@article {96391, title = {Mitochondrial genome sequence comparisons indicate that the elephant louse Haematomyzus elephantis (Piaget, 1869) contains cryptic species}, journal = {Medical and Veterinary Entomology}, year = {2023}, month = {Oct-18-2023}, pages = {6 pp}, type = {Short communication}, abstract = {

The parvorder Rhynchopthirina contains three currently recognised species of lice that parasitize elephants (both African savanna elephant Loxodonta africana and Asian elephant Elephas maximus), desert warthogs (Phacochoerus aethiopicus) and Red River hogs (Potamochoerus porcus), respectively. The Asian elephant lice and the African savanna elephant lice are currently treated as the same species, Haematomyzus elephantis (Piaget, 1869), based on morphology despite the fact that their hosts diverged 8.4 million years ago. In the current study, we sequenced 23 mitochondrial (mt) genes of African savanna elephant lice collected in South Africa and analysed the sequence divergence between African savanna elephant lice and previously sequenced Asian elephant lice. Sequence comparisons revealed \>23\% divergence for the 23 mt genes as a whole and ~17\% divergence for cox1 gene between African savanna and Asian elephant lice, which were far higher than the divergence expected within a species. Furthermore, the mt gene sequence divergences between these lice are 3.76\–4.6 times higher than that between their hosts, the African savanna and Asian elephants, which are expected for the co-divergence and co-evolution between lice and their elephant hosts. We conclude that (1) H. elephantis (Piaget, 1869) contains cryptic species and (2) African savanna and Asian elephant lice are different species genetically that may have co-diverged and co-evolved with their hosts.

}, keywords = {co-divergence and co-evolution, DNA barcode, ectoparasites, elephant lice, Mitochondrial genome, Rhynchopthirina}, issn = {0269-283X, 1365-2915}, doi = {10.1111/mve.12699}, url = {https://resjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/mve.12699}, author = {Sarah Kelly and Yalun Dong and Wei Wang and Matthee,Sonja and Jeanette M. Wentzel and Lance A. Durden and Renfu Shao} } @article {96386, title = {First report of classical knockdown resistance (kdr) mutation, L1014F, in human head louse Pediculus humanus capitis (Phthiraptera: Anoplura)}, journal = {Medical and Veterinary Entomology}, volume = {37}, year = {2023}, pages = {209-212}, type = {Short communication}, abstract = {

There are at least three known knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations reported globally in the human head louse Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) that are associated with reduced sensitivity to pyrethroids. However, the prevalence of kdr mutation in head lice is not known in the Indian subcontinent. To identify kdr mutations in the Indian head lice population, the genomic region of the voltage-gated sodium channel gene encompassing IIS1-2 linker to IIS6 segments was PCR-amplified and sequenced from P. humanus capitis samples collected from different geographic localities of India. DNA sequencing revealed the presence of four kdr mutations: M827I, T929I, L932F and L1014F. The presence of a classical kdr mutation L1014F, the most widely reported mutation across insect-taxa associated with the kdr-trait, is being reported for the first time in P. humanus capitis.

}, keywords = {Insecticide resistance, kdr mutation, Pediculosis, Pyrethroid, voltage-gated sodium channel.}, issn = {0269-283X, 1365-2915}, doi = {10.1111/mve.12596}, url = {https://resjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/mve.12596}, author = {Prashant K. Mallick and Ankita Sindhania and Toshi Gupta and Dhirendra P. Singh and Seema Saini and Singh,O. P.} } @article {96279, title = {Bioactive phytocompounds against specific target proteins of Borrelia recurrentis responsible for louse-borne relapsing fever: Genomics and structural bioinformatics evidence}, journal = {Medical and Veterinary Entomology}, volume = {37}, year = {2023}, month = {Nov-15-2022}, pages = {213-218}, abstract = {

Louse-borne relapsing fever (LBRF) with high untreated mortality caused by spirochete Borrelia recurrentis is predominantly endemic to Sub-Saharan Africa and has re-emerged in parts of Eastern Europe, Asia and Latin America due to population migrations. Despite subtractive evolution of lice-borne pathogenic Borrelia spp. from tick-borne species, there has been no comprehensive report on conservation of protein targets across tick and lice-borne pathogenic Borrelia nor exploration of phytocompounds that are toxic to tick against lice. From the 19 available whole genomes including B. recurrentis, B. burgdorferi, B. hermsii, B. parkeri and B. miyamotoi, conservation of seven drug targets (\>80\% domain identity) viz. 30 S ribosomal subunit proteins (RSP) S3, S7, S8, S14, S19, penicillin-binding protein-2 and 50 S RSP L16 were deciphered through multiple sequence alignments. Twelve phytocompounds (hydroxy-tyrosol, baicalein, cis-2-decanoic acid, morin, oenin, rosemarinic acid, kaempferol, piceatannol, rottlerin, luteolin, fisetin and monolaurin) previously explored against Lyme disease spirochete B. burgdorferi when targeted against LBRF-causing B. recurrentis protein targets revealed high multi-target affinity (2\%-20\% higher than conventional antibiotics) through molecular docking. However, based on high binding affinity against all target proteins, stable coarse-grained dynamics (fluctuations \<1 \Å) and safe pharmacological profile, luteolin was prioritized. The study encourages experimental evaluation of the potent phytocompounds and similar protocols for investigating other emerging vector-borne diseases.

}, issn = {0269-283X, 1365-2915}, doi = {10.1111/mve.12623}, url = {https://resjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/mve.12623}, author = {Soumya Basu and Reetika Debroy and Hithesh Kumar and Harpreet Singh and Sudha Ramaiah and Anand Anbarasu} } @article {96211, title = {Second-generation sequencing of entire mitochondrial coding-regions (\~{}15.4 kb) holds promise for study of the phylogeny and taxonomy of human body lice and head lice}, journal = {Medical and Veterinary Entomology}, volume = {28}, year = {2014}, month = {Aug-01-2014}, pages = {40-50}, abstract = {

The Illumina Hiseq platform was used to sequence the entire mitochondrial coding-regions of 20 body lice, Pediculus humanus Linnaeus, and head lice, P. capitis De Geer (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae), from eight towns and cities in five countries: Ethiopia, France, China, Australia and the U.S.A. These data (\∼310\ kb) were used to see how much more informative entire mitochondrial coding-region sequences were than partial mitochondrial coding-region sequences, and thus to guide the design of future studies of the phylogeny, origin, evolution and taxonomy of body lice and head lice. Phylogenies were compared from entire coding-region sequences (\∼15.4\ kb), entire cox1 (\∼1.5\ kb), partial cox1 (\∼700\ bp) and partial cytb (\∼600\ bp) sequences. On the one hand, phylogenies from entire mitochondrial coding-region sequences (\∼15.4\ kb) were much more informative than phylogenies from entire cox1 sequences (\∼1.5\ kb) and partial gene sequences (\∼600 to \∼700\ bp). For example, 19 branches had \>\ 95\% bootstrap support in our maximum likelihood tree from the entire mitochondrial coding-regions (\∼15.4\ kb) whereas the tree from 700\ bp cox1 had only two branches with bootstrap support \>\ 95\%. Yet, by contrast, partial cytb (\∼600\ bp) and partial cox1 (\∼486\ bp) sequences were sufficient to genotype lice to Clade A, B or C. The sequences of the mitochondrial genomes of the P. humanus, P. capitis and P. schaeffi Fahrenholz studied are in NCBI GenBank under the accession numbers KC660761-800, KC685631-6330, KC241882-97, EU219988-95, HM241895-8 and JX080388-407.

