@article {46898,
	title = {Feeding mechanism of Haematopinus suis, on the transilluminated mouse ear},
	journal = {Experimental parasitology},
	volume = {20},
	year = {1967},
	note = {LR: 20031114; JID: 0370713; ppublish},
	month = {1967},
	pages = {303 - 311},
	address = {UNITED STATES},
	keywords = {Animal Nutrition, animals, Lice/physiology, mice, Mouth/physiology},
	isbn = {0014-4894},
	author = {Lavoipierre,M. M.}
}
@article {46739,
	title = {Adaptations of membrane feeding techniques for feeding the squirrel flea, Orchopeas howardi, and the squirrel louse, Neohaematopinus sciuropteri, with notes on the feeding of the human body louse, Pediculus humanus var. corporis},
	journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology},
	volume = {14},
	year = {1978},
	month = {1978},
	pages = {595 - 596},
	keywords = {animals, entomology, Feeding Behavior, Fleas/physiology, Lice/physiology, Pediculus, Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S., Sciuridae},
	url = {http://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/46739.pdf},
	author = {Lauer,David M. and Sonenshine,D. E.}
}
@article {46646,
	title = {Infestation},
	journal = {Nursing},
	volume = {1},
	year = {1981},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 8009575; 0 (Insecticides); ppublish},
	month = {1981},
	pages = {988 - 990},
	address = {ENGLAND},
	keywords = {animals, child, health education, humans, insecticide, Lice Infestations/nursing/therapy, Lice/physiology},
	isbn = {0142-0372},
	author = {Butler,M. H.}
}
@article {46596,
	title = {Starting from scratch},
	journal = {Health Visitor},
	volume = {56},
	year = {1983},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 17320470R; ppublish},
	month = {1983},
	pages = {50 - 51},
	address = {ENGLAND},
	keywords = {adult, animals, child, humans, Lice Infestations/transmission, Lice/physiology, Wit and Humor},
	isbn = {0017-9140},
	author = {Nott,S.}
}
@article {46598,
	title = {Optimization of Brownian search strategies},
	journal = {Biological cybernetics},
	volume = {49},
	year = {1983},
	month = {1983},
	pages = {21 - 31},
	abstract = {What are the simplest search strategies that lead an animal to a particular target, what are their limitations, and what changes can be made to develop more effective strategies? To answer these questions a class of search strategies was examined that require an animal to have only a minimal capacity for spatial orientation; the effectiveness of such strategies in solving the following basic search problem was determined. The animal begins its search at a distance r0 (starting distance) from a spatially fixed target. It detects the target when it has approached it to within a certain distance a (the detection radius). The analysed class of search strategies has the following characteristics: C1. The animal uses the same search strategy in all regions it enters. Therefore it needs no information as to the actual location of the target. C2. Its search strategy is constant in time. The animal has only to detect whether it has reached the target or not. C3. Once the animal has chosen a direction, it continues in that direction for a certain distance. This is the only way in which the preceding parts of the search affect the animal{\textquoteright}s decision as to the direction in which it will search next. In the long term the animal{\textquoteright}s movement directions are independent, with no preference for any particular direction. Despite their extreme simplicity in application these "Brownian" search strategies are remarkably successful (Fig. 1). Indeed, if the search is continued long enough the target is certain to be found. The success of the search depends in part on the search duration (Fig. 2) or the search-path length S, the starting distance and the detection radius. On the other hand, an animal can have a decisive influence on its degree of success simply by adjusting the frequency with which it changes its walking direction to match its sensory abilities. That is, a not-too-short Brownian search (S much greater than r0) is most successful when the searching animal, between the points at which it changes direction, walks approximately straight for a distance equal to the detection radius (Figs, 3 and 4). A further increase in search effectiveness is possible only by turning to another class of search strategies. These, however, demand that the animal either have more information about the position of its target at the beginning of the search or be able to organize its search behavior even over fairly long periods of time.},
