@article {45982,
	title = {Drug-resistant lice},
	journal = {Archives of Dermatology},
	volume = {139},
	year = {2003},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0372433; 0 (Insecticides); 121-75-5 (Malathion); 52645-53-1 (Permethrin); CON: Arch Dermatol. 2003 Aug;139(8):994-1000. PMID: 12925385; ppublish},
	month = {2003},
	pages = {1061 - 1064},
	address = {United States},
	abstract = {<p>IN THIS ISSUE, Yoon et al1 compare the effects of Ovide (Medicis Pharmaceutical Corporation, Phoenix, Ariz) and its active ingredient (malathion) with Nix (Pfizer/Warner-Lambert, Morris Plains, NJ) and its active ingredient (permethrin), using in vitro filter paper and contact bioassays. Lice from one location in Ecuador were compared with lice from 3 locations in the United States. In their assay, lice from a location in south Florida showed a slower response to permethrin compared with the Ecuadorian lice. In the Florida lice, Ovide and malathion showed an effect earlier than Nix or permethrin. The presence of 2 gene mutations (T929I and L932F) in permethrin-resistant lice from south Florida was confirmed by DNA sequencing. These mutations have been associated with knockdown resistance (kdr). In this assay, south Florida lice showed evidence of resistance to permethrin, but not to malathion.</p>
},
	keywords = {animals, humans, insecticide, Insecticide resistance, Lice Infestations/drug therapy/genetics, Malathion, Pediculus, Permethrin},
	isbn = {0003-987X},
	doi = {10.1001/archderm.139.8.1061},
	url = {https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/article-abstract/479426},
	author = {Dirk M. Elston}
}
@article {45983,
	title = {Permethrin-resistant human head lice, Pediculus capitis, and their treatment},
	journal = {Archives of Dermatology},
	volume = {139},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003},
	pages = {994 - 1000},
	abstract = {<p>OBJECTIVE: To compare the pediculicidal activity of Ovide lotion and its active ingredient, 0.5\% malathion, with Nix and its active ingredient, 1\% permethrin, in permethrin-resistant head lice. DESIGN: In vitro pediculicidal product and active ingredient comparison. The presence of knockdown resistance-type mutations (T929I and L932F) was validated by DNA sequencing. SETTING: University of Massachusetts-Amherst; University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Fla; Plantation and Homestead, Fla; and Mathis, Tex.Other PARTICIPANTS: Lice were collected in 3 geographical regions within the United States and in Yamburara, Ecuador, from healthy but infested individuals.Intervention Within 3 to 6 hours of collection, lice were given a blood meal, exposed to products or active ingredients, and observed at regular intervals. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Percent mortality of lice at regular intervals after exposure to products or active ingredients and presence of T929I and L932F mutations. RESULTS: South Florida lice exhibited a significantly slower mortality response to permethrin compared with susceptible Ecuadorian lice. Ovide and malathion killed permethrin-resistant lice faster than Nix or permethrin. The presence of T929I and L932F in permethrin-resistant south Florida lice was confirmed by DNA sequencing. The population of Texas lice from Mathis was slightly resistant to permethrin and included 13\% with resistant genotypes. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of the T929I and L932F mutations was confirmed by DNA sequencing in lice collected from children in south Florida that were resistant to the pediculicidal effects of permethrin and the leading permethrin-based head lice product, Nix. Malathion resistance was not observed in this study. The data also show that Ovide killed these same permethrin-resistant head lice approximately 10 times faster than permethrin or Nix.</p>
},
	keywords = {animals, child, Comparative Study, Genotype, humans, In Vitro, insecticide, Insecticide resistance, Lice Infestations/drug therapy/genetics, Malathion, Pediculus, Permethrin, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S., scalp dermatoses, Time Factors},
	url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/10609106_Permethrin-Resistant_Human_Head_Lice_Pediculus_capitis_and_Their_Treatment},
	author = {Kyong Sup Yoon and Gao,Jian-Rong and Si Hyeock Lee and Clark,J. Marshall and Brown,Leon and Taplin,David}
}