}, keywords = {evolutionary genetics, mitochon- drial coding-region}, issn = {0269-283X}, doi = {10.1111/mve.12076}, url = {https://resjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mve.12076}, author = {H. Xiong and D. Campelo and Richard J. Pollack and Didier Raoult and Renfu Shao and M. Alem and J. Ali and K. Bilcha and Stephen C. Barker} } @article {95994, title = {Chewing lice of passerine birds in reed beds in Slovakia, with a special focus on Panurus biarmicus}, journal = {Medical and Veterinary Entomology}, volume = {37}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {300-307}, abstract = {

A total of 1185 passerine birds representing five species were examined for chewing lice in reed beds in southwestern Slovakia in spring (April) 2008, 2009 and 2016. Additional collecting focused only on chewing lice from Panurus biarmicus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Passeriformes: Panuridae) was carried out in spring (April), summer (July) and autumn (October) 2019. A total of 283 (24\%) birds were parasitized by 10 species of chewing lice of four genera: Penenirmus, Menacanthus, Philopterus, and Brueelia. Most birds showed only very light (1\–10 lice/host; 74\%) to light infestations (11\–20 lice/host; 16\%). The authors found significantly higher prevalences and mean abundances of chewing lice on residents/short-distance migrants, that is, P. biarmicus, Acrocephalus melanopogon (Temminck, 1823) (Passeriformes: Acrocephalidae), than on long-distance migratory birds, that is, Acrocephalus scirpaceus (Hermann, 1804), Acrocephalus schoenobaenus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Passeriformes: Acrocephalidae), Locustella luscinioides (Savi, 1824) (Passeriformes: Locustellidae). No significant difference was found in the total mean intensity of chewing lice between these two groups of birds. Ischnoceran lice were more prevalent and abundant than amblyceran lice on residents and short-distance migrants, whereas the opposite was found on bird species that migrate long distances. A total of 146 (58\%, n\ =\ 251) P. biarmicus were parasitized by 1490 chewing lice. Males of P. biarmicus showed higher prevalence and mean abundance than females with gradually descending values of prevalence, mean abundance and mean intensity from spring to autumn. The knowledge of the occurrence and population dynamics of lice on wild passerine birds can be useful in endangered species conservation programs and can also be applied to captive passerine birds, which may be analogous to resident birds in this sense.

Attached file 95994.pdf online version

}, keywords = {Acrocephalus melanopogon, ectoparasites, Migration, Sexual dimorphism}, issn = {0269-283X, 1365-2915}, doi = {10.1111/mve.12631}, url = {https://resjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/mve.12631}, author = {Old{\v r}ich Sychra and Lucie Oslejskova and {\v Z}aneta Skoup{\'a} and Tomas Najer and Ivan Liter{\'a}k and Ivo Papou{\v s}ek and Trnka,Alfr{\'e}d and M. {\v C}apek} } @article {95604, title = {Ectoparasites (sucking lice, fleas and ticks) of small mammals in southeastern Kenya}, journal = {Medical and Veterinary Entomology}, volume = {23}, year = {2009}, month = {Dec-01-2009}, pages = {387-392}, abstract = {

During 1998\–2000, at least 14 species (n = 309) of small mammals were live-trapped and examined for ectoparasites in moist forests of the Taita and Shimba Hills and drier savannah habitats of Nguruman, southeastern Kenya. Ectoparasites were recorded from 11\  species of mammals. Five species of sucking lice [Hoplopleura inexpectans Johnson, H. intermedia Kellogg \& Ferris, Polyplax\  reclinata (Nitzsch), P. waterstoni Bedford and Schizophthirus graphiuri Ferris], six species of fleas (Ctenophthalmus leptodactylous Hubbard, Dinopsyllus grypurus Jordan \& Rothschild, D. lypusus Jordan \& Rothschild, Hypsophthalmus campestris Jordan \& Rothschild, Listropsylla basilewskyi Smit and Xiphiopsylla lippa Jordan) and at least six species of ticks (Amblyomma sp.,\  Haemaphysalis sp., Ixodes sp., I. alluaudi Neumann, I. cumulatimpunctatus Schulze, I. muniensis Arthur \& Burrow and Rhipicephalus sp.) were recorded from these hosts. Four of the five species of sucking lice were host specific whereas P. reclinata was recorded\  from two different species of white-toothed shrews, Crocidura spp. Although fleas and ticks were less host specific, C. leptodactylous, D. grypurus and I. cumulatimpunctatus were only recorded from the murid rodent Praomys delectorum (Thomas), Amblyomma sp.\  was only recorded from the nesomyid rodent Beamys hindei Thomas, Rhipicephalus sp. was only recorded from the murid Lemniscomys striatus (L.) and I. muniensis was only recorded from the dormouse Graphiurus microtis (Noack). More species of ectoparasites and significantly greater infestation prevalences were recorded from small mammals in moist habitats compared with those from the savannah habitat. At least one of the fleas recorded, D. lypusus, is a known vector of Yersinia pestis Lehmann \& Neumann, the causative agent of plague, which is present in the region.

Attachment is author manuscript

}, keywords = {ectoparasites, fleas, Kenya, Small mammals, sucking lice, ticks}, issn = {0269-283X, 1365-2915}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2915.2009.00820.x}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2915.2009.00820.x}, author = {N.O. Oguge and Lance A. Durden and Keirans,James E. and H.D. Balami and Schwan,T. G.} } @article {95554, title = {Sensory features of the human louse antenna: new contributions and comparisons between ecotypes}, journal = {Medical and Veterinary Entomology}, volume = {35}, year = {2021}, month = {June 2021}, pages = {219-224}, type = {Short communication}, abstract = {

Body and head lice are known to be exclusive ectoparasites of human hosts. Current genomic and transcriptomic data suggest that both louse types represent ecotypes of the same species. They exhibit morphological and physiological differences that probably arose from living in different biotopes. Sensory traits represent suitable candidates to be affected by environmental heterogeneity. Therefore, through scanning electron microscope studies, this study analysed and compared the sensory structures of both ecotypes\&$\#$39; antennae. Seven types of sensory structures were identified in both ecotypes: bristles, tuft organs, pore organs, single pore and three morphotypes of sensilla basiconica. Notably, the single pore and the morphotypes of sensilla basiconica were described for the first time in the body louse antenna. This study\&$\#$39;s comparative analysis mainly revealed size differences across the sensory structures of the ecotypes. Bristles of the flagellomere 2 of the body louse antenna were longer than the head louse bristles. In addition, the pore organs of the head louse antenna presented a higher diameter than those of the body louse. The possible relevance of size differences regarding the biotopes exploited by the body louse and the head louse is discussed. Yet, physiological studies may help to fully understand the phenotypical differences of both ecotypes.

}, keywords = {antenna, body louse, Head louse, Pediculus humanus, sensilla}, issn = {0269-283X, 1365-2915}, doi = {10.1111/mve.12485}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mve.12485}, author = {Isabel Ortega-Insaurralde and Picollo,Mar{\'\i}a In{\'e}s and R. B. Barrozo} } @article {95204, title = {Determinants of ectoparasite assemblage structure on rodent hosts from South American marshlands: the effect of host species, locality and season}, journal = {Medical and Veterinary Entomology}, volume = {24}, year = {2010}, month = {09-2010}, pages = {284-292}, abstract = {

The relative effects of host species identity, locality and season on ectoparasite assemblages (relative abundances and species richness) harboured by four cricetid rodent hosts (Akodon azarae, Oligoryzomys flavescens, Oxymycterus rufus and Scapteromys aquaticus) were assessed across six closely located sites in Buenos Aires province, Argentina. Relative abundances of ectoparasites (14 species including gamasid mites, an ixodid tick, a trombiculid mite, lice and fleas), as well as total ectoparasite abundance and species richness, were determined mainly by host species and to a lesser extent by locality (despite the small spatial scale of the study), whereas seasonal effect was weak, albeit significant. The abundances of some ectoparasites were determined solely by host, whereas those of other ectoparasites (sometimes belonging to the same higher taxon) were also affected by locality and/or season. In gamasids, there was a significant effect of locality for some species, but not for others. In fleas and lice, the effect of locality was similar in different species, suggesting that this effect is related to the characteristic life history strategy.