	keywords = {animals, Behavior, Animal, Learning, Lice/physiology, Mathematics, Models, Psychological},
	isbn = {0340-1200},
	author = {Hoffmann,G.}
}
@article {46574,
	title = {Interaction between blood-sucking arthropods and their hosts, and its influence on vector potential},
	journal = {Annual Review of Entomology},
	volume = {29},
	year = {1984},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0372367; RF: 120; ppublish},
	month = {1984},
	pages = {137 - 156},
	keywords = {adaptation, animals, Arthropod Vectors/physiology, blood, Diptera, Evolution, Feeding Behavior, fertility, Fleas/physiology, host parasite, humans, Insect vectors, Lice/physiology, Oviposition, Ticks/physiology},
	isbn = {0066-4170},
	author = {Balashov,I. U. S.}
}
@article {46563,
	title = {John Hall Grundy lecture. Reflections on some human ectoparasites},
	journal = {Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps},
	volume = {130},
	year = {1984},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 7505627; ppublish},
	month = {1984},
	pages = {126 - 133},
	keywords = {animals, bedbugs, Fleas/physiology, geography, history, humans, Lice/physiology, parasite, Pest Control, Sarcoptes scabiei},
	isbn = {0035-8665},
	author = {Busvine,James R.}
}
@article {46555,
	title = {Scope and applications of forensic entomology},
	journal = {Annual Review of Entomology},
	volume = {30},
	year = {1985},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0372367; RF: 72; ppublish},
	month = {1985},
	pages = {137 - 154},
	address = {UNITED STATES},
	keywords = {animals, Arthropods/physiology, Cadaver, Clothing, Diptera, entomology, Forensic Medicine, humans, Lice/physiology, Mites/physiology, temperature},
	isbn = {0066-4170},
	author = {Keh,B.}
}
@article {46547,
	title = {Lice--a growing plague},
	journal = {Medizinische Monatsschrift fur Pharmazeuten},
	volume = {8},
	year = {1985},
	month = {1985},
	pages = {68 - 79},
	keywords = {humans, Lice Infestations/therapy, Lice/physiology},
	isbn = {0342-9601},
	author = {Frank,W.}
}
@article {46514,
	title = {Epidemiology and control of ectoparasites of small ruminants},
	journal = {Veterinary Clinics of North America. Food Animal Practice},
	volume = {2},
	year = {1986},
	note = {LR: 20031114; JID: 8511905; ppublish},
	month = {1986},
	pages = {397 - 409},
	address = {UNITED STATES},
	keywords = {animals, Culicidae, Dermacentor, Diptera, ectoparasite, goats, Lice Infestations/prevention \& control/veterinary, Lice/physiology, Mite Infestations/prevention \& control/veterinary, Mites/physiology, Scabies, sheep, Sheep Diseases/parasitology/prevention \& control, Tick Infestations/prevention \& control/veterinary, Ticks/physiology},
	isbn = {0749-0720},
	author = {Loomis,E. C.}
}
@article {46497,
	title = {Arthropods--the pelage of mammals as an environment},
	journal = {International Journal for Parasitology},
	volume = {17},
	year = {1987},
	month = {1987},
	pages = {191 - 195},
	keywords = {animals, hair, Lice Infestations/parasitology/veterinary, Lice/physiology, mammal},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/45422.pdf},
	author = {Murray,M. D.}
}
@article {46484,
	title = {Bacteria in the food of the biting louse of sheep, Damalinia ovis},
	journal = {Australian Veterinary Journal},
	volume = {64},
	year = {1987},
	note = {LR: 20031114; JID: 0370616; ppublish},
	month = {1987},
	pages = {277 - 278},
	address = {AUSTRALIA},
	keywords = {animals, diet, Lice Infestations/veterinary, Lice/physiology, Sheep Diseases/parasitology, Sheep/microbiology/parasitology, Skin/microbiology},
	isbn = {0005-0423},
	author = {Murray,M. D. and Edwards,J. E.}
}
@article {46462,
	title = {Pediculosis of the hairy skin},
	journal = {Revue medicale de Liege},
	volume = {43},
	year = {1988},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0404317; 0 (Insecticides); ppublish},
	month = {1988},
	pages = {597 - 599},
	address = {BELGIUM},
	keywords = {animals, humans, insecticide, Lice Infestations/drug therapy, Lice/physiology},
	isbn = {0370-629X},
	author = {Teheux,J. and Geubelle,F. and Dresse,A.}
}
@article {46461,
	title = {Lousy nitwits},
	journal = {Midwife, health visitor \& community nurse},
	volume = {24},
	year = {1988},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 7504096; ppublish},
	month = {1988},
	pages = {424 - 425},
	address = {ENGLAND},
	keywords = {animals, child, humans, Lice Infestations/diagnosis, Lice/physiology, Parents, School Nursing},
	isbn = {0306-9699},
	author = {Dulfer,S.}
}
@article {46445,
	title = {Tackling headlice},
	journal = {Health Visitor},
	volume = {62},
