@article {96505, title = {Parasitic findings on threatened pudu deer from Central Chile accounts first genetic characterization of lice parasitizing P. puda in Chile and the first molecular report of Taenia hydatigena metacestodes in this species}, journal = {Veterinary Quarterly}, volume = {44}, year = {2024}, month = {Jan-19-2024}, pages = {1-8}, type = {Open Access}, abstract = {

Southern pudu (Pudu puda) is a threatened endemic deer of the temperate forests of Chile. In recent years pudu populations rates have decreased mainly due to anthropogenic causes including forest loss and landscape fragmentation. In this context, the parasitic fauna of
Chilean pudu has been scarcely investigated. The aim of this study was to determine the parasitic status of rescued pudu n = 13 from its natural habitat in Central Chile (Maule region) during March 2022 and June 2023 by applying morphological, histopathological, and molecular analyses. As result, we report the presence of transmission of parasites from dogs to pudus as showed by the presence of metacestodes of the parasite Taenia hydatigena on omentum, liver, and pleura of pudus during postmortem examinations, being the first molecular report on the presence of this parasite on Chilean pudu. Meanwhile, ectoparasite examinations determined the presence of chewing and sucking lice on pudu exemplars here analysed. Molecular and phylogenetic analysis of lice revealed new insights on Bovicola and Anoplura lice parasitizing P. puda in Chile, equally being the first genetic characterization of lice parasitizing pudu
exemplars in Chile. In addition, parasite loads of lice and metacestodes were analysed. However, no statistically significance was observed when comparing environmental and individual traits influence on parasite load variation. Overall, the study area is the northern
limit of habitat distribution of this specie in Chile and we here provide novel information on pudu deer parasites, thus making a useful and valuable contribution to the parasitological knowledge on this threatened species.

}, keywords = {Chile, lice, louse, Southern pudu, Taenia hydatigena, Threatened species, wildlife conservation}, issn = {0165-2176, 1875-5941}, doi = {10.1080/01652176.2024.2302027}, url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01652176.2024.2302027}, author = {Tamara Mu{\~n}oz-Caro and Mar{\'\i}a Fernanda Gonz{\'a}lez and Rodrigo Villalobos and Alejandro Hidalgo} } @article {96452, title = {Tests on the efficacy of amitraz, ivermectin and eprinomectin for control of lice in goats}, journal = {Bulgarian Journal of Veterinary Medicine}, volume = {25}, year = {2022}, month = {Jan-01-2022}, pages = {492-499}, abstract = {

Ectoparasitic infestations with Linognathus stenopsis and Bovicola caprae are a serious concern in goat farms, especially during the winter and spring. This study tested the efficacy of three modern insecticide drugs (ivermectin, eprinomectin and amitraz) applied via different routes for control of sucking and chewing lice in naturally co-infected goats. Each of drugs was tested on 30 goats. The animals from the first flock were treated with a single dose of ivermectin, applied subcutaneously at 0.2 mg/kg, the second one received a single spot on treatment with 1 mg/kg еprinomectin and the third flock was treated twice with amitraz, through spraying at a dose of 4 mL/1 L water. The results were evaluated before the treatments and at post treatment days 3, 14 and 60. On post treatment day 60, the application of ivermectin resulted in reduction of Bovicola caprae population by 73.05\%, and for that of Linognathus stenopsis: by 92.70\%. Eprinomectin demonstrated 100\% reduction of both lice. The reduction of L. stenopsis and B. caprae caused by amitraz was by 92.20\% and by 98.61\% respectively. The macrocyclic lactone eprinomectin showed the highest efficacy (Р\<0.05), was not toxic for goats and therefore, may be used as a treatment of choice for lice control.

}, keywords = {amitraz, eprinomectin, goat, Ivermectin, louse}, issn = {1313-3543, 1311-1477}, doi = {10.15547/bjvm.2358}, url = {http://tru.uni-sz.bg/bjvm/BJVM-September\%202022\%20p.492-499.pdf}, author = {Prelezov,Petyo Nedelchev and Nikola S. Nizamov and P. Veleva} } @article {96343, title = {Molecular detection of hemotropic Mycoplasma and Bartonella species in lice from sheep and goats of Mexico}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports}, volume = {44}, year = {2023}, month = {Sep-01-2023}, pages = {8 pp}, abstract = {

he knowledge of lice associated with small ruminants, especially sheep and goats, is scarce. In Mexico, there are historical reports of six species of chewing and sucking lice associated with Capra hircus and Ovis canadensis. However, the reports did not analyze the ecology of the infestations or the presence of potentially pathogenic bacteria. For this reason, the objectives of this study were i) to identify the species of lice associated with sheep and goats in three states of the Mexican Republic, ii) to characterize the infestations, and iii) to identify the presence of bacterial pathogens. From October 2019 to August 2021, six ranches with sheep and goats were sampled in the states of Hidalgo and Veracruz. Hosts were visually inspected, and lice were retrieved with forceps. The specimens were sexed and identified using morphological taxonomic keys. DNA extraction was performed individually, and a fragment of the cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 gene (COI) was amplified for the molecular identification of the specimens. Subsequently, Anaplasma, Bartonella, Ehrlichia, Mycoplasma, and Rickettsia were molecularly detected. Additionally, the infestations were characterized by calculating the prevalence and mean abundances. We collected 563 specimens of three species, Bovicola caprae, Bovicola ovis, and Linognathus africanus. The highest infestation levels were recorded for B. ovis (66.7\%; 4.4) from Veracruz. Additionally, two Bartonella species were detected: Bartonella mellophagi in B. ovis and Bartonella capreoli in L. africanus. In contrast, Mycoplasma ovis was detected exclusively in one pool of B. ovis. This study provides new bacterial-ectoparasite associations and highlights the possible role of these neglected ectoparasites as vectors in the populations of sheep and goats from Mexico.

}, keywords = {Ecological characterization, ectoparasites, Hemoparasites, small ruminants, Veterinary parasitology}, issn = {2405-9390}, doi = {10.1016/j.vprsr.2023.100921}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2405939023000916}, author = {Gerardo G. Ballados-Gonz{\'a}lez and Jos{\'e} M. Mart{\'\i}nez-Hern{\'a}ndez and Perla B. Mart{\'\i}nez-Rodr{\'\i}guez and Jannete Gamboa-Prieto and Sa{\'u}l Gonz{\'a}lez-Guzm{\'a}n and Vladimir Paredes-Cervantes and Estefania Grostieta and Ingeborg Becker and Mariel Aguilar-Dom{\'\i}nguez and Rafael F. C. Vieira and Anabel Cruz-Romero and S{\'a}nchez-Montes, Sokani} } @article {96154, title = {Clay Nanotube Immobilization on Animal Hair for Sustained Anti-Lice Protection}, journal = {Pharmaceutics}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {Sep-15-2021}, pages = {1477}, abstract = {

Topical administration of drugs is required for the treatment of parasitic diseases and insect infestations; therefore, fabrication of nanoscale drug carriers for effective insecticide topical delivery is needed. Here we report the enhanced immobilization of halloysite tubule nanoclay onto semiaquatic capybaras which have hydrophobic hair surfaces as compared to their close relatives, land-dwelling guinea pigs, and other agricultural livestock. The hair surface of mammals varies in hydrophobicity having a cortex surrounded by cuticles. Spontaneous 1\–2 \µm thick halloysite hair coverages on the semi-aquatic rodent capybara, non-aquatic rodent guinea pig, and farm goats were compared. The best coating was found for capybara due to the elevated 5 wt\% wax content. As a result, we suggest hair pretreatment with diluted wax for enhanced nanoclay adsorption. The formation of a stable goat hair coverage with a 2\–3 \µm halloysite layer loaded with permethrin insecticide allowed for long-lasting anti-parasitic protection, enduring multiple rain wettings and washings. We expect that our technology will find applications in animal parasitosis protection and may be extended to prolonged human anti-lice treatment.

