@article {96528, title = {Evaluation of Efficiency of Ivermectin Lotion in Comparison with Permethrin Shampoo and Dimethicone Lotion for Treatment of Head Lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) in Areas Covered by Health Centers of Islamshahr City, Tehran, Iran in 2019}, journal = {Journal of Arthropod Borne Disease}, volume = {15}, year = {2022}, month = {Jun-21-2022}, pages = {325-332}, abstract = {

Background: Head lice infestation is known as a serious health problem in developing and developed countries. The prevalence of pediculosis in children and females is higher than others. The infestation may cause the absence of student from school and make their parents upset. The aim of current study was to evaluate the WHO recommended insecticides for control of head lice in Islamshahr health center.

Methods: In the current study infested individuals were older than 6 years old and have been diagnosed with at least 3 head lice adult and 10 live nits from less than 0.7 cm scalp. The pediculicides was applied randomly among groups. Permethrin shampoo as a golden standard was used. Dimethicone lotion 4\% and Ivermectin lotion was compared with it. This study was conducted on 179 infested people. Results of infestation were evaluated after one month of intervention. Different indicators such as: present of head lice adult or live nit, redness and irritation in head skin were invested.

Results: All the participants were female and 72.6\% of them were in the age group of 6-11. The result revealed that aging not only decreases the infection rate but also raised the recovery percentage. The results showed that 79.5\% permethrin receiver, 83\% of people who treated with Dimethicone lotion and 90.6\% of Ivermectin receiver had no head lice. There was no significant difference among these three pediculicides.

Conclusion: There was no significant difference among tested pediculicides. An appropriate pediculicide can be selected by training people.

}, keywords = {head lice, Pediculicide, Permethrin, Treatment}, issn = {2322-2271, 1735-7179}, doi = {10.18502/jad.v15i3.9820}, url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9759447/}, author = {Leila Hamedanian and Salmani-Nadoshan, Mohammad Reza and Vatandoost, Hassan and Mojgan Baniardalani and Javad Rafinejad} } @article {96460, title = {Dipylidium caninum in the twenty-first century: epidemiological studies and reported cases in companion animals and humans}, journal = {Parasites \& Vectors}, volume = {15}, year = {2022}, month = {May-10-2022}, pages = {13 pp}, type = {Open Access}, abstract = {

Background Dipilidiosis is a parasitic disease caused by the tapeworm Dipylidium caninum. Fleas and, less frequently, lice act as an intermediate host, and their ingestion is required for infection to occur. While the disease mainly affects domestic and wild carnivores, it is also considered a zoonotic disease, with most human cases reported in children. Dipylidium caninum is considered to be the most common tapeworm infesting companion animals, but dipilidosis in humans is rare. The aims of this review were to improve current understanding of the epidemiology of this parasitosis and its management by the medical and veterinary community.

Methods A comprehensive review of the published literature during the last 21\ years (2000\–2021) on the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and prevention measures of D. caninum infection and dipilidiosis in companion animals and humans was conducted.

Results Using predefined eligibility criteria for a search of the published literature, we retrieved and screened 280 publications. Of these, 161 (141 epidemiological studies, 20 case reports [16 human cases]) were considered for inclusion in this review. This parasitosis is present worldwide; however, despite being the most frequent cestode infection in animals, it is often underdiagnosed using common coprological techniques. Its diagnosis in humans has also proved challenging, being frequently confused with pinworm infection, leading to inappropriate treatment and to the persistence of the disease over time. Prevention measures include control of ectoparasites in animals and the environment, as well as regular deworming of animals, most commonly with praziquantel.