	year = {1989},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 17320470R; ppublish},
	month = {1989},
	pages = {96 - 97},
	address = {ENGLAND},
	abstract = {A description of the life cycle, appearance and daily habits of the headlouse is followed by guidance on eradication. The psychological effects of infestation on both child and parent are considered as a background to the relevant health education programmes.},
	keywords = {adolescent, animals, child, Child, Preschool, humans, Lice Infestations/prevention \& control/therapy/transmission, Lice/physiology, risk factors},
	isbn = {0017-9140},
	author = {Sutkowski,K.}
}
@article {46423,
	title = {The "nuisance" sexually transmitted diseases: molluscum contagiosum, scabies, and crab lice},
	journal = {Medical Clinics of North America},
	volume = {74},
	year = {1990},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 2985236R; RF: 54; ppublish},
	month = {1990},
	pages = {1487 - 1505},
	address = {UNITED STATES},
	abstract = {Although molluscum contagiosum, scabies, and infestation by crab lice do not carry the requirements of partner notification or other long-term consequences, they are among the most commonly reported sexually transmitted disease. Molluscum contagiosum is a benign viral infection of the skin epidermal layer, most often transmitted by intimate skin-to-skin contact. The lesions often resolve spontaneously over time, but patient discomfort or social reasons may require destructive removal of the lesions. Scabies is caused by the Sarcoptes scabiei mite. The victims continually itch, especially at night, and often seek over-the-counter topical remedies before seeing a clinician. Once a correct diagnosis is made, successful resolution of this disease and its itching can be achieved. Head and pubic lice account for most of the more than three million cases of louse infestation treated in the United States each year. Symptoms of infestation generally include itching that leads to scratching, erythema, irritation, and inflammation. A careful diagnosis followed by disinfection, symptomatic treatment, and psychologic support should result in a complete cure with no long-term effects.},
	keywords = {animals, humans, Lice Infestations/diagnosis/epidemiology/therapy, Lice/physiology, Molluscum Contagiosum/diagnosis/pathology/therapy, Scabies, sexually transmitted disease},
	isbn = {0025-7125},
	author = {Billstein,S. A. and Mattaliano,V. J.,Jr}
}
@article {46412,
	title = {The mathematical modelling of the processes in the natural multiplication of human lice (exemplified by the head louse population},
	journal = {Meditsinskaia parazitologiia i parazitarnye bolezni},
	volume = {(3)},
	year = {1991},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0376635; ppublish},
	month = {1991},
	pages = {50 - 52},
	address = {USSR},
	abstract = {Methods of mathematical modelling and prediction of louse propagation processes in the natural habitation medium are presented. Theoretical and experimental data on head louse ecology served the basis for the elaboration of a mathematical model predicting the population dynamics. The model structure corresponds to 3 stages of louse development cycle (eggs, larva, lice) and parameters corresponding to natural characteristics of louse propagation process: mean lifespan of each individual during each phase of the cycle, age, fertility and so forth. The model helped to study some properties of the population, assess maximum rate of head louse population growth, detect threshold effects, establish the effects of coefficients, limiting the number of louse per unit of the body surface. The model made it possible to formulate necessary data (distribution functions) for the creation of the mathematical model of Pediculosis.},
	keywords = {animals, English Abstract, humans, Lice/physiology, Mathematics, Models, Biological, reproduction, Time Factors},
	isbn = {0025-8326},
	author = {Boev,B. V. and Barabash,V. K. and Tarasevich,Irina V.}
}
@article {46408,
	title = {Human lice infestations and their treatment},
	journal = {Journal of Practical Nursing},
	volume = {41},
	year = {1991},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0376610; 0 (Pyrethrins); 51-03-6 (Piperonyl Butoxide); ppublish},
	month = {1991},
	pages = {15 - 22},
	address = {UNITED STATES},
	keywords = {animals, child, humans, Lice Infestations/classification/therapy, Lice/physiology, Piperonyl Butoxide, Pyrethrum},
	isbn = {0022-3867},
	author = {Sause,R. B. and Galizia,V. J.}
}
@article {46402,
	title = {Evolution of host-parasite associations among species of lice and rock-wallabies: coevolution? (J. F. A. Sprent Prize lecture, August 1990)},
