@article {96211, title = {Second-generation sequencing of entire mitochondrial coding-regions (\~{}15.4 kb) holds promise for study of the phylogeny and taxonomy of human body lice and head lice}, journal = {Medical and Veterinary Entomology}, volume = {28}, year = {2014}, month = {Aug-01-2014}, pages = {40-50}, abstract = {

The Illumina Hiseq platform was used to sequence the entire mitochondrial coding-regions of 20 body lice, Pediculus humanus Linnaeus, and head lice, P. capitis De Geer (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae), from eight towns and cities in five countries: Ethiopia, France, China, Australia and the U.S.A. These data (\∼310\ kb) were used to see how much more informative entire mitochondrial coding-region sequences were than partial mitochondrial coding-region sequences, and thus to guide the design of future studies of the phylogeny, origin, evolution and taxonomy of body lice and head lice. Phylogenies were compared from entire coding-region sequences (\∼15.4\ kb), entire cox1 (\∼1.5\ kb), partial cox1 (\∼700\ bp) and partial cytb (\∼600\ bp) sequences. On the one hand, phylogenies from entire mitochondrial coding-region sequences (\∼15.4\ kb) were much more informative than phylogenies from entire cox1 sequences (\∼1.5\ kb) and partial gene sequences (\∼600 to \∼700\ bp). For example, 19 branches had \>\ 95\% bootstrap support in our maximum likelihood tree from the entire mitochondrial coding-regions (\∼15.4\ kb) whereas the tree from 700\ bp cox1 had only two branches with bootstrap support \>\ 95\%. Yet, by contrast, partial cytb (\∼600\ bp) and partial cox1 (\∼486\ bp) sequences were sufficient to genotype lice to Clade A, B or C. The sequences of the mitochondrial genomes of the P. humanus, P. capitis and P. schaeffi Fahrenholz studied are in NCBI GenBank under the accession numbers KC660761-800, KC685631-6330, KC241882-97, EU219988-95, HM241895-8 and JX080388-407.

}, keywords = {evolutionary genetics, mitochon- drial coding-region}, issn = {0269-283X}, doi = {10.1111/mve.12076}, url = {https://resjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mve.12076}, author = {H. Xiong and D. Campelo and Richard J. Pollack and Didier Raoult and Renfu Shao and M. Alem and J. Ali and K. Bilcha and Stephen C. Barker} } @article {95364, title = {Living cheek by jowl: The pathoecology of medieval York}, journal = {Quaternary International}, volume = {341}, year = {2014}, month = {08-2014}, pages = {131 - 142}, abstract = {

Medieval York was one of the largest and most important cities in England. The close confines of the city,the household and industrial waste, alongside the air and water pollution made this a city known for itspervasive smells, which at the time were considered to be a leading cause of disease. This paper aims topresent the environmental context for disease combined with the human osteological record to recon-struct the pathoecology of medieval York. Combining archaeological and historical data, we gain insightinto the interplay between medieval culture, disease, health, and the urban environment. It is clear thatlocal authorities were concerned about urban pollution, and historical evidence demonstrates that legalmeasures were taken to remove or regulate some of the perceived causes of pollution. There is ademonstrable trend towards improving environmental conditions in York between the 11th and mid-16th century. However, it is likely that the extant socio-environmental conditions continued tocontribute to morbidity, as evidenced by the prevalence of infection.

}, issn = {10406182}, doi = {10.1016/j.quaint.2013.07.032}, url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S104061821300431X}, author = {Gary King and Charlotte Henderson} } @article {95345, title = {Early Thule Winter Houses: An Archaeoentomological Analysis}, journal = {Arctic Anthropology}, volume = {51}, year = {2014}, month = {01-2014}, pages = {101 - 117}, abstract = {

This paper presents the results of archaeoentomological analyses of soil samples from early Thule (ca. AD 1200\–1400) winter-house remains at Cape Grinnell and Qaqaitsut, Northwest Greenland. Excavated over the summers of 2008 and 2009 by the Inglefield Land Archaeological Project (ILAP), four houses yielded 467 ectoparasites, mostly human lice, unevenly distributed across the identified areas of the structures. A recurring pattern of distribution was found in three of the houses and is interpreted as the result of delousing practices. Using historical explorer accounts, Inughuit oral tradition, and archaeoentomological evidence we investigate the potential for studying hygiene practices on Inuit sites.