Conclusions The diagnosis of dipilidiosis remains challenging in both animals and humans, primarily due to the low sensitivity of the diagnostic methods currently available and a lack of knowledge of the morphological characteristics of the parasite. Although treatment with the appropriate anti-cestode compounds is well tolerated and results in resolution of the infection, indiscriminate use of these compounds may predispose to an increase in resistance. Given the worldwide distribution of this parasite, it is essential to act on several fronts, with a focus on health education for children and animal owners and the control of intermediate hosts, both in animals and in the surrounding environment. Graphical Abstract

}, keywords = {Cats, Diagnosis, Dipylidium caninum, dogs, epidemiology, humans, prevention, Siphonaptera, Treatment, zoonosis}, issn = {1756-3305}, doi = {10.1186/s13071-022-05243-5}, url = {https://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13071-022-05243-5}, author = {Julieta Rousseau and Andry Castro and Teresa Novo and Carla Maia} } @article {96248, title = {Human infestation with pubic lice}, journal = {International Journal of Research in Dermatology}, volume = {6}, year = {2020}, month = {Jun-23-2020}, pages = {567-569}, abstract = {

Pediculosis pubis is caused by Phthirus pubis (diptera: anoplura) commonly known as crab louse, an obligatory ectoparasite, found on human hair and requires human blood to survive. Pubic lice can be found on pubic hair, underarms, thigh and leg hair, beard and rarely on eyebrows and eyelashes. They are rarely found on scalp hair. Spread of lice occurs mostly by sexual contact but spread via non-sexual contact although rare has also been reported. I present the case of a middle-aged woman with pubic lice. No lice/nits were found in underarm hair, eyebrows or eyelashes. A review of literature is enclosed.

}, keywords = {crabs, Permethrin, Presentation, pubic lice, Treatment}, issn = {2455-4529}, doi = {10.18203/issn.2455-4529.intjresdermatol20202668}, url = {https://www.ijord.com/index.php/ijord/article/view/1008}, author = {Ankush Maheshwary} } @article {96200, title = {Crab lice infestation in unilateral eyelashes and adjacent eyelids: A case report}, journal = {World Journal of Clinical Cases}, volume = {9}, year = {2021}, month = {Nov-26-2021}, pages = {10323-10327}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND
Crab lice (Phthirus pubis) infestation can occur at any age, to either males or females, and across all regions of the world. However, cases involving the eyelashes and adjacent eyelids (phthiriasis palpebrarum) are rare. Usually occurring as a sexually transmitted disease, crab lice can be spread by poor hygiene or in a dirty environment through direct contact with contaminated skin (hands) or textiles (towels and clothing).

CASE SUMMARY
A 50-year-old woman presented to our hospital with a 2-wk history of chronic eyelid pain and itching in the right eye, which exacerbated in the evening hours and which had not resolved following a 1-wk course of antibiotics and corticosteroid ointments (for blepharitis diagnosis from another hospital). A careful ophthalmic slit-lamp and light microscope examination revealed multiple crab lice and nits on the right upper eyelashes; the right and left lower eyelashes were normal. Following the new diagnosis of phthiriasis palpebrarum, the patient was treated by removing the affected eyelashes, the crab lice, and their nits completely. Additionally, the eyelids were washed once with povidone-iodine. A follow-up examination at 2 wk later showed complete resolution of symptoms and no evidence of re-infection.

CONCLUSION
This case emphasizes the importance of correct diagnosis and complete removal of eyelashes, crab lice and nits to cure phthiriasis palpebrarum.

}, keywords = {Case repor, crab lice, Infestation, Phthiriasis palpebrarum, Treatment, Unilateral eyelashes}, issn = {2307-8960}, doi = {10.12998/wjcc.v9.i33.10323}, url = {https://www.wjgnet.com/2307-8960/full/v9/i33/10323.htm}, author = {Wei Tang and Qian-Qian Li} } @article {95462, title = {Treatment of Head Louse Infestation with a Novel Mixture Made of Semi-Crystalline Polymers and Plant Extracts: Blind, Randomized, Controlled, Superiority Trial}, journal = {Cosmetics}, volume = {7}, year = {2020}, month = {Apr-10-2020}, pages = {18 pp}, type = {Open Access}, abstract = {

The rate of head louse infestations is increasing. Most of the neurotoxic treatments are not reliably ovicidal and are faced with genetic resistance. The treatments based on a mechanical mode of action show no sufficient efficacy, transferring the chances of a cure on a tedious combing or leaving the hair fatty. This double-blinded, randomized, controlled, superiority trial evaluates the efficacy and safety of a novel mixture made of semi-crystalline polymers and plant extracts. Forty-five participants received a single application of either 1\% Permethrin lotion or the novel lotion, applied for 15 minutes. Untreated and treated nits were collected and placed in an incubator during 10 days. The worst case intent-to-treat analysis found the novel lotion significantly more effective than 1\% Permethrin, with 21/22 (95.5\%) participants cured and 9/23 (39.1\%), respectively (p \< 0.0001). Rate of viable nymphs was 0.5 (2.1) for the new lotion and 40.8 (20.4) for the 1\% Permethrin. The new lotion cures head louse infestations, offering an effective alternative treatment, with a high efficacy for inhibiting the hatching of eggs. Its physical actions on lice and their eggs should not be affected by resistance to neurotoxic insecticides.