}, keywords = {ectoparasites, host species, locality, rodents, season, species composition}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2915.2010.00880.x}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1365-2915.2010.00880.x}, author = {Marcela Lareschi and Boris R. Krasnov} } @inbook {95188, title = {Lice (Phthiraptera)}, booktitle = {Medical and Veterinary Entomology}, year = {2019}, pages = {79 - 106}, publisher = {Academic Press}, organization = {Academic Press}, edition = {3rd}, chapter = {7}, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States}, abstract = {

The taxonomy, morphology, life history, and medical and veterinary importance of parasitic sucking lice and chewing lice are discussed. Important lice that parasitize humans, pets, and livestock animals are documented. Louse-borne diseases, including epidemic typhus, trench fever, louse-borne relapsing fever, and swinepox, are detailed. The chapter concludes with an overview of methods used to prevent and control louse infestations and associated louse-borne diseases

}, keywords = {Chewing lice, lice, Louse-borne diseases, Medical importance, sucking lice, veterinary importance}, isbn = {3-9780128140444, p-9780128140437 }, doi = {doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-814043-7.00007-8}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128140437000078?via\%3Dihub}, author = {Lance A. Durden}, editor = {Mullen,Gary R. and Lance A. Durden} } @article {95179, title = {Arthropod parasites of the red-bellied squirrel Callosciurus erythraeus introduced into Argentina}, journal = {Medical and Veterinary Entomology}, volume = {27}, year = {2013}, month = {06-2013}, pages = {203 - 208}, abstract = {

The introduction of an exotic species usually modifies parasite\–host dynamics by the import of new parasites or the exotic species\&$\#$39; acquiral of local parasites. The loss of parasites may determine the outcome of an invasion if the introduced species is liberated from co-evolved parasites in its range of invasion. In addition, an introduced species may pose sanitary risks to humans and other mammals if it serves as a reservoir of pathogens or carries arthropod vectors. The red-bellied squirrel, Callosciurus erythraeus (Pallas) (Rodentia: Sciuridae), was introduced into Argentina in 1970, since when several foci of invasion have been closely associated with humans. Investigation of the parasitological fauna of C. erythraeus in Argentina will generate new information about novel parasite\–host dynamics and may provide new insight into the reasons for the successful invasion of this species. The objective of this study was to describe the arthropod parasites of C. erythraeus in Argentina in comparison with previous studies of parasites of this species in its native habitat and in the ranges of its invasion. Occasional host\–parasite associations with local arthropod parasites not previously described for C. erythraeus are reported; these include the mites Androlaelaps fahrenholzi (Ewing) (Mesostigmata: Laelapidae) and Ornithonyssus cf. bacoti (Mesostigmata: Macronyssidae), the flea Polygenis (Polygenis) rimatus Jordan (Siphonaptera: Rhopalopsyllidae) and the botfly Cuterebra Clark (Diptera: Oestridae: Cuterebrinae). Cheyletus sp. mites (Trombidiformes: Cheyletidae) were also found. The low prevalence and mean intensity of ectoparasite species may influence invasion dynamics.

}, keywords = {botfly, fleas, Invasive species, mites, parasite{\textendash}host dynamics}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2915.2012.01052.x}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2915.2012.01052.x}, author = {Ana Cecilia Gozzi and M. Laura Guich{\'o}n and Veronica Victoria Benitez and Marcela Lareschi} } @article {95013, title = {Housing and dustbathing effects on northern fowl mites (Ornithonyssus sylviarum) and chicken body lice (Menacanthus stramineus) on hens}, journal = {Medical and Veterinary Entomology}, volume = {26}, year = {2012}, month = {09-2012}, pages = {323 - 333}, abstract = {

Hen housing (cage or cage-free) did not impact overall abundances of northern fowl mites, Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Canestrini \& Fanzago) (Acari: Macronyssidae), or chicken body lice, Menacanthus stramineus (Nitzsch) (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae). Cage-free hens received a dustbox with sand plus diatomaceous earth (DE), kaolin clay or sulphur. Weekly use varied from none to 100\% of hens; 73\% of hens used the dustbox at least once. Ectoparasite populations on dustbathing hens (users) were compared with those on non-user cage-free and caged hens. All materials reduced ectoparasites on user hens by 80-100\% after 1 week of dustbox use. Diatomaceous earth and kaolin failed to reduce ectoparasites on non-user hens, and ectoparasites on user hens recovered after dustbox removal. A sulphur dustbox eliminated mites from all hens (including non-users) within 2-4 weeks. Residual sulphur controlled mites until the end of the experiment (up to 9 weeks), even after the dustbox was removed. Louse populations on hens using the sulphur dustbox were reduced in 1-2 weeks. Residual sulphur effects were less evident in lice, but the use of a sulphur dustbox by a higher proportion of hens extended louse control to all hens. This is the first experimental study to show that bird dustbathing in naturally and widely available dust materials (particularly kaolin) can suppress ectoparasites and thus the behaviour is probably adaptive.

}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2915.2011.00997.x}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2915.2011.00997.x}, author = {C.D. Martin and Mullens,B. A.} } @article {94668, title = {Chewing lice from high-altitude and migrating birds in Yunnan, China, with descriptions of two new species of Guimaraesiella}, journal = {Medical and Veterinary Entomology}, volume = {33}, year = {2019}, month = {April 2019}, pages = {407 - 419}, type = {On line version before print version}, abstract = {

In total, 366 birds representing 55 species in 24 families and eight orders, were examined for chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Amblycera, Ischnocera) in two high-altitude localities in Yunnan Province, China. In Ailaoshan, almost all of the birds examined were resident passeriforms, of which 36\% were parasitized by chewing lice. In Jinshanyakou, most birds were on migration, and included both passerine and non-passerine birds. Of the passerine birds caught in Jinshanyakou, only one bird (0.7\%) was parasitized by chewing lice. The prevalence of Myrsidea and Brueelia-complex lice on birds caught in Ailaoshan was higher than in previous reports. Of the chewing lice identifiable to species level, three represent new records for China: Actornithophilus hoplopteri (Mj\öberg, 1910), Maculinirmus ljosalfar Gustafsson \& Bush, 2017 and Quadraceps sinensis Timmermann, 1954. In total, 17 new host records are included, of which we describe two as new species in the Brueelia-complex: Guimaraesiella (Cicchinella) ailaoshanensis sp. nov. ex Schoeniparus dubius dubius (Hume, 1874) and G. (C.) montisodalis sp. nov. ex Fulvetta manipurensis tonkinensis Delacour \& Jabouille, 1930.

}, keywords = {Guimaraesiella, Guimaraesiella (Cicchinella) ailaoshanensis, Guimaraesiella (Cicchinella) montisodalis, Maculinirmus ljosalfar, new hosts, new location, new species, Yunnan}, issn = {0269-283X}, doi = {10.1111/mve.12378}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/mve.12378}, author = {Daniel R Gustafsson and Lujia Lei and Kang Luo and Xingzhi Chu and Xiucai Zhao and Qiang Zhang and Fasheng Zou} } @article {94605, title = {Ovicidal and adulticidal effects of monoterpenoids against permethrin-resistant human head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis}, journal = {Medical and Veterinary Entomology}, volume = {22}, year = {2008}, month = {December 2008}, pages = {335 - 339}, abstract = {

The improper use of pediculicides containing permethrin has led to the development of resistance. Thus, new alternatives for control are needed. Plant-derived insecticides are attractive alternatives to common chemical insecticides because most of them are environmentally friendly and non-toxic to mammals. The toxic activity of 23 monoterpenoids belonging to several chemical classes was tested against the eggs of permethrin-resistant head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae). Significant differences in ovicidal action were observed among the tested substances. The most effective chemicals were hydrocarbons and ethers, followed by ketones, alcohols, phenols and esters. A linear relationship between egg mortality and knockdown time (KT50) on adults by the tested components revealed that most of the components were effective on both egg and adult stages. The monoterpenoids described herein are good candidates as effective

}, keywords = {adult head lice, fumigant activity, head lice eggs, Monoterpenes, toxicity.}, issn = {0269283X}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2915.2008.00759.x}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1365-2915.2008.00759.x}, author = {Toloza,Ariel Ceferino and Vassena,Claudia V. and Picollo,Mar{\'\i}a In{\'e}s} } @article {94468, title = {The unusual reproductive system of head and body lice (Pediculus humanus)}, journal = {Medical and Veterinary Entomology}, volume = {32}, year = {2018}, month = {Jan-06-2018}, pages = {226 - 234}, abstract = {

Insectreproductionisextremelyvariable,buttheimplicationsofalternative genetic systems are often overlooked in studies on the evolution of insecticide resistance. Both ecotypes of Pediculus humanus (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae), the human head and body lice, are human ectoparasites, the control of which is challenged by the recent spread of resistance alleles. The present study conclusively establishes for the first time that both head and body lice reproduce through paternal genome elimination (PGE), an unusual genetic system in which males transmit only their maternally derived chromosomes. Here, we investigate inheritance patterns of parental genomes using a genotyping approach across families of both ecotypes and show that heterozygous males exclusively or preferentially pass on one allele only, whereas females transmit both in a Mendelian fashion. We do however observe occasional transmission of paternal chromosomes through males, representing the first known case of PGE in which whole-genome meiotic drive is incomplete. Finally, we discuss the potential implications of this finding for the evolution of resistance and invite the development of new theoretical models of how this knowledge might contribute to increasing the success of pediculicide-based management schemes.

