@article {39620,
	title = {Phylogeny and biogeography of dabbling ducks (genus: Anas): a comparison of molecular and morphological evidence},
	journal = {Auk},
	volume = {116},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999},
	pages = {792 - 805},
	abstract = {<p>We constructed a phylogeny for the dabbling ducks (tribe Anatini) based on cytochrome-b and ND2 mitochondrial gene DNA sequences. This phylogeny differed in several important respects from a morphological phylogeny developed by Livezey (1991), including the distinctiveness of the blue-winged ducks from other dabbling ducks, the inclusion of the genus Tachyeres and exclusion of Callonetta from the subtribe Anateae, and the lack of support for Mareca as a genus separate from Anas. Characters from three other data sets showed greater consistency with the molecular topology than with the morphological topology. The molecular phylogeny divides the dabbling ducks into four distinct groups: (1) four South American genera, including Amazonetta, Lophonetta, Speculanas, and Techyeres; (2) the Baikal Teal (Anas formosa); (3) the blue-winged ducks and allies; and (4) a large clade including wigeons, pintails, mallards, and several teal lineages. An examination of the distributions of species in light of the phylogeny indicates relatively little biogeographic structure. Geographic origin for most internal branches is ambiguous using several reconstruction methods. We suggest that the high dispersal ability of birds (especially dabbling ducks) has important implications for recovery of branches using molecular systematics.</p>
},
	keywords = {analysis, anatini, Biogeography, Evolution, genes, history, mitochondrial dna, Parsimony, sequence, systematic},
	url = {https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v116n03/p0792-p0805.pdf},
	author = {Kevin P. Johnson and Sorenson,Michael D.}
}
@article {38844,
	title = {Parasites, petrels and penguins: does louse presence reflect seabird phylogeny?},
	journal = {International Journal for Parasitology},
	volume = {23},
	year = {1993},
	month = {1993},
	pages = {515 - 526},
	abstract = {<p>The presence of parasite taxa on host taxa has long been used as a source of information about host phylogeny, The assumption underlying such analyses is that the hosts and parasites have cospeciated. In this study we used cladistic methods and component analysis to investigate whether the presence/absence of 19 phthirapteran chewing lice genera reflects the phylogeny of 18 seabird taxa. Using Faith\&$\#$39;s permutation tail probability test we demonstrated that louse presence/absence data contains significant cladistic structure, and cladistic analysis gave a single most parsimonious tree. This tree was more similar to an independent host phylogeny, based on behavioural and molecular data, than would be expected due to chance. More realistic rules for interpreting louse presence (component analysis: assumptions 0 and 1) require a knowledge of louse phylogeny. We generated an estimate of louse phylogeny via parsimony analysis of 23 morphological and life history characters. This gave 28 shortest trees. Analysis of these trees under assumption 0 generated 14 most parsimonious host trees. These host trees were more similar to the independent host phylogeny than would be expected due to chance. Assumption 1 generated a minimum of 1228 most parsimonious trees that were no more similar to the independent host phylogeny than would be expected due to chance. Bootstrap analysis found that the louse phylogeny was not robust. The failure of assumption 1 to reconstruct the host phylogeny may thus be due to errors in the inferred phylogenetic relationships of the lice. Reconciling louse and seabird trees produced 8 duplication events. This implies that much of the radiation of seabird lice predated the evolution of the seabirds.</p>
},
	keywords = {analysis, Biogeography, cladistic analysis, coevolution, component, congruence, consensus, cospeciation, Evolution, history, host, hypothesis, monogenea, Phthiraptera, Procellariiformes, rule, seabirds, switching, tests},
	author = {Paterson,Adrian M. and Russell D. Gray and Wallis,G. P.}
}