}, issn = {0066-6939}, doi = {10.3368/aa.51.1.101}, url = {http://aa.uwpress.org/cgi/doi/10.3368/aa.51.1.101}, author = {Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric Dussault and Allison Bain and Genevieve LeMoine} } @article {95344, title = {Archaeoentomology at Tatsip Ataa: Evidence for the use of Local Resources and Daily Life in the Norse Eastern Settlement, Greenland}, journal = {Journal of the North Atlantic}, volume = {sp6}, year = {2014}, month = {04-2014}, pages = {14 - 28}, type = {Special Volume}, abstract = {

Thirty-one sediment samples collected from midden layers at the Tatsip Ataa (E172) site located in the former Norse Eastern Settlement in Greenland were analyzed for insect remains. These efforts allowed for the identification of species believed to have been introduced involuntarily with Norse settlers upon colonization, while suggesting the origin of materials disposed of in the midden. Our analysis of outdoor insects and synanthropes also identified resources exploited from the local environment, suggesting that the midden represents the end result of a number of domestic activities including construction, maintenance, hygienic practices, and animal husbandry

}, issn = {1935-1933}, doi = {10.3721/037.002.sp604}, url = {http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.3721/037.002.sp604}, author = {Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric Dussault and V{\'e}ronique Forbes and Allison Bain} } @article {95343, title = {Archaeoentomological Research in the North Atlantic: Past, Present, and Future}, journal = {Journal of the North Atlantic}, volume = {26}, year = {2014}, month = {09-2014}, pages = {1-24}, abstract = {

This paper reviews archaeoentomolgical research in the North Atlantic region, which until relatively recently,\  was focused mainly on Norse and later farms in Iceland, Greenland, and the Faroes, providing insights into many aspects of daily life on these settlements as well as their impacts on the local environment. Conversely, little research had been undertaken\  on\  insect\  fossils\  from\  hunter-gatherer\  settlements,\  save\  a\  handful\  of\  investigations\  from\  deposits\  associated\  with Saqqaq sites in Western Greenland. Over the past decade, the scope of these studies has extended to encompass new territories, time periods, and research questions. Insect remains from Palaeo- and Neo-Eskimo sites in the eastern Canadian Arctic were examined for the first time, and previously unexamined Norse and later sites have revealed new applications for archaeoentomology. This emerging body of work demonstrates the potential and importance of the continued integration of archaeoentomology in archaeological projects

}, url = {https://www.eaglehill.us/JONAonline/articles/JONA-26/03-Forbes.shtml}, author = {V{\'e}ronique Forbes and Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric Dussault and Allison Bain} } @inbook {95259, title = {L{\textquoteright}Arch{\'e}oentomologie fun{\'e}raire}, booktitle = {Insectes, cadavres et sc{\`e}nes de crime: principes et applications de l{\textquoteright}entomologie m{\'e}dico-l{\'e}gale}, year = {2014}, pages = {209-232}, publisher = {De Boeck}, organization = {De Boeck}, edition = {1st}, chapter = {15}, address = {Bruxelles, Belgium }, abstract = {

Book Chapter in French

}, url = {https://www.academia.edu/6551258/LArch\%C3\%A9oentomologie_fun\%C3\%A9raire?email_work_card=view-paper}, author = {Huchet, J.-B.}, editor = {Damien Charabidze and Matthias Gosselin} } @article {94787, title = {Mitochondrial Diversity of Human Head Lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) Across the Americas}, year = {2014}, abstract = {

A poster presentation of mitochondrial diversity of human head lice across Americas.\ 

Background

\•Sucking lice (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) are permanent and obligate ectoparasites of eutherian mammals. These highly specialized blood-sucking insects live in close association with their hosts where they complete their entire life cycle. This relationship has led to coevolution in which parasite diversification parallels that of the host (Figure 3 of poster).

\• The human head louse has coevolved with humans over millions of years (Figure 1, Figure 2 of poster). Therefore, louse molecular data is valuable for studying the evolutionary history of lice and their human hosts.

\•Human head lice are genetically diverse and have 3 deeply divergent mitochondrial (mtDNA) clades, named A, B, and C.

\•Clothing lice (clade A) has been known to carry three bacterial pathogens. Genotypic louse data would be valuable to determine which clades of head lice have the potential to be carriers in order to combat resistance to pediculcides.

\•Previous studies suggest that the three head louse clades have different evolutionary histories. Clade A appears to be uniquely linked to its Homo sapiens host (modern humans). Clade B, however, appears to have evolved on an archaic hominin in Europe (possibly H. neanderthalensis) and later switched to modern H. sapiens. Clade C appears to have evolved on an archaic hominin in Asia (possibly H. erectus) or Africa.

}, keywords = {Americas, head lice, mitochondrial}, url = {https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/21/2017/03/fane_head-lice.pdf}, author = {J. Fane and Ascunce, Marina S. and G. Kassu and Toloza,Ariel Ceferino and Picollo,Mar{\'\i}a In{\'e}s and Ang{\'e}lica Gonz{\'a}lez-Oliver and David L. Reed} } @article {94424, title = {Genome Sequence of Candidatus Riesia pediculischaeffi, Endosymbiont of Chimpanzee Lice, and Genomic Comparison of Recently Acquired Endosymbionts from Human and Chimpanzee Lice}, journal = {G3: Genes|Genomes|Genetics}, volume = {4}, year = {2014}, month = {Feb-15-2014}, pages = {2189 - 2195}, abstract = {