}, keywords = {human louse, paternal genome elimination, pseudo- haplodiplody, resistance evolution.}, doi = {10.1111/mve.12287}, url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5947629/}, author = {De La Filia, A. G. and S. Andrewes and Clark,J. Marshall and L. Ross} } @article {94354, title = {Residual and ovicidal efficacy of essential oil-based formulations in vitro against the donkey chewing louse Bovicola ocellatus}, journal = {Medical and Veterinary Entomology}, volume = {30}, year = {2016}, pages = {78 - 84}, abstract = {

Essential oils have shown good experimental potential as novel veterinary ectoparasiticides. However, if they are to be used as veterinary products, they must be available in formulations that are suitable for practical application against specific ectoparasites. Here, the efficacies of formulations containing 5\% (v/v) lavender or tea tree oil, in combination with two emulsifiers [a surfactant, 5\% (w/v) N-lauroylsarcosine sodium salt (SLS), and a soluble polymer, 5\% (w/v) polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)], with or without 10\% coconut oil, were tested in contact bioassays against the donkey chewing louse Bovicola ocellatus (Piaget) (Phthiraptera: Trichodectidae). Residual activity was quantified in open and closed containers; ovicidal efficacy was also examined. Exposure to either of 5\% (v/v) lavender or tea tree oils with SLS or PVP resulted in louse mortality of 100\%, but when coconut oil was included as an excipient, significantly lower efficacy was recorded. However, the formulations became significantly less effective after 2 h in open containers and 40 h in closed containers. The results confirm that the residual activity of essential oils is relatively transitory and the addition of 10\% coconut oil does not prolong the period of insecticidal activity by slowing essential oil evaporation. Too short a period of residual activity is likely to be a significant impediment to the effective practical use of essential oils. However, unlike many synthetic pediculicides, the essential oils tested here were highly ovicidal, which suggests that prolonged residual activity may not be essential to kill newly hatched nymphs after treatment.

}, keywords = {Control, ectoparasite, Livestock, parasiticide, pest, Phytotherapy}, doi = {10.1111/mve.12148}, url = {http://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/94354.pdf}, author = {B. Sands and L. Ellse and Wall,R.} } @article {94252, title = {Patterns of cryptic host specificity in duck lice based on molecular data}, journal = {Medical and Veterinary Entomology}, volume = {30}, year = {2016}, month = {Jan-06-2016}, pages = {200 - 208}, abstract = {

Documenting patterns of host specificity in parasites relies on the adequate definition of parasite species. In many cases, parasites have simplified morphology, making species delimitation based on traditional morphological characters difficult. Molecular data can help in assessing whether widespread parasites harbour cryptic species and, alternatively, in guiding further taxonomic revision in cases in which there is morphological variation. The duck louse genus Anaticola (Phthiraptera: Philopteridae), based on current taxonomy, contains both host-specific and widespread species. Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences of samples from this genus were used to document patterns of host specificity. The comparison of these patterns with morphological variations in Anaticola revealed a general correspondence between the groups identified by DNA sequences and morphology, respectively. These results suggest that a more thorough taxonomic review of this genus is needed. In general, the groups identified on the basis of molecular data were associated with particular groups of waterfowl (e.g. dabbling ducks, sea ducks, geese) or specific biogeographic regions (e.g. North America, South America, Australia, Eurasia).

}, doi = {10.1111/mve.2016.30.issue-210.1111/mve.12157}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/mve.2016.30.issue-2}, author = {ESCALANTE, G. C. and Andrew D. Sweet and MCCRACKEN, K. G. and Daniel R Gustafsson and R. E. Wilson and Kevin P. Johnson} } @article {68944, title = {Ectoparasites in urban stray cats in Jerusalem, Israel: differences in infestation patterns of fleas, ticks and permanent ectoparasites.}, journal = {Medical and Veterinary Entomology}, volume = {28}, year = {2013}, pages = {314 - 318}, abstract = {

In a period cross-sectional study performed to examine ectoparasites on 340 stray cats in Jerusalem, Israel, 186 (54.7\%) were infested with the cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae), 49 (14.4\%) with the cat louse, Felicola subrostratus (Phthiraptera: Trichodectidae), 41 (12.0\%) with the ear mite, Otodectes cynotis (Astigmata: Psoroptidae), three (0.9\%) with the fur mite, Cheyletiella blakei (Trobidiformes: Cheyletidae), two (0.6\%) with the itch mite Notoedres cati (Astigmata: Sarcoptidae), and 25 (7.3\%) with ticks of the species Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (Ixodida: Ixodidae), Rhipicephalus turanicus or Haemaphysalis adleri (Ixodida: Ixodidae). A higher number of flea infestations was observed in apparently sick cats (P \< 0.05) and in cats aged \< 6 months (P \< 0.05). The proportion of flea-infested cats (P \< 0.01), as well as the number of fleas per infested cat (P \< 0.01), was higher in autumn than in other seasons. By contrast with findings in cats with flea infestations, rates of infestation with ticks were higher amongst cats with clinical signs (P \< 0.01) and cats aged \≥ 6 months (P \< 0.05). The high rates of ectoparasite infestation in the cats studied constitute a risk for the spread of vector-borne infections of zoonotic and veterinary importance.

}, keywords = {Cats, ectoparasites, Jerusalem, Prevalence}, issn = {1365-2915}, doi = {10.1111/mve.12032}, author = {Salant, H and Kosta Y. Mumcuoglu and Baneth, Gad} } @article {68865, title = {Evidence that clade A and clade B head lice live in sympatry and recombine in Algeria}, journal = {Medical and Veterinary Entomology}, volume = {29}, year = {2015}, month = {Jan-03-2015}, pages = {94 - 98}, abstract = {

Pediculus humanus L. (Psocodea: Pediculidae) can be characterized into three deeply divergent lineages (clades) based on mitochondrial DNA. Clade A consists of both head lice and clothing lice and is distributed worldwide. Clade B consists of head lice only and is mainly found in North and Central America, and in western Europe and Australia. Clade C, which consists only of head lice, is found in Ethiopia, Nepal and Senegal. Twenty-six head lice collected from pupils at different elementary schools in two localities in Algiers (Algeria) were analysed using molecular methods for genotyping lice (cytochrome b and the multi-spacer typing (MST) method. For the first time, we found clade B head lice in Africa living in sympatry with clade A head lice. The phylogenetic analysis of the concatenated sequences of these populations of head lice showed that clade A and clade B head lice had recombined, suggesting that interbreeding occurs when lice live in sympatry.