}, keywords = {blinded, clinical study, Clinical trial, controlled, head lice, randomized, shampoo, Treatment}, issn = {2079-9284}, doi = {10.3390/cosmetics7020025}, url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9284/7/2/25}, author = {Leal-Cardoso, Jos{\'e} Henrique and Noronha Coelho de Souza, Andrelina and Milit{\~a}o de Souza, Francisco and Sa_Preire, Samia and Pin{\c c}on, Claire} } @article {95460, title = {Essential Oils as a Potential Treatment Option for Pediculosis}, journal = {Planta Medica}, volume = {86}, year = {2020}, month = {May-2020}, pages = {619-630}, type = {Epub}, abstract = {

Pediculosis is a prevalent ectoparasite infestation caused by lice. The head louse (Pediculus humanus capitis) and body louse (Pediculus humanus humanus) are obligatory parasites whose only known hosts are humans. Pediculosis is probably the most common ectoparasitic infestation, affecting up to 80\% of the population in several countries, and particularly prevalent in the infant population worldwide. Several treatment options, including shampoos and creams containing insecticides, have been introduced for the treatment of pediculosis. Recently, the use of synthetic chemicals to control human lice has raised concerns pertaining to human health and the environment. Therefore, increasing efforts have been undertaken to develop effective pediculicides with low environmental toxicity and minimal environmental residual activity. In this study, we focus on the essential oils derived from 22\ plant genera, their constituents, and the major factors that play important roles in the effectiveness of these oils in the treatment of pediculosis. Furthermore, we discuss the advantages and limitations of the mentioned essential oils, and ultimately suggest those demonstrating the most effective in vitro pediculicidal activities. The genera such as Aloysia, Cinnamomum, Eucalyptus, Eugenia, Lavandula, Melaleuca, Mentha, Myrcianthes, Origanum, Pimpinella, and Thymus appear to be more efficient against lice. These genera are rich in anethole, 1,8-cineole, cinnamaldehyde, p-cymene, eugenol, linalool, limonene, pulegone, terpinen-4-ol, and thymol compounds.

}, keywords = {eco-friendly pediculicides, Pediculosis, Treatment}, issn = {0032-0943, 1439-0221}, doi = {10.1055/a-1161-9189}, url = {https://www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/abstract/10.1055/a-1161-9189}, author = {Kerdalidec Candy and Mohammad Akhoundi and Val{\'e}rie Andriantsoanirina and Durand,R{\'e}my and Bruel,Christiane and Izri,Arezki} } @article {95257, title = {Review of Common Therapeutic Options and Preventive Managements for the Treatment of Pediculosis Capitis}, year = {2019}, abstract = {

Paper in Persian

Abstract Pediculus\  capitis,\  commonly\  known\  head\  lice,\  is\  prevalent\  among\  children.\  It\  caused\  by Pediculus\  humanus\  capitis.\  Although\  P.humanus\  capitis\  is\  not\  a\  vector\  of\  human\  disease,\  but infestation with head lice, is a frequent community health concern and can cause social distress. Incidence is rising related to increased resistance due to inadequate and unnecessary treatments. This\  review\  article\  can\  be\  used\  as\  a\  reference\  to\  common\  types\  of\  treatments\  in\  pediculosis. Treatments\  of\  Pediculosis\  capitis\  were\  searched\  in\  available\  online\  resources\  and\  databases such as PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar, SID with Persian and English keywords including\  pediculosis,\  head\  lice,\  treatment,\  therapy\  and\  drugs\  during\  1990\  to\  2018.\  The available\  treatment\  options\  for pediculosiscapitis\  include\  permethrin, malathion,\  topical\  and oral ivermectin, benzyl alcohol, spinosad, dimethicone and mechanical remove of head lice and nits.\  Any\  of\  these\  treatments\  should\  be\  selected\  according\  to\  age\  and\  special\  conditions.\  It should be noted that the safest and most effective treatment selected for the patient and topical drugs are preferred as first line treatment.The use of systemic drugs should be limited to cases where\  there\  is\  no\  response\  or\  resistance\  to\  topical\  drugs.\  Screening\  and\  treatment\  of\  all\  close contacts will be helpful for adequate management of pediculosis