}, issn = {1999-4923}, doi = {10.3390/pharmaceutics13091477}, url = {https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/13/9/1477}, author = {Naureen Rahman and Faith Hannah Scott and Yuri Lvov and Anna Stavitskaya and Farida Akhatova and Svetlana Konnova and Gӧlnur Fakhrullina and Rawil Fakhrullin} } @article {96095, title = {An annotated checklist of the chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera, Amblycera, Rhynchophthirina) from domestic and wild mammals in Malaysia}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {5263}, year = {2023}, month = {Apr-04-2023}, pages = {40-60}, abstract = {

Literature records of chewing lice (Phthiraptera) from mammals in Malaysia were checked and reviewed, resulting in a list of 13 confirmed species belonging to eight genera (Bovicola, Felicola, Gliricola, Gyropus, Haematomyzus, Heterodoxus, Lorisicola, Trichodectes) from four families (Boopiidae, Gyropidae, Haematomyzidae, Trichodectidae) in three suborders (Amblycera, Ischnocera, Rhynchophthirina). We present a checklist of those 13 chewing lice recorded from Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo, including hosts, localities, and literature references. An additional 12 species are listed and discussed as possibly occurring in this country. A host-louse list is also given. \ 

}, keywords = {checklist, Chewing lice, localities, Malaysia, mammal hosts, references}, issn = {1175-5334, 1175-5326}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.5263.1.2}, url = {https://www.biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.5263.1.2}, author = {Abdul-Rahman Kazim and Jamal Houssaini and Dennis Tappe and Chong-Chin Heo} } @inbook {96062, title = {Phthiraptera}, booktitle = {Princ{\'\i}pios B{\'a}sicos de Entomologia M{\'e}dica}, year = {2021}, pages = {500-563}, publisher = {Caule de Papiro}, organization = {Caule de Papiro}, edition = {I}, chapter = {13}, address = {Natal}, abstract = {

The chapter cover most of the aspects of the life cycle, morphology, diversity, and collection methods of the louse species with medical interest. We also provide a list and a pictorial key of the common species found on animals with medical-veterinary interests. Unfortunately, at some point in the editorial process, the tables and scientific names got unformatted. The book is in Portuguese.

}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349900046_Phthiraptera}, author = {Kamila M. D. Kuabara and Michel Paiva Valim}, editor = {de Almeida_Andrade, Herbet Tadeu and Serpa-Filho,A.} } @article {96009, title = {НОВЫЕ ДАННЫЕ О ФАУНЕ ПУХОЕДОВ (MALLOPHAGA) В ВОРОНЕЖСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ}, journal = {Bulletin of Tver State University Series: Biology and Ecology}, volume = {61}, year = {2021}, pages = {53 - 60}, abstract = {

Paper in Russian

На основании инвентаризации материала, собранного в 1990-2020 гг., список пухоедов Воронежской области\  пополнен 15 новыми для региона видами. Впервые указываются 10 видов пухоедов-паразитов птиц: Amyrsidea megalosoma (Overgaard, 1943), Eomenacanthas stramineus Nitzsch, 1818, Dennyus hirundinis (L., 1761), Menopon gallinae
L., 1758, Goniodes truncatus Giebel, 1861, Goniodes piageti Johnston, Harrison, 1912, Goniocotes gallinae De Geer, 1778, Anatoecus dentatus (Scopoli, 1763), Anaticola crassicornis crassicornis (Scopoli, 1763), Columbicola columbae Ewing, 1929, и 5 видов пухоедов-паразитов млекопитающих: Trichodectes canis De Geer, 1778, Felicola subrostratus (Nitzsch, 1838), Bovicola bovis (Linnaeus, 1758), Bovicola caprae (Gurlt, 1798) и Bovicola longicornis L., 1758. На сегодняшний день фауна пухоедов Воронежской области и Центрального Черноземного региона содержит 41 вид Mallophaga.
Ключевые слова: пухоеды, Воронежская область, Mallophaga.

English translated title: New data on the fauna of the Mallophaga in the Voronezh Region

Abstract: Based on the inventory of the material collected in 1990-2020, the list of chewing lice in the Voronezh region was expanded with 15 new species for the region. For the first time, 10 species of parasitic chewing lice are reported: Amyrsidea megalosoma (Overgaard, 1943), Eomenacanthas stramineus Nitzsch, 1818, Dennyus hirundinis (L., 1761), Menopon gallinae
L., 1758, Goniodes truncatus Giebeldes, 1861, Gontiio , 1912, Goniocotes gallinae De Geer, 1778, Anatoecus dentatus (Scopoli, 1763), Anaticola crassicornis crassicornis (Scopoli, 1763), Columbicola columbae Ewing, 1929, and 5 species of down-eating parasites of mammals: Trichodectes canis Ferstus Geerstus (Nitzsch, 1838), Bovicola bovis (Linnaeus, 1758),
Bovicola caprae (Gurlt, 1798) and Bovicola longicornis L., 1758. Today, thus, the fauna of the chewing lice of the Voronezh Region and the Central Black Earth Region contains 41 species of Mallophaga

}, keywords = {Chewing lice, Mallophaga, Voronezh Region}, url = {http://eprints.tversu.ru/10432/1/\%D0\%91\%D0\%B8\%D0\%BE\%D0\%BB\%D0\%BE\%D0\%B3\%D0\%B8\%D1\%8F\%20\%E2\%84\%961-53-60.pdf}, author = {S.P. Gaponov} } @article {95942, title = {Identification of Lice Stored in Alcohol Using MALDI-TOF MS}, journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology}, volume = {58}, year = {2020}, month = {Dec-21-2020}, pages = {1126-1133}, abstract = {

Lice pose major public and veterinary health problems with economic consequences. Their identification is essential and requires the development of an innovative strategy. MALDI-TOF MS has recently been proposed as a quick, inexpensive, and accurate tool for the identification of arthropods. Alcohol is one of the most frequently used storage methods and makes it possible to store samples for long periods at room temperature. Several recent studies have reported that alcohol alters protein profiles resulting from MS analysis. After preliminary studies on frozen lice, the purpose of this research was to evaluate the influence of alcohol preservation on the accuracy of lice identification by MALDI-TOF MS. To this end, lice stored in alcohol for variable periods were submitted for MS analysis and sample preparation protocols were optimized. The reproducibility and specificity of the MS spectra obtained on both these arthropod families allowed us to implement the reference MS spectra database (DB) with protein profiles of seven lice species stored in alcohol. Blind tests revealed a correct identification of 93.9\% of Pediculus humanus corporis (Linnaeus, 1758) and 98.4\% of the other lice species collected in the field. This study demonstrated that MALDI-TOF MS could be successfully used for the identification of lice stored in alcohol for different lengths of time.