}, keywords = {clade A, clade B, Genotype, Pediculus humanus capitis, recombination, sympatry.}, doi = {10.1111/mve.2015.29.issue-110.1111/mve.12058}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/mve.2015.29.issue-1http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/mve.12058}, author = {BOUTELLIS, A. and BITAM, I. and FEKIR, K. and MANA, N. and Didier Raoult} } @article {61010, title = {Immunization of rabbits with faecal extract of Pediculus humanus, the human body louse: effects on louse development and reproduction}, journal = {Medical and Veterinary Entomology}, volume = {11}, year = {1997}, pages = {315-318}, chapter = {315}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/38690.pdf}, author = {Kosta Y. Mumcuoglu and Ben-Yakir,David and Ochanda,James O. and Miller,Jacqueline and Galun,Rachel} } @inbook {48060, title = {Piolhos (Sugadores e Mastigadores)}, booktitle = {Medical and Veterinary Entomology}, year = {2001}, month = {2001}, pages = {183 - 238}, publisher = {Atheneu}, organization = {Atheneu}, address = {S{\~a}o Paulo, Brasil}, author = {Pedro Marcos Linardi}, editor = {Marcondes,C. B.} } @article {46438, title = {Permethrin-impregnated bednets reduce nuisance arthropods in Gambian houses}, journal = {Medical and veterinary entomology}, volume = {3}, year = {1989}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 8708682; 0 (Insecticides); 0 (Pyrethrins); 52645-53-1 (Permethrin); ppublish}, month = {1989}, pages = {377 - 383}, address = {ENGLAND}, abstract = {

The prevalence of bedbugs (Cimex hemipterus L.), chicken ticks (Argas persicus Oken) and headlice (Pediculus capitis De Geer) was surveyed in a rural area of The Gambia. At the beginning of the study 37.5\% of children\&$\#$39;s beds were infested with bedbugs and 3.9\% with chicken ticks, whilst the prevalence rate of pediculosis in children under 10 years old was 28.8\%. Both bedbugs and headlice were clustered within compounds. Headlice prevalence increased with hair length and they were more common on girls than boys. Following this cross-sectional survey all bednets in the sixteen hamlets were either dipped in permethrin or a placebo. About 4 months later it was found that bedbugs and chicken ticks had disappeared from homes in which the bednets had been impregnated with permethrin. There was no reduction in hamlets with placebo-treated bednets. The rate of acquiring headlice between the two surveys was reduced by 91.1\% in children who slept under insecticide-treated bednets compared with children with placebo-treated bednets. There were also significantly fewer day-flying and crawling insects, except earwigs, in homes of children who slept under insecticide-treated bednets compared with those with placebo-treated nets. These additional benefits of permethrin-treated bednets should contribute to their widespread acceptance and utilization by the community for personal protection.

}, keywords = {animals, bedbugs, Bedding and Linens, Gambia, humans, Insect Control, insecticide, Pediculus, Permethrin, Pyrethrum, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, ticks}, isbn = {0269-283X}, doi = { https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2915.1989.tb00244.x}, url = {https://resjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2915.1989.tb00244.x}, author = {Lindsay,Steve W. and Snow,R. W. and Armstrong,J. R. and Greenwood,B. M.} } @article {46374, title = {Lice of farm animals in Libya}, journal = {Medical and Veterinary Entomology}, volume = {7}, year = {1993}, month = {1993}, pages = {138 - 140}, abstract = {This first report on the lice of farm animals in Libya lists a total of fifteen species, as follows: Haematopinus quadripertusus and Linognathus vituli from cattle, Bovicola ovis, Linognathus pedalis, L. africanus and L. ovillus from sheep, L. stenopsis, L. africanus and Bovicola caprae from goats. Poultry harboured Lipeurus caponis, L. heterographus, Menacanthus stramineus, Menopon gallinae, Goniocotes gallinae, Goniodes gigas and G. dissimilis.}, keywords = {animals, Animals, Domestic, Camels, cattle, chicken, classification, goats, horses, Libya, lice, Parasitology, sheep}, author = {Gabaj,M. M. and Beesley,W. N. and Awan,M. A.} } @article {46337, title = {Pyrethroid resistance in Australian field populations of the sheep body louse, Bovicola (Damalinia) ovis}, journal = {Medical and veterinary entomology}, volume = {9}, year = {1995}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 8708682; 0 (Pyrethrins); 52315-07-8 (cypermethrin); 52820-00-5 (decamethrin); 68085-85-8 (cyhalothrin); ppublish}, month = {1995}, pages = {59 - 65}, address = {ENGLAND}, abstract = {Synthetic pyrethroid (SP) resistance has developed in Australian field populations of the sheep body louse, Bovicola (Damalinia) ovis. Laboratory bioassays were used to measure the susceptibility of lice to cypermethrin and the other registered SPs. Results of these bioassays indicated resistance to cypermethrin, deltamethrin, cyhalothrin and alphacypermethrin. So far, high-level resistance has been diagnosed in only a few strains. The toxicological responses of these strains were clearly separated from those of the majority of louse strains tested. Furthermore, these strains had survived immersion in commercial SP dips. The level of resistance described in some strains was sufficient to cause pour-on products to fail despite the fact that the LC50s of these strains fell within the normal range of field responses.}, keywords = {animals, Australia, cattle, Insecticide resistance, Lethal Dose 50, lice, Pyrethrum, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Sheep/parasitology}, isbn = {0269-283X}, author = {Levot,G. W. and Johnson,P. W. and Hughes,P. B. and Powis,K. J. and Boray,J. C. and Dawson,K. L.} } @article {46322, title = {Evaluation of non-conventional treatments for control of the biting louse (Bovicola ovis) on sheep}, journal = {Medical and veterinary entomology}, volume = {9}, year = {1995}, note = {LR: 20031114; JID: 8708682; ppublish}, month = {1995}, pages = {407 - 412}, address = {ENGLAND}, abstract = {

A variety of non-conventional treatments was applied to biting louse (Bovicola ovis) infested sheep in order to evaluate ways in which farmers could control the louse infestations and still maintain Organic Production Standards. In one trial, louse scores of sheep shorn but kept dry or wetted by water alone or with water plus detergent were compared with unshorn sheep treated similarly. Shearing alone accounted for a 35.7-66.3\% reduction in mean louse scores. Wetting alone either with water or with water and added detergent accounted for a 26.9-35.3\% reduction in mean louse scores. The combined effects on mean louse scores of shearing and wetting, as opposed to shearing alone, were statistically significant on two of the three farms at 32-35 days post-treatment. The effects persisted for the duration of the trial (between 48 and 52 days), at which point shearing and wetting with detergent provided 95.3-99.6\% control of lice. In a second trial, a range of insecticidal substances considered acceptable by Organic Production Standards, azadirachtin (neem), pyrethrum, soap, was applied to louse-infested sheep and their efficacy compared with that of a commercial formulation of cypermethrin. The sheep treated with azadirachtin and pyrethrum had significantly fewer lice than either the control or soap treated sheep over the 48 days of the trial. Neither azadirachtin nor pyrethrum were significantly less effective than cypermethrin. Control (reduction in louse score) of 85.0-100\% was achieved over the period of the trial. It is concluded that most of the non-conventional treatments evaluated had a useful and cost-effective role to play in reducing louse numbers on sheep for at least 40-50 days. The lack of persistence compared with that obtained with conventional insecticides was the only apparent drawback.

}, keywords = {animals, evaluation, Insect Control, lice, Sheep/parasitology}, isbn = {0269-283X}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2915.1995.tb00014.x}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2915.1995.tb00014.x}, author = {A. C. G. Heath and Lampkin,N. and Jowett,J. H.} } @article {46249, title = {Serum and skin surface antibodies and their associations with sheep biting lice, Bovicola ovis, on experimentally infested sheep}, journal = {Medical and veterinary entomology}, volume = {12}, year = {1998}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 8708682; 0 (Antibodies); ppublish}, month = {1998}, pages = {276 - 283}, address = {ENGLAND}, abstract = {

The sheep biting louse (Bovicola ovis) feeds superficially on the skin of sheep but appears to stimulate an immune response. In this study we examined the association between louse infestation and serum and skin surface antibodies. Louse numbers were monitored on experimentally infested Polypay and Columbia ewes for two years and on their lambs in the second year. Serum and skin wash samples were tested for antibodies to soluble extracts of B. ovis, Stomoxys calcitrans and Musca autumnalis by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In addition, the effects of skin wash extracts on B. ovis were examined in vitro. The titre of anti-B. ovis antibodies in the serum did not differ significantly between infested and naive ewes. However, there was an increase in serum antibody titre which coincided with periods of high louse density in ewes with high louse counts. Infested lambs had higher serum antibody levels than naive lambs. Substantial cross reactivity was evident among extracts of the different insects. Densities of lice on the ewes during population decline were negatively related to the titre of skin surface antibodies. Skin washings collected from sheep during B. ovis population decline reduced the number of louse progeny when incorporated into louse diet. These results indicate that B. ovis stimulates an immune response in sheep and suggest that compounds on the skin surface may play a role in the regulation of louse populations.

