@article {40160,
	title = {Ectoparasites of the spotted owl},
	journal = {Journal of Raptor Research},
	volume = {28},
	year = {1994},
	month = {1994},
	pages = {232 - 235},
	abstract = {<p>We conducted a survey of spotted owl (Strix occidentalis) ectoparasite richness by examining live and museum specimens of the three subspecies of spotted owl. Seven ectoparasite species from five arthropod orders were collected. A tick (Dermacentor occidentalis), a mite (Euschoengastia sp.), and a flea (Opisodasys vesperalis) were collected, but were presumed to be accidental strays from prey. Strigiphilus lice were found on all the subspecies of spotted owl, while the louse Kurodaia magna was only collected from the northern spotted owl (S. o. caurina). The hippoboscid fly Icosta americana was found on the California spotted owl (S. o. occidentalis); this species had previously been well documented in the northern subspecies. The only hippoboscid By found infesting the Mexican spotted owl (S. o. lucida) was Ornithoica vicina.</p>
},
	keywords = {americana, associations, California, ectoparasite, Ischnocera, Kurodaia, magna, ornithoica, owl, parasitism, Philopteridae, spotted, strigiphilus, strix, strix occidentalis caurina, Survey, syrnii, vicina},
	url = {http://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/40160.pdf},
	author = {Hunter,John E. and Ricardo Gutierrez and Franklin,Alan B. and Olson,David}
}
@article {39060,
	title = {The seasonal incidence of parasitism by Phthiraptera on starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) in England},
	journal = {New Zealand Entomologist},
	volume = {7},
	year = {1983},
	note = {INCOMPLETE: Add alternate title The paper also includes details on the effectiveness of the "Dri-Die" technique of collecting lice from passerine birds.},
	month = {1983},
	pages = {403 - 408},
	abstract = {<p>The seasonal prevalence of chewing lice (Phthiraptera) on starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) from Hampshire and Sussex was monitored for one year. Four species of lice were recovered: the menoponids Menacanthus eurysternus and Myrsidea cucullaris, and the philopterids Brueelia nebulosa and Sturnidoecus sturni. Birds most frequently harboured populations of fewer than 10 lice. Juvenile birds were particularly lousy and their louse populations showed a dramatic decline after moulting. Menoponids were the most prevalent in August and September and Philopterids in June and July. From the data obtained, it appears that the chief factors which govern the size of louse populations are host behaviour (preening), moulting and climate.</p>
},
	keywords = {aves, England, Menoponidae, parasitism, Philopteridae, Phthiraptera, preening, Sternus},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/0430.pdf},
	author = {Kettle,P. R.}
}