R\ésum\é

Les poux posent des probl\èmes majeurs de sant\é publique et v\ét\érinaire, avec des cons\équences \économiques. Leur identification est essentielle et n\écessite le d\éveloppement d\’une strat\égie innovante. Le MALDI-TOF MS a r\écemment \ét\é propos\é comme un outil rapide, peu co\ûteux et pr\écis pour l\’identification des arthropodes. L\’alcool est l\’une des m\éthodes de stockage les plus fr\équemment utilis\ées et permet de conserver les \échantillons pendant de longues p\ériodes \à temp\érature ambiante. Plusieurs \études r\écentes ont rapport\é que l\’alcool modifie les profils prot\éiques r\ésultant de l\’analyse de la SEP. Apr\ès des \études pr\éliminaires sur les poux congel\és, le but de cette recherche \était d\’\évaluer l\’influence de la conservation de l\’alcool sur la pr\écision de l\’identification des poux par la SEP MALDI-TOF. \À cette fin, des poux conserv\és dans l\’alcool pendant des p\ériodes variables ont \ét\é soumis \à l\’analyse de la SEP et les protocoles de pr\éparation des \échantillons ont \ét\é optimis\és. La reproductibilit\é et la sp\écificit\é des spectres de MS obtenus sur ces arthropodes nous ont permis de mettre en \œuvre la base de donn\ées des spectres de MS de r\éf\érence (DB) avec les profils prot\éiques de sept esp\èces de poux stock\és dans l\’alcool. Des tests en aveugle ont r\év\él\é une identification correcte de 93,9\% de Pediculus humanus corporis (Linnaeus, 1758) et de 98,4\% des autres esp\èces de poux collect\ées sur le terrain. Cette \étude a d\émontr\é que le MALDI-TOF MS pouvait \être utilis\é avec succ\ès pour l\’identification des poux stock\és dans l\’alcool pendant diff\érentes dur\ées.

Attached pdf file is preprint copy

}, keywords = {identification, lice, MALDI-TOF MS, storage method}, issn = {0022-2585, 1938-2928}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjaa266}, url = {https://academic.oup.com/jme/article-abstract/58/3/1126/6042599}, author = {Hanene Benyahia and Basma Ouarti and Adama Zan Diarra and Mehdi Boucheikhchoukh and Mohamed Nadir Meguini and Makhlouf Behidji and Ahmed Benakhla and Parola,Phillipe and Lionel Almeras} } @article {95736, title = {Taxonomic and faunistic study of chewing lice from European bison and other ungulate mammals in Poland}, journal = {European Bison Conservation Newsletter}, volume = {4}, year = {2011}, pages = {81{\textendash}88}, abstract = {

Specific chewing lice from European bison and some selected species of common European ungulate mammals \– cattle, horses, goats, roe deer, red deer, were examined. The faunistic research was on four species of chewing lice, including Bisonicola sedecimdecembrii from European bison (prevalence \– 46\%, mean intensity \– 11 specimens), Bovicola bovis from cattle (29\%, 5), Bovicola caprae from goat (17\%, 75), Werneckiella equi from horse (4\%, 76). Chewing lice from the examined animal species showed topographic specificity on their hosts and preferred the body sides (in European bison) or the neck and back area (in the other hosts). Individual species were characterized by distinct seasonal dynamics, and the greatest intensity of infestation was usually observed in winter. The morphological studies included seven species of chewing lice: Bisonicola sedecimdecembrii, Bovicola bovis, B. caprae, B. longicornis, Damalinia meyeri, D. ovis, Werneckiella equi . Chewing lice of ungulate mammals have considerable morphological similarity, however, the range of variation of morphometric traits and differences in body proportions are significant.

}, keywords = {Chewing lice, Damalinia ovis, mallophagosis, Ungulates}, url = {https://www.smz.waw.pl/wydawnictwa/biuletyn4/zu10.pdf}, author = {Izdebska,J. N. and S{\l}awomira Fryderyk} } @article {95728, title = {Study on the prevalence of ectoparasite infestation of ruminanats in and around Kombolcha and damage to fresh goat pelts and wet blue (pickled) skin at Kombolch Tannary, Northestern Ethiopia}, journal = {Ethiopian Veterinary Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2011}, month = {Jul-06-2011}, pages = {87-101}, abstract = {

An attempt was made to study the prevalence of ectoparasite damage on live cattle, sheep and goats in and around Kombolcha town and on raw goat skin to assess their skin defect on processed wet-blue (pickled) skins at Kombolcha tannery, south wollo zone, North-Eastern Ethiopia. A total of 240 cattle, 175 sheep, 66 goats, were used to study the prevalence of ectoprasites on live animals as well as 344 fresh goat pelts and pickled (wet-blue) goat skins were used to assess skin defects. The result obtained from live cattle demonstrated a high prevalence of Amblyomma (28.33\%) followed by Sarcoptes scabiei (23.75\%), Boophilus (11.25\%) Demodex (9.58\%), Psoroptes (0.4 \%), respevtively. The prevalence of ectoprasite infestation of live sheep revealed Mellophagus ovinus (sheep ked) (32.57\%), Bovicola ovis (22.28\%), Amblyomma spp (12.57\%), Sarcoptes scabiei (14.28 \%), Ctenocephaliedes spp (8.57\%), Demodex (6.85\%),\  Linognathus africanus (6.28\%) and Boophilus spp (4\%). The result from goats demonstrates a high prevalence of Sarcoptes scabiei (30.3\%) followed by Linognathus stenopsis (9.09\%), Amblyomma (4.54\%), Ctenocephalides spp (3.03\%), Bovicola caprea (1.51\%) and Demodex (1.51\%) in that order. Result obtained from fresh goats pelts revealed an over all high prevalence of Sacoptes scabie (53.29\%) followed by Linognathus stenopsis (9.88\%), Bovicola caprae (2.08\%) and Demodex (2.08\%). Examination of pickled (wet-blue) skins from follow-up skins show a high prevalence of scratch (74.25\%) followed by \“Ekek\” (68.56\%), scar (67.06\%), processing defect (28.44\%). \“Ekek\” (Typical scatter type cockle) was found to show a significant (P\<0.5) association with Sarcoptes scabiei, Linoganthus stenopsis, scratch and diseases scars, indicating the likely multifactor causes and one major skin problems in the study area