}, keywords = {Management, Pediculosis, Treatment}, url = {http://ce.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-417-en.html}, author = {Armaghan Kazeminejad and Ali Mirabi and Lotfollah Davoodi and Mohammad Jafar Ghahari and Ghasem Rahmatpour Rokni and Zohreh Hajheydari} } @inbook {95154, title = {Infections and Infestations}, booktitle = {Hair and Scalps Treatments}, year = {2020}, pages = {197-216}, chapter = {10.1007/978-3-030-21555-2_14}, abstract = {

Infections and infestations of the hair are mainly caused by bacteria, fungi, and ectoparasites. Dermoscopy and optical microscopy are very useful tools to confirm the diagnosis and follow-up; other diagnostic tests can be used, including KOH, Gram stain procedure, or cultures. Topical pediculicides are the first-line treatment in pediculosis, but resistance to these drugs is common. Manual removal of lice and occlusive agents are other alternative options; oral therapy is occasionally required in refractory cases. Oral antifungals are the first-line therapy in tinea capitis; treatment election depends on the clinical form, age, and etiological agent. Griseofulvin, terbinafine, and itraconazole are the three main drugs used. Piedra and trichomycosis are hair shaft infections, in which oral and topical treatments have a low therapeutic response; complete resolution can be achieved by general hygiene measures such as shaving off all the affected hairs

}, keywords = {Antibacterial agents, Antifungals, Hair infections, Hair shaving, Ivermectin, Pediculicides, Pediculosis, Piedra, Tinea capitis, Treatment, Trichomycosis, Trichoscopy}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21555-2_14}, url = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-21555-2_14}, author = {Daniel Asz-Sigall and Maria Abril Martinez-Velasco and Roberto Arenas}, editor = {Antonella Tosti and Daniel Asz-Sigall and Rodrigo Pirmez} } @article {94689, title = {Prevalence of pediculosis capitis (head lice) and treating among children in Al- Najaf city, IRAQ}, journal = {Al-Kufa University Journal for Biology}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, pages = {179 - 183}, type = {Open Access}, abstract = {

The offers study has been conducted to estimate the prevalence of pediculosis ( head lice) among children and some treatment and socio-economic conditions and factors for the infestation in Al- Najaf city during 2016 from 906 children age range (7-12) years school children randomly then a comparison was made among four treatment to assessment pediculicidal products action ; permethrin 1\%, deltamethrin 0.75\%, metamethrin 0.3 and dimethicone 92\%.The total number of infestation was 147(14\%) the most frequent (42.17) in (7-8) age group ,the pruritis symptoms associated with infection (61\%). pediculicidal action dimethicone was 100\%,permethrin was 80\%,metmethrin was 79\% and pediculosis resistance to deltametherin was 70\%.The poor socio \–economic aspect has important role in infestation of this helminth among children.

}, keywords = {Iraq, Pediculosis capitis, Treatment}, issn = {2073-8854 (Print) 2311-6544 (Online)}, url = {http://www.uokufa.edu.iq/journals/index.php/ajb/article/view/6843}, author = {Huda A. Salih and Shimaa J. Shamran and Dhigram F. Hassan Al-shimerty} } @article {94457, title = {Neem-silicone lotion and ultrasound nit comb: a randomised, controlled clinical trial treating head louse infestation}, journal = {Biomedical Dermatology}, volume = {1}, year = {2017}, month = {Jan-12-2017}, pages = {9pp}, abstract = {