}, keywords = {animals, Antibodies/analysis, Biological Assay, Lice Infestations/parasitology/veterinary, Mallophaga, population density, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, sheep, Sheep Diseases/parasitology, Skin/immunology}, isbn = {0269-283X}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2915.1998.00110.x}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1365-2915.1998.00110.x}, author = {Peter J. James and Moon,R. D. and Ragsdale,D. W.} } @article {46177, title = {Susceptibility of British head lice, Pediculus capitis, to imidacloprid and fipronil}, journal = {Medical and Veterinary Entomology}, volume = {14}, year = {2000}, month = {2000}, pages = {105 - 107}, abstract = {

The head louse, Pediculus capitis De Geer (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) has developed resistance to organochlorines, the organophosphate malathion and to pyrethroids in the U.K. Therefore, headlice from Bristol school children were bioassayed against two new insecticides, fipronil and imidacloprid. Pediculus capitis was fully susceptible to imidacloprid, but it required a relatively high dose and acted slowly. Fipronil acted faster at lower dose, but seemed to be affected by cross-resistance in a small proportion of P. capitis.

}, keywords = {animals, Biological Assay, Dose-Response, insecticide, Pediculus, Pyrazoles, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t}, isbn = {0269-283X}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/12557741}, author = {Downs,A. M. R. and Stafford,K. A. and G. C. Coles} } @article {46134, title = {Isoenzymes of human lice: Pediculus humanus and P. capitis}, journal = {Medical and Veterinary Entomology}, volume = {14}, year = {2000}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 8708682; 0 (Isoenzymes); EC 3.1. (Esterases); EC 5.4.2.2 (Phosphoglucomutase); ppublish}, month = {2000}, pages = {419 - 425}, address = {England}, abstract = {

Human lice (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) from Africa, America and Europe were electrophoresed for 28 enzymes, with special interest in metabolic factors likely to be involved with insecticide resistance. Zymogram profiles of the body louse (Pediculus humanus L. from France and U.S.A.) and the head louse (P. capitis DeGeer from France, Madagascar, Mali \& Senegal) were compared. Only esterase two enzymes, phosphoglucomutase (Pgm) and 3 (Est-3), showed electrophoretic variation. In our starch gel electrophoresis conditions, P. humanus showed three electromorphs of Pgm migrating anodally 6, 11 and 16 mm (designated alleles a, b, c, respectively). Of the putative Pgm alleles, b and c occurred in all samples of both species of lice, whereas allele a was found only in P. humanus lab strain from U.S.A. Esterase 3 had four electromorphs migrating 23, 26, 30 and 35 mm (designated alleles a, b, c and d). Among putative Est alleles, a was found only in P. capitis from Bamako (all 14 specimens aa homozygotes), allele d was found only in P. capitis from Dakar (39\% frequency), whereas Est-3 alleles b and c showed apparently balanced polymorphism in all samples of both P. humanus and P. capitis except that from Bamako. Despite the limited amount of isoenzyme variation detected (only 2/31 polymorphic loci), divergences of Est-3 and Pgm among Pediculus populations may be relevant to their biosystematics and resistance.

}, keywords = {animals, electrophoresis, France, humans, Isoenzymes/chemistry, Madagascar, Mali, Pediculus, polymorphism, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Senegal, U.S.A.}, isbn = {0269-283X}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2915.2000.00260.x}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1365-2915.2000.00260.x?sid=nlm\%3Apubmed}, author = {Amevigbe,M. D. and Ferrer,A. and Champorie,S. and Monteny,N. and Deunff,J. and Richard-Lenoble,D.} } @article {45937, title = {Infestation of people with lice in Kathmandu and Pokhara, Nepal}, journal = {Medical and Veterinary Entomology}, volume = {18}, year = {2004}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 8708682; ppublish}, month = {2004}, pages = {212 - 213}, address = {England}, abstract = {

The prevalence of infestation with head lice and body lice, Pediculus spp. (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) and pubic (crab) lice Pthirus pubis (L.) (Phthiraptera: Pthiridae), was recorded from 484 people in Nepal. The prevalence of head lice varied from 16\% in a sample of people aged 10-39 years of age, to 59\% in street children. Simultaneous infestations with head and body lice (double infestations) varied from 18\% in slum children to 59\% in street children.

}, keywords = {adolescent, adult, animals, child, Child, Preschool, homeless, humans, Lice Infestations/epidemiology, Nepal/epidemiology, Pediculus, Prevalence, Pthirus, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t}, isbn = {0269-283X}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/44717.pdf}, author = {Shree Kanta S. Poudel and Stephen C. Barker} } @article {45895, title = {Prevalence, risk factors and economic importance of infestations with Sarcoptes scabiei and Haematopinus suis in sows of pig breeding farms in Hesse, Germany}, journal = {Medical and veterinary entomology}, volume = {18}, year = {2004}, note = {JID: 8708682; ppublish}, month = {2004}, pages = {361 - 367}, address = {England}, abstract = {A cross-sectional survey was performed in 110 randomly selected pig-breeding farms of southern Hesse, Germany to estimate the prevalence of ectoparasite infestations and to find possible risk factors. Ear scrapings of, if available, 10 sows per farm were examined for Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis (De Geer) (Acaridida: Sarcoptidae) by the potassium hydroxide digestion method, and a total of 2754 sows was inspected for skin lesions and infestations with Haematopinus suis (L.) (Anoplurida: Haematopinidae). Data on farm profiles and sows were collected by a questionnaire. In total, 19.1\% and 2.5\% of the sows were found to be infested with S. scabiei or H. suis, respectively. The percentage of mite or louse infestation was significantly higher in sows showing pruritus than in those without skin lesions. Both ectoparasite infestations were related neither to the age of sows nor their reproduction status, nor to the time interval to last ectoparasite treatment. Using farms as the unit of analysis, the estimated prevalence of mange mite and louse infestations was 45.4\% and 14.5\%, respectively. There was no significant association between the presence of S. scabiei and H. suis in the farms. Risk factors for S. scabiei infestation were mixed housing of dry and nursing sows in the same unit (vs. separate housing) and straw bedding (vs. strawless). For louse infestation, only mechanical cleaning of stable units (vs. additional use of disinfection methods) and pasturing of gilts and dry sows were identified as risk factors. The economic loss by S. scabiei infestation in the study population was assessed at euro 4200 per affected farm and year on average.}, keywords = {Animal Husbandry, animals, Anoplura, Cross-Sectional Studies, Germany, Lice Infestations/economics/epidemiology/veterinary, Prevalence, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, risk factors, Scabies, Swine, Swine Diseases/economics/epidemiology/parasitology}, isbn = {0269-283X}, author = {Damriyasa,I. M. and Failing,K. and Volmer,R. and Zahner,H. and Bauer,C.} } @article {45764, title = {Pyrethroid resistance mechanisms in the head louse Pediculus capitis from Israel: implications for control}, journal = {Medical and Veterinary Entomology}, volume = {13}, year = {1999}, month = {1999}, pages = {89 - 96}, keywords = {Control, Israel, pdf, Pediculosis, resistance}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/44491.pdf}, author = {Hemingway,Janet and Miller,Jacqueline and Kosta Y. Mumcuoglu} } @article {45096, title = {Ectoparasites of the Pallas squirrel, Callosciurus erythraeus, introduced to Japan}, journal = {Medical and Veterinary Entomology}, volume = {18}, year = {2004}, month = {2004}, pages = {61 - 63}, abstract = {