	journal = {International journal for parasitology},
	volume = {21},
	year = {1991},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0314024; ppublish},
	month = {1991},
	pages = {497 - 501},
	address = {ENGLAND},
	keywords = {animals, Australia, Awards and Prizes, Evolution, host parasite, Lice Infestations/parasitology/veterinary, Lice/physiology, Macropodidae, Parasitology, Phylogeny, Societies, Scientific},
	isbn = {0020-7519},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/002075199190053A/part/first-page-pdf},
	author = {Stephen C. Barker}
}
@article {46399,
	title = {Lice and easy},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {354},
	year = {1991},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0410462; ppublish},
	month = {1991},
	pages = {9},
	address = {ENGLAND},
	keywords = {animals, humans, Lice Infestations/transmission, Lice/physiology},
	isbn = {0028-0836},
	author = {Playford,M. and Kamiya,M.}
}
@article {46340,
	title = {Ectoparasites as sexually transmitted diseases},
	journal = {Seminars in Dermatology},
	volume = {13},
	year = {1994},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 8211646; RF: 29; ppublish},
	month = {1994},
	pages = {243 - 247},
	address = {UNITED STATES},
	abstract = {Although Sarcoptes scabii and Phthirus pubis infestations in humans are not always associated with the presence of other sexually transmitted diseases, usually they are. Therefore, patients presenting with scabies or P. pubis should be routinely tested for various sexually transmitted diseases. These very uncomfortable infestations are easily curable with proper therapy. Lindane 1\% preparations effectively exterminate both vermin. We have not seen any resistant strains. Especially with P. pubis, all household contacts should be treated to avoid reinfestation.},
	keywords = {animals, humans, Lice Infestations/diagnosis/transmission, Lice/physiology, Sarcoptes scabiei, Scabies, sexually transmitted disease},
	isbn = {0278-145X},
	author = {Routh,H. B. and Mirensky,Y. M. and Parish,Lawrence Charles and Witkowski,J. A.}
}
@article {46302,
	title = {Distribution of chewing lice upon the polygynous peacock Pavo cristatus},
	journal = {Journal of Parasitology},
	volume = {82},
	year = {1996},
	month = {1996},
	pages = {370 - 372},
	abstract = {<p>An opportunistic survey of louse distribution upon the peacock Pavo cristatus was undertaken following a cull of 23 birds from an English zoo. After complete skin and feather dissolution, 2 species of lice were retrieved, Goniodes pavonis and Amyrsidea minuta. The distribution of both louse species could be described by a negative binomial model. The significance of this is discussed in relation to transmission dynamics of lice in the atypical avian mating system found in the peacock, which involves no male parental care.</p>
},
	keywords = {animals, Animals, Zoo, Binomial Distribution, bird, bird diseases, England, Lice Infestations/epidemiology/parasitology/veterinary, Lice/physiology, reproduction},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/3284187 },
	url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/3284187 },
	author = {Stewart,I. R. and Clark,F. and Petrie,M.}
}
@article {46171,
	title = {A Bayesian framework for the analysis of cospeciation},
	journal = {Evolution},
	volume = {54},
	year = {2000},
	month = {2000},
	pages = {352 - 364},
	abstract = {Information on the history of cospeciation and host switching for a group of host and parasite species is contained in the DNA sequences sampled from each. Here, we develop a Bayesian framework for the analysis of cospeciation. We suggest a simple model of host switching by a parasite on a host phylogeny in which host switching events are assumed to occur at a constant rate over the entire evolutionary history of associated hosts and parasites. The posterior probability density of the parameters of the model of host switching are evaluated numerically using Markov chain Monte Carlo. In particular, the method generates the probability density of the number of host switches and of the host switching rate. Moreover, the method provides information on the probability that an event of host switching is associated with a particular pair of branches. A Bayesian approach has several advantages over other methods for the analysis of cospeciation. In particular, it does not assume that the host or parasite phylogenies are known without error; many alternative phylogenies are sampled in proportion to their probability of being correct.},