}, keywords = {cattle, ectoparasite, goat, Goat pelts, Kombolch, Prevalence, sheep}, issn = {2221-5034, 1683-6324}, doi = {10.4314/evj.v15i2.67697}, url = {https://www.ajol.info/index.php/evj/article/view/67697}, author = {Abebayehu Tadesse and Endris Fentaw and Berhanu Mekbib and Rahmeto Abebe and Solomon Mekuria and Endrias Zewdu} } @article {95715, title = {Lice and fleas of animals in Malaysia}, journal = {Kajian Veterinary}, volume = {2}, year = {1969}, month = {April 1969}, pages = {37}, type = {Letters to the Editor}, keywords = {Damalinia caprae, Damalinia limbata, Goniocotes gigas}, url = {https://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/95715.pdf}, author = {Ahmad Mustaffa-Babjee} } @article {95704, title = {Detection on ectoparasites on small ruminants and their impact on the tanning industry in Sulaimani province}, journal = {Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences}, volume = {33}, year = {2019}, month = {Sep-01-2019}, pages = {303-309}, abstract = {

The study was carried out through the clinical examination on the skins of sheep and goats to identify the quality and processed in the tanneries. Parasitic skin diseases caused by ectoparasites such as mange mites, lice, and ticks are among these threats resulting in a serious economic loss to the tanning industry and the country as a whole. Out of 38066 sheep and 9889 goats examined in Sulaimani slaughterhouse in spring season 2017, shows statistically significant P\<0.05 between sheep and goats prevalence; 9.35\% and 7.43\% respectively with one or more ectoparasites. Three different of ectoparasites were infested in both sheep and goats namely; hard tick, lice and mite. Five species of hard tick (Ixodidae) were identified in sheep and goats as follows; Boophilus spp 3.68\% and 14.16\%, Rhipicephalus sanguineous 12.47\% and 28.63\%, Rhipicephalus turanicus 7.50\% and 15.96\%, Hyalomma a. anatolicum 11.90\% and 31.30\%, Hyalomma marginatum 9.26\% and 9.95\%) respectively. Two species of lice were identified in sheep namely, Damalinia ovis 17.74\% and Linognathus stenopsis 13.63\%, and D. caprae 10.97\% and L. stenopsis 6.22\% on goats. Highly infested were identified with mite on sheep include Psarcoptic scabiei 13.83\% and Psoroptic ovies 9.98\%, while only one species founded in this study in goats namely, Psarcoptic scabiei 22.79\%. The overall number of skins refused to tanning industry 164 (4.61\%) in sheep and 116 (15.78\%) in goat. The difference in the prevalence of skin disease infestation between refused skin in both sheep and goats were statistically significant in ruminants (P\<0.05). This paper deals with major skin defects in occurrence by ectoparasites sheep and goats in Sulaimani province.

}, keywords = {ectoparasites, Sheep and Goat skin, Sulaimani Slaughterhouse}, issn = {2071-1255}, doi = {10.33899/ijvs.2019.162995}, url = {https://vetmedmosul.com/article_162995.html}, author = {Bahzad Mustafa} } @article {95703, title = {Options for the control of parasites in the Australian Goat Industry- A situational analysis of parasites and parasite control}, year = {2007}, month = {08/2007}, pages = {107 pp}, institution = {Meat \& Livestock Australia}, type = {Final report MLA project B.GOA.0014}, address = {North Sydney, NSW, Australia}, abstract = {

Objectives of this review were to: (i) provide an assessment of key parasites, their impact in the Australian goat industry and current control practices; (ii) develop guidelines to maximise and preserve the efficacy of currently registered products; (iii) identify currently unavailable parasiticides that would be beneficial to the goat industry and define the processes required to make them legally available and, (iv) identify alternative non-chemical measures that could be used to reduce reliance on chemical parasiticides. A survey addressing the extent of problems from endo and ectoparasites, and control practices was circulated to 1500 producers. Useable responses were returned from 195. Gastrointestinal parasites were always or mostly a problem on 26\% of properties and sometimes a problem on 59\% whereas lice were always or mostly a problem for 9\% of respondents and sometimes a problem for 53\%. Coccidiosis was sometimes a problem for 31\% of respondents. Eighty-eight percent of respondents used drenches to control worms, whereas 56\% treated for lice and 28\% percent treated for coccidiosis. The limited availability of effective goat parasiticides meant that products registered for control of similar parasites in other livestock species were often used. A range of non chemical parasite management techniques were also employed.

}, isbn = {9781741912166}, issn = {B.GOA.0014}, url = {https://www.academia.edu/26168219/Project_code_B_GOA_0014_Options_for_the_control_of_parasites_in_the_Australian_Goat_Industry_A_situational_analysis_of_parasites_and_parasite_control_Options_for_the_control_of_parasites_in_the_Australian_Goat_Industry?em}, author = {Maxine Lyndal-Murphy and Peter J. James and Pamela Bowles and Richard Watts and Sandra Baxendell}, editor = {Department of Primary Industries \& Fisheries Queensland} } @article {95508, title = {Presence of Two Lice Species (Insecta: Phthiraptera) in a Goat (Capra hircus) from La Comarca Lagunera, Mexico: A Case Report}, journal = {International Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology}, volume = {7}, year = {2020}, month = {Sep-2020}, pages = {152-155}, abstract = {

Phthirapteriasis or pediculosis is the name given to the lice infestation, that causes skin allergy, anemia, and transmission of pathogens. This case report describes the presence of two lice species in a goat from la Comarca Lagunera in Coahuila. The collected specimens were identified as Bovicola caprae and Linognathus africanus. This document represents the first report of these lice species parasiting goats in the southeasthern part of Coahuila, Mexico. Further research are required including a greater number of animals and farms in order to stablish the prevalence of these ectoparasites, establish control measures, as well as to determine its role in the posible transmission of diseases of public and veterinary health concern.

}, keywords = {goats, lice, mexico}, issn = {2349-8889}, doi = {10.31033/ijrasb.7.5.22}, url = {https://www.ijrasb.com/ojs/index.php/ojs-ijrasb/article/view/120}, author = {Vicente Homero Gonzalez-Alvarez} } @article {95443, title = {Influence of weather patterns and air quality on ecological population dynamics of ectoparasites in goats}, journal = {International Journal of Biometeorology}, volume = {64}, year = {2020}, month = {Jun-2020}, pages = {1731-1742}, abstract = {

Ectoparasitism has a damaging impact on the economy of goat production in India, but the factors influencing its distribution and dynamics are less explored. The present study was designed to investigate the influence of environmental factors like weather and air quality parameters on the occurrence of different types of ectoparasites in goats of two agro-climatic regions of India, viz. the Upper Gangetic Plain (UGP) and the Western Himalayas (WH). The prevalence survey for ectoparasitism among goats was conducted during the four distinct climatic seasons (winter, summer, monsoon, autumn) in both regions. The season-wise data of weather parameters (maximum and minimum temperature, relative humidity in morning and evening, sunrise and sunset time, mean daily temperature and relative humidity, daily variation in temperature and relative humidity, and day length) and air quality parameters (air quality index (AQI), particulate matter 2.5 \μm (PM2.5), particulate matter 10 \μm (PM10)) of both regions were analyzed in relation with the ectoparasitic prevalence pattern of corresponding regions. The results depict a noticeable correlation between the studied parameters and seasonal variation in the occurrence of each type of ectoparasites. This outcome on the interaction of studied parameters and ectoparasitism is intriguing and it opens a huge scope for future studies on the biometeorological aspects of host-parasite ecological interplay and evolutionary biology. The better understanding of climatological aspects of ectoparasite occurrences helps goat farmers in formulating appropriate timely intervention strategies for the economic control of ectoparasites, which in turn tackles ectoparasiticidal drug resistance and reduces threat of vector-borne diseases.