Abstract. The squirrel Callosciurus erythraeus (Pallas) (Rodentia: Sciuridae) was intentionally introduced to Japan in 1935 and has become established throughout much of the country. Although they live mainly in forests, Pallas squirrels come into gardens and are frequently fed by people or kept as pets, so their ectoparasites could be of potential medical as well as veterinary importance. During 2001\–2003 we conducted the first ectoparasite survey of Pallas squirrels in Japan. From 105 C. erythraeus captured in Kamakura District of Kanagawa Prefecture on Honshu Island, three types of ectoparasite were found: 52 specimens of the sucking louse Neohaematopinus callosciuri Johnson (Anoplura: Haematopinidae), 26 fleas Ceratophyllus (Monopsyllus) anisus Rothschild (Siphonaptera: Ceratophyllidae) and four nymphs of the tick Haemaphysalis flava Neumann (Acari: Ixodidae) on 22, 13 and one squirrels, respectively. Evidently in Japan C. erythraeus carries relatively few ectoparasite species; this may be a contributory factor to their invasive success. Further investigations are needed to assess risks of zoonotic transmission of plague or murine typhus by C. anisus, of louse-borne typhus by N. callosciuri and of tularaemia and especially Japanese spotted fever (Rickettsia japonica) by H. flava.

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0269-283X.2004.0475.x}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.0269-283X.2004.0475.x}, author = {Shinozaki,Yasuo and Shiibashi,Takashi and Kazunori Yoshizawa and Murata,Koichi and Kimura,Junpei and Maruyama,Soichi and Hayama,Yoshikazu and Yoshida,Hironobu and Nogami,Sadao} } @inbook {43606, title = {Lice (Phthiraptera)}, booktitle = {Medical and Veterinary Entomology}, year = {2002}, month = {2002}, pages = {45 - 65}, publisher = {Academic Press}, organization = {Academic Press}, edition = {1st}, address = {San Diego, California}, author = {Lance A. Durden}, editor = {Mullen,Gary R. and Lance A. Durden} } @article {43539, title = {Ectoparasites of the Irish stoat}, journal = {Medical and Veterinary Entomology}, volume = {3}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {213 - 218}, url = {http://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/43539.pdf}, author = {Sleeman,D. P.} } @article {41620, title = {Ectoparasite ticks and chewing lice of red-legged partridge, Alectoris rufa, in Spain}, journal = {Medical and Veterinary Entomology}, volume = {17}, year = {2003}, month = {2003}, pages = {33 - 37}, abstract = {

During the 1992-1993 and 1993-1994 shooting seasons, 212 wild red-legged partridge, Alectoris rufa (Galliformes: Phaisanide) were captured in 18 Spanish provinces and examined for chewing lice and ticks. Three tick species and six species of chewing lice were found. Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) Haemaphysalis punctata Canestrini \& Fanzago, Hyalomma lusitanicum Koch and Ixodes frontalis Panzer were found at the lowest prevalence (1.4\% overall tick prevalence). The louse (Mallophaga) species, Goniodes dispar Burmeister (Goniodidae) (52.8\%) and Cuclotogaster obscurior Hopkins (Philopteridae) (28.8\%) were the most prevalent, while Goniocotes obscurus Giebel (Philopteridae) (10.8\%), Menopon pallens Clay (Menoponidae) (7.5\%) and Menacanthus lyali Rodriguez et al. (Menoponidae) (3.3\%) were found at medium to low prevalence. Columbicola columbae columbae Linnaeus (Philopteridae) was found at the lowest prevalence (0.5\%). The intensity of C. obscurior and overall intensity of all lice species were directly related to the environmental mean temperature and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), whereas intensity of G. dispar was directly related to NDVI only. The intensity of G. dispar, C. obscurior, all louse intensity, and louse species richness were higher in male than female birds. Intensity of each louse species, all louse intensity and louse species richness were inversely associated with the nutritional index. No relationship was observed between bird age and louse intensity or species richness.

}, keywords = {Alectoris rufa, bird, Chewing lice, ectoparasite, ixodidae, Mallophaga, Spain, Tick}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/4752.pdf}, author = {Calvete,Carlos and Estrada,R. and Lucientes,J. and Estrada,A.} } @article {40470, title = {Book Review: Les Poux (Insecta, Anoplura) de la Region Afrotropicale}, journal = {Medical and Veterinary Entomology}, volume = {15}, year = {2001}, note = {Review of Francois-Xavier Pajot{\textquoteright}s book "Les Poux (Insecta, Anoplura) De La Region Afrotropicale" by Lance Durden. Very positive review.}, month = {2001}, pages = {224}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/3257.pdf}, author = {Lance A. Durden} } @article {40269, title = {Characterization of body louse midgut proteins recognized by resistant hosts}, journal = {Medical and Veterinary Entomology}, volume = {10}, year = {1996}, month = {1996}, pages = {35 - 38}, abstract = {

The human body louse, Pediculus humanus, showed eighteen midgut proteins ranging between 12 and 117 kDa, when analysed by SDS- PAGE electrophoresis. Seven of them (12 kDa, 17 kDa, 29 kDa, 35 kDa, 40 kDa, 55 kDa and 97 kDa) were major bands based on their intensity of staining. The immunization of rabbits with a midgut extract elicited the production of protective polyclonal antibodies. These antibodies reacted strongly with all major midgut proteins as well as with 63 kDa and 117 kDa proteins when tested by the Western blot technique. The analysis of the proteins revealed that the 12 kDa, 25 kDa, 29 kDa, 35 kDa, 45 kDa, 87 kDa and 97 kDa proteins are glycosylated and none of them contained a lipid moiety. By electroelution, the proteins of 35 kda and 63 kDa were purified. On trypsinization, the proteins of 35 kDa and 63 kDa produced four major fragments (F- 1, F-2, F-3, and F-4) when resolved on a 18\% SDS-PAGE. The F-1 fragment of the 35 kDa protein reacted with the polyclonal antibodies by the immunoblot technique.

}, keywords = {adult, antigens, arthropod, body, Boophilus, cattle, Control, human, immunization, immunogens, immunological, louse, midgut, pdf, Pediculus humanus, protein, ticks, vaccinated, vaccine}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/38618.pdf}, author = {Ochanda,James O. and Kosta Y. Mumcuoglu and Ben-Yakir,David and Okuru,J. K. and Oduol,V. O. and Galun,Rachel} } @article {40266, title = {Immunogenic proteins in the body and faecal material of the human body louse, Pediculus humanus, and their homology to antigens of other lice species}, journal = {Medical and Veterinary Entomology}, volume = {10}, year = {1996}, month = {1996}, pages = {105 - 107}, keywords = {blot, body louse, capitis, cattle, goat, Haematopinus, head, human, immunization, immunoaffinity, Linognathus, pdf, Pediculosis, Pediculus humanus, stenopsis, Western}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/38615.pdf}, author = {Kosta Y. Mumcuoglu and Ben-Yakir,David and Gunzberg,S. and Ochanda,James O. and Galun,Rachel} } @article {40221, title = {Permethrin resistance in the head louse Pediculus capitis from Israel}, journal = {Medical and Veterinary Entomology}, volume = {9}, year = {1995}, month = {1995}, pages = {427 - 432}, abstract = {

Head lice, Pediculus capitis, were collected from children aged 3-12 years in Maale Adumin, a town near Jerusalem, after reports of control failure with the pyrethroid insecticide permethrin. A total of 1516 children were examined: living lice and eggs were found on 12.1\% of the children; or another 22.8\% of the children only nits were found. Twice as many girls as boys (8.1\% v 4\%) were infested with lice and or nits. Head lice collected from infested children were exposed to permethrin impregnated filter-papers. Log time probit mortality (Itp) regression lines were calculated for mortality data and compared to Itp lines for a similar collection of head lice made in 1989. The regression lines for the two years were significantly different, with a 4-fold decrease in susceptibility at the LT(50) level between 1989 and 1994. The slopes of the lines also suggested that the 1994 population was more heterogenous in its response to permethrin than the 1989 population. In contrast, a laboratory population of body lice (Pediculus humanus) tested with the same batch of permethrin- impregnated papers showed a slight but nonsignificant increase in susceptibility between 1989 and 1994. The results suggest that resistance to pyrethroids has developed rapidly among head lice since permethrin was introduced in 1991 as a pediculicide in Israel.

