
	volume = {44},
	year = {1996},
	month = {1996},
	pages = {135 - 137},
	abstract = {Sheep naturally infested with the biting louse, Bovicola ovis were treated with a range of organophosphorus and synthetic pyrethroid dip formulations. The sheep were killed 42 days after treatment and the pelts examined for evidence of cockle, a nodular condition that appears in some sheep as a response to the presence of lice. Sheep treated to saturation with dip formulations produced more high quality pelts than did sheep treated with low volume, pour-on or spray-on dips. These differences are suspected to arise because louse populations decline more slowly after treatment with pour-ons or spray-ons than with saturation dips. The removal of lice and regression of cockle resulted in a high percentage of first grade pickled pelts. However, processing through to the dyed crust leather stage highlighted lesions in the same pelts that were not apparent at the pickle stage and lead to a substantial increase in the number of downgraded pelts.},
	keywords = {Bovicola},
	author = {A. C. G. Heath and Cole,D. J. W. and Bishop,D. M. and Cooper,S. M.}
}
@article {40249,
	title = {The development of cockle, a sheep pelt defect, in relation to size of infestation and time of exposure to Bovicola ovis, the sheep biting louse},
	journal = {Veterinary Parasitology},
	volume = {67},
	year = {1996},
	month = {1996},
	pages = {259 - 267},
	abstract = {Groups of ten louse-naive lambs were infested with one, ten or 100 female Bovicola ovis and killed 84 days later when an examination of their pelts was made to detect cockle. In a second experiment groups of ten lambs were infested with ten or 100 female B. ovis and groups of lambs were killed every fortnight up to 84 days post-infestation. The pelts were examined in order to detect the earliest time at which cockle could be detected following a louse infestation, Cockle is a nodular condition of the skin arising in response to infestation with B. ovis and is possibly a hypersensitivity on the part of some sheep to antigens of louse origin. In the first experiment cockle did not develop in lambs that had remained louse free or which had been initially infested with one louse, However, five of ten lambs that had been infested with ten lice and all lambs that had been infested with 100 lice developed cockle, In general cockle severity was positively related to the size of the terminal louse population. Group mean louse counts only slightly exceeded the initial infestation in the lambs infested with either ten or 100 lice, and were less than the initial infestation in lambs given only one louse. In the second experiment cockle was first seen 54 days post-infestation, but only in sheep infested initially with 100 lice.},
	keywords = {Arthropoda, Bovicola, cockle, Damalinia ovis, merino, sheep, skin},
	author = {A. C. G. Heath and Bishop,D. M. and Cole,D. J. W. and Pfeffer,A. T.}
}
@article {40207,
	title = {Evidence for the role of the sheep biting louse Bovicola ovis in producing cockle, a sheep pelt defect},
	journal = {Veterinary Parasitology},
	volume = {59},
	year = {1995},
	month = {1995},
	pages = {53 - 58},
	abstract = {<p>The prevalence and severity of cockle, a sheep pelt defect characterised by raised lumps, was assessed on lambs that were either louse-infested (Bovicola ovis) or louse-free at birth. Assessments were made on pickled pelts, 10 months after the lambs had entered the trial. Lambs kept free of lice did not develop cockle, whereas the defect was common in lambs (about 90\%) that were infested with lice. There was a direct correlation between louse scores and cockle, high louse scores being associated with a more severe degree of cockle. The results give support to the strong causal relationship between B. ovis and cockle, but questions such as the minimum number of lice needed to cause cockle and the time required for cockle to develop still need to be answered.</p>
},
	keywords = {Bovicola, cockle, sheep arthropoda},
	isbn = {0304-4017},
	author = {A. C. G. Heath and Cooper,S. M. and Cole,D. J. W. and Bishop,D. M.}
}
@article {40208,
	title = {Preliminary investigations into the etiology and treatment of cockle, a sheep pelt defect},
	journal = {Veterinary Parasitology},
	volume = {56},
	year = {1995},
	month = {1995},
	pages = {239 - 254},
	abstract = {A defect of sheep pelts known as cockle, detectable after depilation, but usually first noted only in the pickled pelt or tanned stage of processing, was studied to establish causal factor(s) and effective treatments. In addition, data on the histology and seasonal prevalence of the disease were obtained. Samples collected soon after slaughter from pelts identified at the pickled pelt stage as having cackle, had a superficial dermatitis with infiltration of eosinophils. This may represent an immediate hypersensitivity reaction of the sheep to lice. Treatments of sheep with either insecticides, disinfectants or shearing showed that where biting lice (Bovicola avis) were removed, cackle lesions had either disappeared or regressed on pickled pelts. In Trial 1 diazinon reduced cackle prevalence and severity substantially; cypermethrin had a less pronounced effect. In Trial 2 diazinon, cypermethrin, Hibitane(R) and Savlon(R) were equally effective in reducing biting louse numbers as shown by counts oflice at 35 and 63 days post- treatment. Reduction of cockle on pelts from sheep slaughtered at 39 days post-treatment was achieved best by both diazinon and shearing. Examination of other pelts at 67 days post- treatment showed diazinon and Hibitane to be equally effective in reducing cackle. Furthermore, shearing in the absence of insecticides reduced the severity and extent of lesions on cackled pelts. The diazinon excipient and zinc sulphate were consistently poor at removing lice and reducing cackle prevalence and severity. The results have important implications for the leather industry in that shearing and good dipping practice with appropriate chemicals at the right time can lead to improved pelt quality. However, an incentive scheme for farmers, and a means of identifying individual pelts to the farms or origin, are both necessary before a marked improvement is likely to occur.-},
	keywords = {Arthropoda, Bovicola, cockle, Control, Damalinia ovis, louse, measures, merino, sheep, skin},
	author = {A. C. G. Heath and Cole,D. J. W. and Bishop,D. M. and Pfeffer,A. and Cooper,S. M. and Risdon,P.}
}
@article {40097,
	title = {Some currently available insecticides and their comparative efficacy on louse infested, long woolled sheep},
	journal = {New Zealand Veterinary Journal},
	volume = {40},
	year = {1992},
	month = {1992},
	pages = {101 - 103},
	abstract = {The comparative efficacy of 13 of the sheep dips currently registered in New Zealand was investigated using sheep infested with the louse Bovicola ovis and carrying wool which was about 10 cm long at the shoulder. With the exception of one synthetic pyrethroid "pour-on" formulation, all products were able to effect a significant reduction in louse populations, relative to untreated controls, for 37 days after treatment. Only four products proved capable of "eradicating" lice and preventing their re-establishment up to 37 days after treatment. Variations in manufacturers{\textquoteright} recommendations relating to the length of wool at dipping, and mode of application of dips are discussed in relation to the results.},
	author = {A. C. G. Heath and Cole,D. J. W. and Bishop,D. M.}
}