}, keywords = {animals, Climate change, ecology, Ectoparasitism, epidemiology, Pollution, Season-wise}, issn = {0020-7128, 1432-1254}, doi = {10.1007/s00484-020-01952-7}, url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00484-020-01952-7}, author = {Y. Ajith and Umesh Dimri and Elayaraman Madhesh and Arumugam Gopalakrishnan and Med Ram Verma and Samad, H. A. and K. K. Reena and Alok Kumar Chaudhary and Gopinath Devi and Jose Bosco} } @article {95209, title = {Ectoparasites of endemic and domestic animals in southwest Madagascar}, journal = {Acta Tropica}, volume = {196}, year = {2019}, month = {08-2019}, pages = {83 - 92}, abstract = {

Human encroachment of natural habitats bears the threat of disease transmission between native and introduced species that had not come into contact before, thus promoting the spread of new diseases in both directions. This is a matter of concern especially in areas where human-wildlife contact has not been intense in the recent past. In southwest Madagascar, we collected ectoparasites from various mammalian hosts and chicken, and examined their host preferences and their prevalence in relation to season and habitat degradation. Field-work took place in the northern portion of Tsimanampetsotsa National Park and the adjacent coastal strip (littoral) in the dry and in the rainy season of 2016/2017. Endemic mammals were trapped with live traps placed in habitats of different degrees of degradation: 1) relatively pristine forest, 2) degraded forest, 3) cultivated and shrub land. Rats and mice were also trapped in 4) villages. We identified 17 species of ectoparasites (296 individuals of ticks [5 species], 535 lice [7 spp.], 389 fleas [4 spp.] and 13 mites [1 sp.]) collected from 15 host species. There was no indication for seasonal or habitat effects on parasite infection. A large portion of the parasites was host-specific. Some ectoparasite species were shared either by several endemic or by several introduced species, but apart from the introduced flea species Echidnophaga gallinacea (collected from six different hosts including the endemic carnivore Galidictis grandidieri) no other ectoparasite species was shared between endemic and introduced host species.

}, keywords = {ectoparasites, Habitat disturbance, Lemurs, Livestock, Madagascar, Microcebus, Small mammals.}, issn = {0001706X}, doi = {10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.05.008}, url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0001706X19301731}, author = {Julian Ehlers and Sven Poppert and Rakotomalala Yedidya Ratovonamana and J{\"o}rg Ulrich Ganzhorn and Dennis Tappe and Andreas Kr{\"u}ger} } @article {95145, title = {A field study on the efficacy of ivermectin via subcutaneous route against chewing lice (Bovicola caprae) infestation in naturally infested goats}, journal = {Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research}, volume = {86}, year = {2019}, month = {01-2019}, pages = {5pp}, type = {Open Access}, abstract = {

Caprine pediculosis is an ectoparasitic disease of great concern among goat farmers in India. It may be caused by either sucking lice or chewing lice; the latter one results in severe skin lesions, leading to production loss. This study evaluated the effectiveness of the macrocytic lactone drug, ivermectin, administered via subcutaneous injection, against chewing lice Bovicola (Damalinia) caprae infestation in naturally infested goats. The study was conducted on 20 goats with severe B. caprae infestation. Animals of group A (n = 10) were treated using a single dose of ivermectin (200 \µg/kg body weight) subcutaneously and animals of group B (n = 10) underwent placebo therapy using normal saline. The animals were examined on days 0, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 42 and 56 for lice counts. There was 100\% elimination of lice in all animals of group A and effective protection from re-infection remained at least for 21 days. Considerable improvement in haematological parameters was also observed by day 21. Based on this study, ivermectin injected via a subcutaneous route can be used effectively for the therapeutic and prophylactic management of chewing lice infestation in goats maintained under an extensive grazing system.

}, keywords = {caprine, Chewing lice, Ivermectin, Pediculosis, subcutaneous route}, issn = {0030-2465}, doi = {10.4102/ojvr.v86i1.1635}, url = {http://www.ojvr.org/index.php/OJVR/article/view/1635}, author = {Y. Ajith and Umesh Dimri and Arumugam Gopalakrishnan and Gopinath Devi} } @article {95091, title = {Development of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry for the identification of lice isolated from farm animals}, journal = {Parasite}, volume = {27}, year = {2020}, month = {04-2020}, pages = {14 pp}, type = {Open Access}, abstract = {

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) is now routinely used for the rapid identification of microorganisms isolated from clinical samples and has been recently successfully applied to the identification of arthropods. In the present study, this proteomics tool was used to identify lice collected from livestock and poultry in Algeria. The MALDI-TOF MS spectra of 408 adult specimens were measured for 14 species, including Bovicola bovis, B. ovis, B. caprae, Haematopinus eurysternus, Linognathus africanus, L. vituli, Solenopotes capillatus, Menacanthus stramineus, Menopon gallinae, Chelopistes meleagridis, Goniocotes gallinae, Goniodes gigas, Lipeurus caponis and laboratory reared Pediculus humanus corporis. Good quality spectra were obtained for 305 samples. Spectral analysis revealed intra-species reproducibility and inter-species specificity that were consistent with the morphological classification. A blind test of 248 specimens was performed against the in-lab database upgraded with new spectra and validated using molecular tools. With identification percentages ranging from 76\% to 100\% alongside high identification scores (mean\ =\ 2.115), this study proposes MALDI-TOF MS as an effective tool for discriminating lice species.

French title: D\éveloppement de la spectrom\étrie de masse MALDI-TOF MS pour l\’identification de poux isol\és d\’animaux de ferme

R\ésum\é

La Spectrom\étrie de Masse \à Temps de Vol par D\ésorption/Ionisation Laser Assist\ée apr\ès Matrice est maintenant utilis\ée pour l\’identification rapide des microorganismes isol\és \à partir d\’\échantillons cliniques et a r\écemment \ét\é appliqu\ée avec succ\ès pour l\’identification des arthropodes. Dans cette \étude, cet outil prot\éomique a \ét\é utilis\é pour identifier les poux pr\élev\és sur le b\étail et la volaille en Alg\érie. Les spectres MALDI-TOF MS de 408 sp\écimens adultes ont \ét\é mesur\és pour 14 esp\èces, dont Bovicola bovis, B. ovis, B. caprae, Haematopinus eurysternus, Linognathus africanus, L. vituli, Solenopotes capillatus, Menacanthus stramineus, Menopon gallinae, Chelopistes meleagridis, Goniocotes gallinae, Goniodes gigas, Lipeurus caponis et Pediculus humanus corporis \élev\é en laboratoire. Des spectres de bonne qualit\é ont \ét\é obtenus pour 305 \échantillons. L\’analyse spectrale a r\év\él\é une reproductibilit\é intra-esp\èce et une sp\écificit\é inter-esp\èces qui concordaient avec la classification morphologique. Un test \à l\’aveugle de 248 \échantillons a \ét\é effectu\é par rapport \à la base de donn\ées de notre laboratoire mise \à niveau avec de nouveaux spectres et valid\ée \à l\’aide d\’outils mol\éculaires. Avec des pourcentages d\’identification allant de 76 \à 100\ \% et des scores d\’identification \élev\és (moyenne\ : 2,115), cette \étude propose MALDI-TOF MS comme un outil efficace pour distinguer les esp\èces de poux.