Background: A neem-based conditioner lotion (ONC) used against head lice was previously tested clinically and shown to be relatively ineffective. To improve the activity against lice and their eggs, it was reformulated into a silicone vehicle (NNC) as part of a project to improve pediculicidal medical devices. An ultrasound nit comb was also developed to be used in conjunction with the neem lotion to remove louse eggs from the hair.
Methods: A single-centre, parallel group, randomised, controlled, open-label community-based clinical study was set up to test the NNC lotion in comparison with a marketed product based on isopropyl myristate and cyclomethicone (IPM/C) with two treatments 7 days apart. In parallel, the lubrication effects of the NNC and ONC lotions were compared in use with the ultrasound comb.
Results: For 134 randomised participants (50 NNC, 53 IPM/C, 17 NNC plus comb, and 14 ONC plus comb), the cure rate was 72.0\% for NNC and 69.8\% for IPM/C (OR 1.112, 95\% CI, 0.47 to 2.61). Additional combing gave 82.4\% cure using NNC and 28.6\% using ONC (OR 11.67; 95\% CI 2.13 to 64.04). No difference in efficacy of nit removal was detected although combing with conditioner was physically easier.
Conclusions: One percent neem oil in silicone (NNC) is as effective to eliminate head lice as other silicone products. Nit combing is easier using a conditioner lubricant to facilitate sliding of the eggshells along hairs.
Trial registration: Current Controlled Trials Registry ISRCTN77673809

}, keywords = {Neem oil, Nit combing, Pediculosis capitis, Silicone, Treatment, Ultrasound}, doi = {10.1186/s41702-017-0009-0}, url = {http://biomeddermatol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s41702-017-0009-0}, author = {Burgess,Ian F. and Elizabeth R. Brunton and Burgess,N. A. and Mark N. Burgess} } @article {47021, title = {Letter: The head louse debate}, journal = {Professional Care of Mother and Child}, volume = {10}, year = {2000}, month = {2000}, pages = {107 - 108}, keywords = {Pediculosis, Treatment}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/46106.pdf}, author = {Aston,Robert} } @article {47017, title = {Letter: The head louse debate}, journal = {Professional Care of Mother and Child}, volume = {10}, year = {2000}, month = {2000}, pages = {106}, keywords = {Pediculosis, Treatment}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/46102.pdf}, author = {Adair,Marion} } @article {47018, title = {Letter: The head louse debate}, journal = {Professional Care of Mother and Child}, volume = {10}, year = {2000}, month = {2000}, pages = {106 - 107}, keywords = {Pediculosis, Treatment}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/46103.pdf}, author = {Davies,Philip} } @article {47019, title = {Letter: The head louse debate}, journal = {Professional Care of Mother and Child}, volume = {10}, year = {2000}, month = {2000}, pages = {107}, keywords = {Pediculosis, Treatment}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/46104.pdf}, author = {Rutter,Caroline} } @article {47020, title = {Letter: The head louse debate}, journal = {Professional Care of Mother and Child}, volume = {10}, year = {2000}, month = {2000}, pages = {107 - 108}, keywords = {Pediculosis, Treatment}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/46105.pdf}, author = {Ibarra,Joanna} } @article {45998, title = {Commentary: How to advise a patient when over the counter products have failed}, journal = {British Medical Journal}, volume = {326}, year = {2003}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 8900488; 0 (Drugs, Non-Prescription); 0 (Insecticides); ppublish}, month = {2003}, pages = {1257}, keywords = {advice, Pediculosis, Treatment}, isbn = {1468-5833}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/44801.pdf}, author = {Burgess,Ian F.} } @article {45699, title = {Intoxicaton by organophosphates following use as a hair rinse against lice}, journal = {Harefuah}, volume = {82}, year = {1972}, month = {1972}, pages = {278 - 281}, keywords = {adverse, Pediculosis, Treatment}, author = {Friedman-Mor,Z. and Pollak,E.} } @article {45637, title = {Treatment of head lice}, journal = {Lancet}, volume = {556}, year = {2000}, month = {2000}, pages = {523 - 524}, keywords = {Control, Pediculosis, Treatment}, author = {Bashir,S. J. and Maibach,Howard I.} } @article {45633, title = {Crab louse infestation: are "blue spots" caused by "blue ointment"?}, journal = {Entomologist}, volume = {110}, year = {1991}, month = {1991}, pages = {131 - 133}, keywords = {crabs, Pediculosis, Treatment}, author = {Cassella,J. P. and Baxter,G. F. and Hay,J.} } @article {40365, title = {Identification of Microthoracius mazzai (Phthiraptera : Anoplura) as an economically important parasite of alpacas}, journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology}, volume = {35}, year = {1998}, month = {1998}, pages = {922 - 930}, abstract = {