}, keywords = {body, capitis, Children, Control, DDT, Diptera, head, humanus, insecticide, Israel, lindane, locus, louse, mechanism, musca domestica l, pdf, Pediculosis, Pediculus, Permethrin, Pyrethrum, resistance, rinse, shampoo}, url = {http://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/40221.pdf}, author = {Kosta Y. Mumcuoglu and Hemingway,Janet and Miller,Jacqueline and Ioffe-Uspensky,Inna and Klaus,Sidney and Ben-Ishai,Fiameta and Galun,Rachel} } @article {40146, title = {Immunization of rabbits with a midgut extract of the human body louse Pediculus humanus humanus - the effect of induced resistance on the louse population}, journal = {Medical and Veterinary Entomology}, volume = {8}, year = {1994}, month = {1994}, pages = {114 - 118}, abstract = {

Resistance to human body lice, Pediculus humanus humanus L, induced by feeding on rabbits immunized with an extract of louse gut was studied. The mortality of lice fed on immunized rabbits was 73\%, significantly higher than that of lice fed on control rabbits (52\%) (P \< 0.01). The proportion of dead nymphs and female lice with ruptured guts was significantly higher in lice fed on immunized rabbits (P \< 0.01). The size of the bloodmeal was 35\% greater in female lice fed on control rabbits than on immunized rabbits. Lice fed on immunized rabbits laid 40\% less eggs than those fed on the controls, they also demonstrated a significant decrease in the number of eggs per female over time (P \< 0.01). 86\% of the eggs laid by lice fed on immunized animals hatched, compared with 92\% hatching of eggs laid by the lice fed on control animals (P \< 0.01). With the exception of the first bloodmeal the percentage of hatched eggs which were laid between any two bloodmeals was significantly smaller (P \< 0.01) in the lice fed on immunized rabbits than in the control group. The first nymphal stage of lice fed on immunized rabbits took an average of 5.2 days to moult to the second stage, compared with 4 days for those fed on control rabbits.

}, keywords = {Anoplura, antigens, Boophilus, cattle, Hoplopleuridae, immunization, Infestation, microplus, midgut, pdf, Pediculus humanus humanus, Phthiraptera, polyplax serrata, resistance, ticks, vaccination}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/38454.pdf}, author = {Ben-Yakir,David and Kosta Y. Mumcuoglu and Manor,Orly and Ochanda,James O. and Galun,Rachel} } @article {40059, title = {Ectoparasites of commensal rodents in Sulawesi Utara, Indonesia, with notes on species of medical importance}, journal = {Medical and Veterinary Entomology}, volume = {5}, year = {1991}, month = {1991}, pages = {1 - 7}, abstract = {

Ectoparasite records are presented for four species of commensal murid rodents (Rattus rattus palelae Miller \& Hollister, R.argentiventer (Robinson \& Kloss), R.exulans (Peale) and Mus musculus castaneus Waterhouse) in Sulawesi Utara, with particular reference to the potential for these arthropods to bite and transmit pathogens to humans. The flea, Xenopsylla cheopis (Rothschild), was most common on R.r.palelae and is capable of transmitting plague and other pathogens to humans although no current foci for these diseases are known in Sulawesi. Hoplopleura pacifica Ewing and Polyplax spinulosa (Burmeister) sucking lice parasitized all three Rattus species although H.pacifica was mainly associated with R.exulans and P.spinulosa with R.r.palelae. These lice do not bite humans but may be intramurid vectors of murine typhus and other zoonoses. The mites Laelaps echidnina Berlese and L.nuttalli Hirst were both collected; the latter was recorded from all four murid species, mainly R.exulans. The mite Ornithonyssus bacoti Hirst was rare. Only one chigger mite, Walchiella oudemansi (Walch), was retrieved from murids (from R.exulans) and a single Leptotrombidium deliense (Walch) chigger was taken from a human subject. Although L.deliense is a significant vector of scrub typhus, a disease known from Sulawesi, the L.deliense-R.argentiventer relationship frequently noted in the ecology of this rickettsial disease, was not evident in this survey. Other ectoparasites collected from murids were the ticks, Ixodes granulatus Supino (first record for Sulawesi), Haemaphysalis sp. and Dermacentor sp., the mites Myocoptes musculinus (Koch) and Listrophoroids cucullatus (Trouessart), acarids and a uropodid. Additional ectoparasites noted on humans were the tick Amblyoma babirussae (Schulze), the scabies mite Sarcoptes scabiei L. and the head louse Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer.

}, keywords = {disease, ectoparasite, fleas, Indonesia, lice, mice, mites, muridae, rat, Scabies, sulawesi, ticks, transmission, vector}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/2627.pdf}, author = {Lance A. Durden and Page,B. F.} } @article {39704, title = {Abrocomaphthirus hoplai, a new genus and species of sucking louse from Chile and its relevance to zoogeography}, journal = {Medical and Veterinary Entomology}, volume = {13}, year = {1999}, month = {1999}, pages = {447 - 452}, abstract = {

Both sexes of Abrocomaphthirus hoplai, new genus and new species (Anoplura: Polyplacidae), are described and illustrated. The endemic Chilean chinchilla rat Abrocoma bennetti Waterhouse (Rodentia: Abrocomidae) is the type host. The definition of the family Polyplacidae is amended to accommodate the new genus. Polyplax longa (Werneck), also referred to in the literature as Neohaematopinus longus Werneck, is reassigned to Abrocomaphthirus. The host of A. longus comb.n., is Abrocoma cinerea Thomas, another chinchilla rat, which inhabits parts of Argentina, Bolivia, Chile and Peru. The erection of Abrocomaphthirus as a distinct genus has important zoogeographical and evolutionary implications. The tenuous anomaly of P. longa being the sole native representative of the genus Polyplax in South America, possibly with African affinities, is now refuted. Instead, partial colonization of the neotropics by native species of both Polyplax and Neohaematopinus appears to have been relatively recent and from North America. The phylogenetic affinities of Abrocomaphthirus are unknown, but it appears to be closely related to other, more ancient, native South American polyplacid louse genera, such as Cuyana, Eulinognathus, Galeophthirus, and Lagidiophthirus. Arguments are presented in support of an ancestral zoogeographical link to Africa for these louse genera.

}, url = {https://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/1299.pdf}, author = {Lance A. Durden and Webb,J. P.} } @article {38943, title = {The louse Trinoton anserinum (Amblycera, Phthiraptera), an intermediate host of Sarconema eurycerca (Filarioidea, Nematoda), a heartworm of swans}, journal = {Medical and Veterinary Entomology}, volume = {5}, year = {1991}, month = {1991}, pages = {101 - 110}, abstract = {

The role of the louse Trinoton anserinum (F) as an intermediate host of Sarconema eurycerca (Wehr) was investigated in swans. 8.3\% of healthy swans carried one to twelve lice per bird, dispersed contagiously. Injured and lead-poisoned swans were more heavily infected. The mouthparts appear designed to penetrate the hosts\&$\#$39; skin; the mandibles are robust and asymmetric, and the maxillae have a serrated intercutting surface. 22\% fed exclusively on blood and 33\% on both blood and feather. All life-cycle stages fed upon blood and the barbs and barbules from down feathers; hooklets from contour feathers were only found in adults. 9\% of lice were infected with developing nematode larvae in the head, thorax or abdomen. Lice labelled with Technetium 99 m moved towards the scapulas and the wings. Lice were found to be highly active and were mobile.

}, keywords = {anserinum, Filarial, host, Sarconema, Swans, Trinoton, vector}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/0303.pdf}, author = {Cohen,S. and Greenwood,M. T. and Fowler,James A.} }