}, keywords = {lice, MALDI-TOF MS, Mallophaga}, doi = {10.1051/parasite/2020026}, url = {https://www.parasite-journal.org/10.1051/parasite/2020026}, author = {Basma Ouarti and Maureen Laroche and Souad Righi and Mohamed Nadir Meguini and Ahmed Benakhla and Didier Raoult and Parola,Phillipe} } @article {95010, title = {Prevalence of Ectoparasitism on Small Ruminants in Kelantan, Malaysia}, journal = {Tropical Life Sciences Research}, volume = {31}, year = {2020}, month = {04-2020}, pages = {45 - 56}, abstract = {

Kelantan is a chiefly agrarian state with abundant small-holder ruminant farms in the East Coast economic Region of Malaysia. Ectoparasitism affects small ruminant production in Malaysia. It often causes reduction in meat quality and milk production which affect the farmers\’ income. To date, no report for the prevalence of ectoparasitism on small ruminant in Kelantan compared to other state in Malaysia. This study aims to determine the prevalence and associated risk factor of ruminant ectoparasitism in Kelantan. Ectoparasites were collected by manual picking and skin scrapping from 462 sheep and goats in Kelantan between April and September 2017 (during dry season). 60\% of the sampled animals were infested with at least one species of the ectoparasites. In this study, lice and ticks were the most prevalent ectoparasites on small ruminant, which were 43.64\% and 22.98\%, respectively. The high biotic potential of lice population on host might be one of the factors they become the most prevalent species found on the animals. There was no significant relationship between ectoparasitism prevalence and species of small ruminants (2 = 1.12, p = 0.293). However, there was significant variations in prevalence between the regions where the animals were sampled from (2 = 30.25, p = 0.002) and farm management system for both species. This present study provides baseline epidemiological data on the prevalence of ectoparasitism in small ruminant. This information is useful for the formulation of prevention and control measures in order to enhance ruminant productivity in Kelantan.

Abstrak: Kelantan adalah negeri agraria di kawasan ekonomi Pantai Timur Malaysia dengan kebanyakan penternak mempunyai ladang ruminan yang kecil. Ektoparasit menjejaskan pengeluaran ruminan kecil di Malaysia. Ia menyebabkan penghasilan kualiti daging yang rendah dan kurang penghasilan susu yang menjejaskan sumber pendapatan penternak. Buat masa ini, tiada laporan mengenai prevalens ektoparasitisme pada ruminan kecil di Kelantan jika dibandingkan dengan negeri-negeri lain di Malaysia. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk\  menentukan\  prevalens\  dan\  kaitan\  faktor\  risiko\  ektoparasitisme\  pada\  ruminan\  di\  Kelantan.\  Ektoparasit\  dikutip\  secara\  manual\  dan\  kikisan\  kulit\  daripada\  462\  ekor\  biri-biri\  dan kambing di Kelantan diambil di antara bulan April dan September (sepanjang musim kering). Sebanyak 60\% daripada haiwan persampelan dijangkiti oleh sekurang-kurangnya satu spesis ektoparasit. Kutu dan sengkenit adalah ektoparasit yang paling prevalens pada ruminan kecil dalam kajian ini dengan sebanyak 43.64\% dan 22.98\% haiwan dijangkiti olehnya.\  Keupayaan\  biotik\  tinggi\  yang\  dimiliki\  oleh\  kutu\  adalah\  antara\  salah\  satu\  faktor\  yang menjadikan ia sebagai ektoparasit yang paling prevalens pada ruminan kecil. Tiada hubungan yang signifikan di antara prevalens ektoparasitisme dan spesies ruminan kecil (\χ2 = 1.12, p = 0.293). Walau bagaimanapun, terdapat variasi signifikan di antara kawasan di mana sampel diambil (\χ2 = 30.25, p = 0.002) dan sistem pengurusan ladang untuk kedua-dua\  spesies.\  Tambahan\  pula,\  pinjal\  dan\  tungau\  adalah\  kurang\  prevalens\  pada\  ruminan\  kecil\  di\  Kelantan.\  Hasil\  kajian\  ini\  memberikan\  dasar\  data\  epidemiologi\  pada\  prevalens\  ektoparasitisme\  pada\  ruminan\  kecil.\  Maklumat\  ini\  juga\  penting\  sebagai\  pencegahan\  dan\  kawalan dalam meningkatkan produktiviti ruminan di Kelantan.

Kata Kunci: Biri-biri, Ektoparasit, Kambing, Kutu, Prevalens, Sengken

}, keywords = {ectoparasites, goats, lice, Prevalence, sheep, Tick}, issn = {19853718}, doi = {10.21315/tlsr2020.31.1.3}, url = {http://www.tlsr.usm.my/tlsr31012020/31012020_03.pdf}, author = {Vivi Susantie Syamsul and Ibrahim Abdul-Azeez Okene and Siti Nor Che_Yahya and Ruhil Hayati Hamdan and Seng-Hua Lee and Li-Peng Tan} } @article {94868, title = {Checklist of ectoparasites of Canidae and Felidae in M{\'e}xico}, journal = {Therya}, volume = {10}, year = {2019}, month = {2019}, pages = {109 - 119}, abstract = {

We report an updated checklist of ectoparasites associated with canid and felid species in Mexico. We provide taxonomic authority, specific host associations, collection localities with appropriate citations from the literature, and museum collection information, when available. A total of 31 tick, 4 mite, 18 flea, and 4 louse species are reported from 10 host species (4 canids and 6 felids) across 29 states in Mexico.


Reportamos una lista anotada actualizada de las especies de ectoparásitos de cánidos y felinos en México. Proveemos la autoridad taxo- nómica, las asociaciones específicas, localidades de recolecta y referencias; así como la información de museos y colecciones, cuando estan disponibles. Un total de 31 especies de garrapatas, 4 de ácaros, 18 pulgas y 4 de piojos se reportan de 10 hospederos (4 cánidos y 6 felinos) en 29 estados de México.