The hematophagous sucking louse Microthoracius mazzai Werneck, 1932, is redescribed and identified as a parasite of alpacas, Lama pacos L. Specimens were collected on animals 10-14 mo old, located on a large community farm at 4,600 m above sea level in the Peruvian Andes. In total, 26 scanning electron microscope (SEM) figures are included that highlight salient and differential characteristics, especially the unique elongated spindle-shaped head, which is almost as long as its abdomen. Alpacas, 1 of the ii: species of South American camelids, are important

}, keywords = {alpacas, lice, mazzai, Microthoracius, Treatment}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/3109.pdf}, author = {Armando Conrado Cicchino and Cobenas,M. E. M. and Bulman,G. M. and Diaz,J. C. and Laos,A.} } @article {40315, title = {Medical management of South American camelids in North America}, journal = {Journal of Camel Practice and Research}, volume = {4}, year = {1997}, month = {1997}, pages = {123 - 129}, abstract = {South American Camelids (SAC) have been exhibited in toes throughout the world for decades. More recently they have become popular as an alternative livestock enterprise. Nearly 100,000 Llamas and 7,000 to 8,000 alpacas are in private ownership in the USA. Veterinarians have learnt to deal with SAC{\textquoteright}s unique anatomy and physiology. It is important to note a distinct difference between SAC and dromedaries. Llamas and alpacas are cool weather adapted species. They are unable to cope with high environmental temperatures as can the dromedary. Hyperthermia is a risk in many regions of the USA if appropriate husbandry practices (shade, shearing, water for immersion) are not followed. Many Llamas and alpacas in North America are overfed and hence become obese. Species of gastrointestinal nematodes are probably shared with cattle and sheep, but lice and coccidia species are unique to the camelids. Llamas and alpacas are resistant or only mildly affected by some viruses and bacteria that cause serious disease in ruminants. They are susceptible to disorders of the stomach and digestive tract that are difficult to diagnose and manage (stomach ulcers, obstruction). Research on the special diseases of SAC{\textquoteright}s is being carried out at a number of veterinary schools in the USA. The camelid industry seems to be on a firm foundation and medical care is expanding with the increased experience in dealing with the problems of SAC.}, keywords = {american, Camels, coccidia, diseases, gastrointestinal, llamas, Nematodes, obstruction, South, stomach, Treatment, ulcers}, author = {Fowler,M. E.} } @article {40300, title = {Can house dust mite-triggered atopic dermatitis be alleviated using acaricides?}, journal = {British Journal of Dermatology}, volume = {137}, year = {1997}, month = {1997}, pages = {1 - 8}, abstract = {House dust mite (HDM) allergens are the most important triggers for atopic dermatitis. Reducing exposure to these allergens may alleviate clinical symptoms. Chemicals with acaricidal activity have been used to treat upholstered furniture, carpets and bedding with the aim to reduce HDM allergen exposure. These chemicals, by reducing HDM, can decrease the concentration of mite allergens in dust but improvements in clinical symptoms are not always apparent, Clinical improvement is more likely to occur if bedding has been treated rather than carpets and upholstery. Future control strategies should be aimed at treating bedding, Permethrin is a very efficient killer of mites. It is used topically to treat scabies and head lice and is impregnated in bed nets to prevent mosquito bites. Even when applied to the skin in high concentrations, it has a very low toxicity in humans and other mammals. Permethrin-impregnated bedding may prove to be the best control method in the treatment of HDM allergen-triggered atopic conditions.}, keywords = {allergen, aspergillus penicillioides, asthma, asthmatic children, benzoate, benzyl, Children, Dermatophagoides, fungus, levels, seasonal, sensitivity, single, solidified, Treatment}, author = {Cameron,M. M.} } @article {40292, title = {Model for the control of Pediculus humanus capitis}, journal = {Public Health}, volume = {110}, year = {1996}, month = {1996}, pages = {283 - 288}, abstract = {This study outlines a strategy for the control of head lice infestation in school children; supported by up to date epidemiological data collected over an 8 year period illustrating the benefits of such a strategy.