	keywords = {animals, Bayes Theorem, dna, host parasite, Lice/physiology, Models, Genetic, Monte Carlo Method, Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S., Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S., Rodentia/parasitology},
	isbn = {0014-3820},
	author = {Huelsenbeck,J. P. and Rannala,B. and Larget,B.}
}
@article {46125,
	title = {Survival away from sheep and alternative methods of transmission of sheep lice (Bovicola ovis)},
	journal = {Veterinary parasitology},
	volume = {94},
	year = {2001},
	note = {LR: 20031114; JID: 7602745; ppublish},
	month = {2001},
	pages = {205 - 216},
	address = {NETHERLANDS},
	abstract = {<p>Transmission of sheep lice is thought to occur mainly by sheep to sheep contact although the possibility of other sources of infestation is often suggested. This study investigated the period of survival of Bovicola ovis after removal from sheep under varying conditions and assessed the likelihood of new infestations arising from contaminated facilities, wool caught on fences and shearers\&$\#$39; footwear.In laboratory studies with lice held away from sheep at 4, 20, 25 and 36.5 degrees C, adults and nymphs survived longest at 25 degrees C (LT90 of 11.7 and 24.1 days for adults and large nymphs, respectively). Nymphs survived longer than adults and lice provided with raw wool survived longer than lice provided with wool that had been degreased. Nymphal lice survived for up to 29 days on unscoured wool at 36.5 degrees C, but the LT50 was less than 9 days in most experiments. In shearing sheds in winter and early spring lice survived for up to 14 and 16 days, respectively. These periods of survival are considerably longer than previously indicated for B. ovis. Most lice dropped out of wool staples attached to a fence within 1 h and only two of a total of 225 lice were still present after 24 h, suggesting that sheep are unlikely to become infested from wool caught on fences. Adult and nymphal lice readily transferred to shearers\&$\#$39; moccasins and survived there for up to 10 days, indicating that transmission of lice on the footwear of shearers or other sheep handlers may be a cause of new infestations. Microwaving each moccasin for 5 min killed all lice and may provide a simple method of reducing the likelihood of transmission of B. ovis between properties.</p>
},
	keywords = {Animal Husbandry, animals, Disease Transmission, Horizontal/veterinary, Housing, Animal, Lice Infestations/transmission/veterinary, Lice/physiology, Life Cycle Stages, sheep, Sheep Diseases/transmission, Shoes, temperature, Time Factors, wool, zoonoses},
	isbn = {0304-4017},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4017(00)00374-5},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304401700003745?via\%3Dihub},
	author = {Crawford,S. and Peter J. James and Maddocks,S.}
}
@article {46002,
	title = {Cuticular lipids of the booklouse, Liposcelis bostrychophila: hydrocarbons, aldehydes, fatty acids, and fatty acid amides},
	journal = {Journal of Chemical Ecology},
	volume = {29},
	year = {2003},
	note = {LR: 20031114; JID: 7505563; 0 (Aldehydes); 0 (Amides); 0 (Fatty Acids); 0 (Hydrocarbons); 0 (Lipids); ppublish},
	month = {2003},
	pages = {615 - 627},
	address = {United States},
	abstract = {The booklouse, Liposcelis bostrychophila, is an increasingly common pest of stored food products worldwide. We report here the cuticular lipid composition of this pest (the first report of the hydrocarbons of any member of the Order Psocoptera and the first report of fatty acid amides as cuticular components for any insect). No unsaturated hydrocarbons were present. A homologous series of n-alkanes (C21-C34), monomethyl alkanes (3-, 4-, 5-, 7-, 9-, 11-, 12-, 13- and 15-methyl-) with a carbon chain range of C28-C42, and dimethyl alkanes (3, 7-; 9, 13-; 11, 15-; 13, 17-; 9, 21-; 11, 19-; and 13, 21-) with a carbon number range of C31-C41 were identified. The relative abundances of these hydrocarbons were low, comprising approximately 0.0125\% of total biomass. The amides were a homologous series (C16-C22 in chain length), with the major amide being stearoyl amide. In addition to the amides, free fatty acids (C16:1, C16:0, C18:2, C18:1, and C18:0 in chain length) and three straight chain aldehydes (C15, C16, and C17:1 in chain length) also occurred as cuticular components. These findings are discussed in terms of the chemical and physiological ecology of this species.},
	keywords = {Aldehydes/analysis, Amides/analysis, animals, Fatty Acids/analysis, Lice/physiology, Lipids/analysis/chemistry/physiology},
	isbn = {0098-0331},
	author = {Howard,R. W. and Lord,J. C.}
}