}, keywords = {Acari, Canidae, Felidae, flea, Ixodida, louse, mexico, mite, Phthiraptera, Siphonaptera, tick.}, issn = {2007-3364}, doi = {10.12933/therya-19-784}, url = {http://www.revistas-conacyt.unam.mx/therya/index.php/THERYA/article/view/784}, author = {Jessica E. Light and Eckerlin,Ralph P. and Lance A. Durden} } @article {94638, title = {Mortality caused by aqueous extract of the leaves of Datura stramineus to goat biting louse, Bovicola caprae (Phthiraptera)}, journal = {Journal of Applied and Natural Science}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {77 - 79}, abstract = {

Extensive and indiscriminate use of organic lousicides is leading to environmental hazards i.e. persis- tence of residues, development of resistance and targeting of non-target beneficial organism. Hence, phytotherapy is emerging as effective tool for louse control, due to ecofriendly and biodegradable nature of plant extracts. In the present study the mortality and repellency caused by five concentration of aqueous extract of the leaves of common- ly available Datura stramineus were tested against goat biting louse, Bovicola caprae. Fifteen percent concentration of extract prepared from leaves of aforesaid plant imparted 77\% mortality and 66\% repellency to goat biting louse.

}, keywords = {biting lice, Datura stramineus, Goat louse}, issn = {0974-9411}, doi = {10.31018/jans.v10i1.1582}, url = {https://journals.ansfoundation.org/index.php/jans/article/view/1582}, author = {Rashmi, A and Aftab Ahmad and Arun Kumar Saxena} } @article {94490, title = {Population levels of phthirapteran ectoparasites on the goats in Rampur (U.P.)}, journal = {Journal of Parasitic Diseases}, volume = {41}, year = {2017}, month = {Jan-09-2017}, pages = {778 - 781}, abstract = {

Out of the four phthirapteran species known to occur, only two were recovered from the goats in district Rampur (ischnoceran louse, Bovicola caprae and the anopluran, Linognathus africanus). As many as, 26.5\% (n = 250) of the goats examined were found infested with Phthiraptera. The prevalence on two sexes of goats remained similar (X2 = 0.013, P \ 0.05). However, lice were more prevalent on younger goats than adults and older ones (X2 = 9.78, P \ 0.05). The correlation between the prevalence and mean monthly temperature of Phthi- raptera was found significant. On the other hand correlation between prevalence and humidity was found insignificant. As many as, 74.5\% of the infested goats carried both the species while 25.4\% exhibited single species infestation. The ischnoceran louse, B. caprae was comparatively more prevalent (18.4\%) than the anopluran L. africanus (11.2\%). The mean intensity (mean number of lice counted per square inch, at 20 anatomical sites) of B. caprae was comparatively higher than that of L. africanus. As far as, the population composition is concerned the females out- numbered the males in natural population. On the other hands, nymphs dominated over adults in natural population.

}, keywords = {goats, lice}, issn = {0971-7196}, doi = {10.1007/s12639-017-0888-4}, url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12639-017-0888-4}, author = {Rashmi, A and Arun Kumar Saxena} } @article {94407, title = {Lice induced immuno-oxidative wreckage of goats}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {242}, year = {2017}, month = {Jan-08-2017}, pages = {24 - 30}, abstract = {

The present study aimed to evaluate the immuno-oxidative patho-biology of lice infestation in goats. Sixty goats were divided into five groups; sucking lice (Linognathus africanus) infested (Group 1, n = 12), chewing lice (Bovicola caprae) infested-mild (Group 2, n = 12), chewing lice (B. caprae) infested-moderate (Group 3, n = 12), chewing lice (B. caprae) infested-severe (Group 4, n = 12) and healthy control (Group 5, n = 12). To assess the pathological changes, markers of oxidative stress (lipid peroxidation-LPO, reduced glutathione-GSH, superoxide dismutase-SOD, Catalase-CAT and total antioxidant capacity-TAC), the markers of immune status (Tumour necrosis factor alpha- TNF-\α, Interleukin-10- IL-10, Transforming growth factor beta 1- TGF-\β1, ratios of TNF-\α/IL-10 and TNF-\α/TGF-\β1) and hemato-biochemical status were evaluated. Significant anemia, hypoglycemia, hypoproteinemia and hypoalbuminemia were observed in caprine pediculosis irrespective of the type of lice infested. Remarkably increased oxidative stress was observed in chewing lice infested goats and no significant changes in oxidative stress markers were observed in sucking lice infested goats. TGF-\β mediated suppression of Th1 and Th2 immune responses was observed in sucking lice infested goats; whereas, a Th2 cytokine dominant inflammatory response was observed in chewing lice infested goats. From the present study, it may be concluded that sucking lice infestation produces remarkable immunosuppression and chewing lice infestation produces significant oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in goats.

}, keywords = {Caprine pediculosis, Cytokine response, Immunosuppression, Oxidative impairments}, issn = {03044017}, doi = {10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.05.019}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0304401717302200}, author = {Y. Ajith and Umesh Dimri and Shanker K. Singh and Arumugam Gopalakrishnan and Gopinath Devi and Med Ram Verma and Vivek Joshi and Shahjahan Alam} } @article {94406, title = {A study on prevalence and factors associated with ectoparasitism in goats of two agro-climatic regions in India}, journal = {Journal of Parasitic Diseases}, volume = {41}, year = {2017}, month = {Jan-09-2017}, pages = {739 - 746}, abstract = {

The present study was aimed to evaluate the factors associated with prevalence of various ectoparasites among goats during winter season in two different agro- climatic regions of India. A total of 320 goats (Ut- tarakhand-208; Uttar Pradesh-112) were screened and evaluated for ectoparasitism and associated factors. The occurrence of ectoparasitism in goats was studied in rela- tion with age, sex, breed, housing, agro-climatic region and system of rearing. Prevalence of ectoparasitism among goats of lower Shivalik region (Dehradun and Tehri Garhwal districts) of Uttarakhand and Bareilly district of Uttar Pradesh was 90.38 and 39.29\%, respectively. The common ectoparasites observed were chewing lice (Bovi- cola caprae), sucking lice (Linognathus africanus), fleas (Ctenocephalides felis) and ticks (Haemaphysalis spp.). Among all the ectoparasitic infestation, pediculosis was the most common affection during the study period in both agro-climatic region; chewing lice in Uttarakhand and sucking lice in Uttar Pradesh. Agro-climatic region, breed, immune status, system of rearing and hygiene were highly affecting the prevalence and distribution of ectoparasites among goats. High prevalence of ectoparasitism in the study area warrants the need for formulating appropriate intervention strategies to improve control of ectoparasites and awareness among goat farmers.