}, keywords = {capitis, Children, head, humanus, Infestation, lice, notification, Pediculus, school, Treatment}, author = {Vermaak,Z.} } @article {40196, title = {Treatment of ectoparasitic infections - review of the English language literature, 1982-1992}, journal = {Clinical Infectious Diseases}, volume = {20}, year = {1995}, month = {1995}, pages = {S104 - S109}, abstract = {We reviewed the English-language literature of 1982-1992 for papers concerning scabies, pediculosis, and their treatments; this information was supplemented with opinions of workers in the field of ectoparasitic disease. Six treatment trials for scabies, one study of the treatment of pediculosis pubis, and additional studies on the treatment of pediculosis capitis were included. Both lindane 1\% and permethrin 5\% are effective treatments for scabies, although resistance to lindane does exist. Lindane 1\%, permethrin 1\%, and pyrethrins with piperonyl butoxide are all effective treatments for pediculosis. Severe reactions to lindane therapy may occur when increased skin absorption of lindane occurs. Permethrin 5\% or lindane 1\% is recommended for the treatment of scabies. Lindane should be used with precautions to avoid excess skin penetration and should not be used to treat infants, young children, or pregnant or lactating women, Permethrin 1\%, lindane 1\%, or pyrethrins with piperonyl butoxide is recommended for the treatment of pediculosis pubis. Pregnant and lactating women should be treated with either permethrin or with pyrethrins containing piperonyl butoxide.}, keywords = {Children, comparative, creme, eradication, head lice, lindane, Pediculosis, Permethrin, rinse, Scabies, shampoo, single, Treatment, trial}, author = {Brown,S. and Becher,J. and Brady,W.} } @article {40120, title = {Head lice - a questionnaire survey in four schools of the Academy of Bordeaux in 1990-1991}, journal = {Annales de Dermatologie et de Venereologie}, volume = {120}, year = {1993}, month = {1993}, pages = {363 - 368}, abstract = {A questionnaire survey of head lice treatment was conducted in four schools-each including a nursery and an elementary school- in the Bordeaux area. Two schools were situated in the centre of the city, one in a suburban area and one in a rural area (50 km from the city). Four-page questionnaires were filled in anonymously by the parents in April 1991; 840 answers were obtained (80 p. 100 response rate). Between January 1990 and March 1991, 48,7 p. 100 of children had at least one episode of head lice infestation (infestation rates varied from 38.8 to 62.6 p. 100 depending on the schools); 30.5 p. 100 of children were contaminated for the first time during that period. Lice were detected by the parents in 95 p. 100 of the cases. The prevalence of lice was higher in females (60 p. 100) than in males (40 p. 100). The highest prevalence was noted in the suburban school where 17 p. 100 of the parents were unemployed at the time of the survey. The peak age for head lice was 7, but 19.4 p. 100 of nursery school children aged 2-4 years had been contaminated at least once. Impetigo was rare (1.2 p. 100), and pruritus was noted in only 14.2 p. 100 of the cases. Most children had been contaminated at school. Curative treatment was counselled by a chemist in 87 p. 100 of the cases. Pyrethrins were used in 81 p. 100, and the shampoo (Hegor(R)) plus spray (Paraspecial Poux(R)) association was the most frequent, totalling two-thirds of prescriptions. Malathion, DDT and lindane alone or associated with pyrethrins constituted the rest of prescriptions. Lack of effectiveness was reported in 20 p. 100 of the cases (81 answers), but in 76 p. 100 of these answers the guidelines for use had not been respected. In 19 cases the treatment was correctly applied, but a new contamination was highly probable since concomitant treatment of the family and disinfection of personal objects were not done. Thirty percent of the children had a preventive treatment, usually a pyrethrin shampoo, before they became infested. There was no significant difference in outcome between preventively treated and untreated groups.}, keywords = {child, head, lice, Treatment}, author = {Courtiade,C. and Labreze,C. and Fontan,I. and Taieb,A. and Maleville,J.} }