The obligate-heritable endosymbionts of insects possess some of the smallest known bacterial genomes. This is likely due to loss of genomic material during symbiosis. The mode and rate of this erosion may change over evolutionary time; faster in newly formed associations and slower in long-established ones. The endosymbionts of human and anthropoid primate lice present a unique opportunity to study genome erosion in newly established (or young) symbionts. This is because we have a detailed phylogenetic history of these endosymbionts with divergence dates for closely related species. This allows for genome evolution to be studied in detail and rates of change to be estimated in a phylogenetic framework. Here we sequenced the genome of the chimpanzee louse endosymbiont (Candidatus Riesia pediculischaeffi) and compared it to the closely related genome of the human body louse endosymbiont. From this comparison we found evidence for recent genome erosion leading to gene loss in these endosymbionts. While gene loss was detected, it was not significantly higher than in older endosymbionts from aphids and ants. Additionally, we searched for genes associated with B-vitamin synthesis in the two louse endosymbiont genomes because these endosymbionts are believed to synthesize essential B-vitamins absent in the louse\&$\#$39;s diet. All of the expected genes were present, except those involved in thiamin synthesis. We failed to find genes encoding for proteins involved in the biosynthesis of thiamin or any exogenous means of salvaging thiamin, suggesting there is an undescribed mechanism for the salvage of thiamin. Finally, genes encoding for the pantothenate de novo biosynthesis pathway were located on a plasmid in both taxa along with a heat shock protein. Movement of these genes onto a plasmid may be functionally and evolutionarily significant, potentially increasing production and guarding against the deleterious effects of mutation. These data add to a growing resource of obligate endosymbiont genomes and to our understanding of the rate and mode of genome erosion in obligate animal-associated bacteria. Ultimately sequencing additional louse p-endosymbiont genomes will provide a model system for studying genome evolution in obligate host associated bacteria.

}, keywords = {gamma-proteobacteria, Gene loss, genome erosion, primary-endosymbiont}, doi = {10.1534/g3.114.012567}, url = {http://g3journal.org/lookup/doi/10.1534/g3.114.012567}, author = {Boyd, Bret M. and Julie M. Allen and de Cr{\'e}cy-Lagard, Val{\'e}rie and David L. Reed} } @article {94245, title = {The origin and distribution of human lice in the world}, journal = {Infection, Genetics and Evolution}, volume = {23}, year = {2014}, month = {Jan-04-2014}, pages = {209 - 217}, abstract = {

Two genera of lice parasitize humans: Pthirus and Pediculus. The latter is of significant public health importance and comprises two ecotypes: the body louse and the head louse. These ecotypes are morpho- logically and genetically notably similar; the body louse is responsible for three infectious diseases: Louse-borne epidemic typhus, relapsing fever, and trench fever. Mitochondrial DNA studies have shown that there are three obviously divergent clades of head lice (A, B and C), and only one clade of body lice is shared with head lice (clade A). Each clade has a unique geographic distribution. Lice have been parasit- izing humans for millions of years and likely dispersed throughout the World with the human migrations out of Africa, so they can be good markers for studying human evolution. Here, we present an overview of the origin of human lice and their role in vector pathogenic bacteria that caused epidemics, and we review the association between lice clades and human migrations.

}, keywords = {Evolution, Louse borne disease, Migration, Mitochondrial genes}, issn = {15671348}, doi = {10.1016/j.meegid.2014.01.017}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1567134814000203}, author = {BOUTELLIS, A. and Abi-Rached, Laurent and Didier Raoult} } @article {68788, title = {Rates of genomic divergence in humans, chimpanzees and their lice}, journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences}, volume = {281}, year = {2014}, month = {Jan-08-2014}, abstract = {

The rate of DNA mutation and divergence is highly variable across the tree of life. However, the reasons underlying this variation are not well understood. Comparing the rates of genetic changes between hosts and parasite lineages that diverged at the same time is one way to begin to understand differences in genetic mutation and substitution rates. Such studies have indicated that the rate of genetic divergence in parasites is often faster than that of their hosts when comparing single genes. However, the variation in this relative rate of molecular evolution across different genes in the genome is unknown. We compared the rate of DNA sequence divergence between humans, chim- panzees and their ectoparasitic lice for 1534 protein-coding genes across their genomes. The rate of DNA substitution in these orthologous genes was on average 14 times faster for lice than for humans and chimpanzees. In addition, these rates were positively correlated across genes. Because this correlation only occurred for substitutions that changed the amino acid, this pattern is probably produced by similar functional constraints across the same genes in humans, chimpanzees and their ectoparasites.

}, keywords = {coevolution, genomics, hosts and parasites, molecular evolution, Pediculus}, issn = {0962-8452}, doi = {10.1098/rspb.2013.2174}, url = {http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/doi/10.1098/rspb.2013.2174}, author = {Kevin P. Johnson and Julie M. Allen and Olds, B. P. and Lawrence Mugisha and David L. Reed and Paige, K. N. and Barry R. Pittendrigh} }