}, keywords = {Bareilly, Critical factors, Dehradun, ectoparasite, epidemiology, goat, Shivalik region, Tehri Garhwal}, issn = {0971-7196}, doi = {10.1007/s12639-017-0881-y}, url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12639-017-0881-y}, author = {Y. Ajith and Umesh Dimri and Arumugam Gopalakrishnan and Gopinath Devi} } @article {48199, title = {Ectoparasites in goat and sheep flocks from Alto Mearim and Graja{\'u} Microregion, State of Maranh{\~a}o}, journal = {Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterin{\'a}ria}, volume = {14}, year = {2005}, month = {2005}, pages = {59 - 63}, abstract = {

Goat and sheep flocks from Alto Mearim and Graja\ú microregion, State of Maranh\ão, were examined by inspection and by feeling to collected ectoparasites. The specimens were kept in individual bottles for each host sampled with alcohol 70\&$\#$39; GL as preserver liquid. The identification was carried out at Universidade Estadual do Maranh\ão at the laboratory of parasitology. The ticks were examined in stereomicroscope and identified through Arag\ão and Fonseca (1961) dicotomic key; the lice were mounted in slides according to Pinto (1938) technique, examined in optic microscope and identified through Tuff (1977) and Furmam and Catts (1977) keys; the fly larvae were examined in stereomicroscope and identified by the morphology of the peritreme, and spiracular slits. In 380 animals sampled, 143 (37,64 \%) were infested with ectoparasites. The following parasites were identified: Bovicola caprae, Boophilus microplus, larvae of Cochliomya hominivorax (screw-worrn) and larvae of Dermatobia hominis (bot fly). Parasitary association was observed only in goats in Graja\ú and S\ítio Novo (louse + tick; louse + bot fly; screw-worm + louseand ticks + louse + screw-worm). The statistic analyses demonstrated that the prevalence of ectoparasites was high in the rainy season (P\<0.02).

}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/47341.pdf}, author = {Brito,Danilo R. B. and Ana Clara G. Santos and Rita de Maria S Guerra} } @mastersthesis {48064, title = {Flutua{\c c}{\~a}o sazonal da popula{\c c}{\~a}o de Bovicola caprae Ewing, 1936 (Ischnocera: Trichodectidae) parasitando caprinos na mesorreigi{\~a}o do sert{\~a}o paraibano, Brasil - 2005}, volume = {Mestrado em Ci{\^e}ncias Veterin{\'a}rias}, year = {2005}, month = {2005}, pages = {1 - 40}, school = {Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Serop{\'e}dica}, address = {Serop{\'e}dica, Brazil}, author = {Sandra B. Dos Santos} } @article {48053, title = {Infestations of Linognathus africanus (Kellogg and Paine, 1911) (Linognathidae) and Bovicola caprae (Ewing, 1936) (Trichodectidae) in a goat flock in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil}, journal = {Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterin{\'a}ria}, volume = {15}, year = {2006}, month = {2006}, pages = {41 - 43}, abstract = {

Mixed infestations of Linognathus africanus and Bovicola caprae were diagnosed in a lot of 20 goats from a flock of 40 belonging to a farm from the Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ (22\°44\&$\#$39;38\"S and 43\°42\&$\#$39;27\"W). Animals were of both sexes, varied ages and different breeds (half blood Saanen/Boer, Saanen, cross breeds), were examined in April of 2004. With the exception of one goat, parasitized only by L. africanus, the remainders 19 (95\%) were infested by the two species of lice. Of 69 (71\%) specimens of L. africanus and 28 (28.9\%) of B. caprae collected the ration female:male for L. africanus were 4.6 (23:5), while for B. caprae were 4.8 (57:12). The absence of L. africanus in recent surveys carried out in the semi-arid regions of Northeast Brazil where more the 60\% of examined goats were parasitized by B. caprae suggests that the adaptation to the climatic variation might be different for the two species.

}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/47193.pdf}, author = {Sandra B. Dos Santos and Can{\c c}ado,Paulo Henrique D. and Piranda,Eliane M. and Faccini,Jo{\~a}o Luiz H.} } @article {47899, title = {Digestive system of Bovicola caprae Gurlt, 1843 (Insecta: Mallophaga)}, journal = {Cahiers ORSTOM, Entomologie M{\'e}dicale et Parasitologie}, volume = {24}, year = {1986}, month = {1986}, pages = {251 - 254}, abstract = {

In this study an histological and anatomical research is carried out concerning the digestive system of Bovicola caprae Gurlt, 1843. Photographs of the sections, taken with the optic microscope, are presented. Different organs, such as salivary glands, oesophagus, trop, gut, Malpighian tubes of the mentioned digestive system, are clearly visible.

}, keywords = {anatomy, digestive system, histology, Mallophaga}, url = {http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/cahiers/entomo/24467.pdf}, author = {Florido-Navio,Ana M. and Mar{\'\i}a D. Soler-Cruz and Mu{\~n}oz-Parra,Susana and Ben{\'\i}tez-Rodr{\'\i}guez,Roc{\'\i}o and M. D{\'\i}az-L{\'o}pez and Soler-Cruz,M. C.} } @article {47665, title = {New records of lice Trichodectidae (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera) in Uruguay}, journal = {Veterinaria, (Montevideo)}, volume = {41}, year = {2006}, month = {2006}, pages = {31 - 34}, abstract = {

Publication in Spanish. Title:\ Nuevos registros de piojos Trichodectidae (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera) para Uruguay.

The lice (Phthiraptera) are a poorly studied group in Uruguay. In this work new contributions for the family Trichodectidae, as well as the listing of all registered species until the moment in the country, are carried. Eutrichophilus cordiceps Mj\öberg, 1910, Neotrichodectes chilensis Werneck, 1948, Stachiella fallax (Werneck, 1948) and Trichodectes galictidis Werneck, 1934 are considered new records for the country. Additionally Bovicola caprae (Gurlt, 1843) and Trichodectes canis (De Geer, 1778) are correctly documented and confirmed through material deposited in collection. In this way, the number of Trichodectidae species confirmed for Uruguay rises to 12.

}, keywords = {mammals, Uruguay}, issn = {0376-4362}, url = {https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20073127097}, author = {Jos{\'e} Manuel Venzal and Castro,O. and de-Souza,C. and Correa,O.} } @article {47597, title = {Studies on lice infesting goats in North Sinai}, journal = {Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology}, volume = {31}, year = {2001}, month = {2001}, pages = {511 - 516}, abstract = {Out of 304 goats, 218 were infested with three species of lice [Bovicola caprae, Linognathus africanus and L. stenopsis]. Infestation with more than one species of lice was also seen. The highly infested season was winter and the least one was spring. The highly infested body site was hip and the least infested one was britch. The economic loss of goats infested with lice was discussed.}, author = {Mazyad,Said A. M. and Helmy,Moshira M. F.} } @article {46546, title = {Scanning electron microscopic study of female Bovicola caprae and B. limbata (Mallophaga) of Capra hircus}, journal = {Angewandte Parasitologie}, volume = {26}, year = {1985}, month = {1985}, pages = {47 - 50}, keywords = {Abattoirs, animals, goats, Lice Infestations/parasitology/veterinary, Mallophaga, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning}, isbn = {0003-3162}, author = {Mar{\'\i}a D. Soler-Cruz and Florido-Navio,Ana M. and Revelles-Marin,F. and Osuna-Carrillo de Albornoz,A.} } @article {46433, title = {Ultrastructure of the head surface of selected Bovicolidae (Mallophaga, Ischnocera)}, journal = {Wiadomosci parazytologiczne}, volume = {36}, year = {1990}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0420554; ppublish}, month = {1990}, pages = {39 - 45}, address = {POLAND}, abstract = {On the basis of morphological examinations of the head of Bovicola caprae, Cervicola meyeri and C. tibialis, carried out in the scanning electron microscope, the species descriptions received up to now, were supplemented with new characters. An attention has been paid to rather primitive type of antennal sesilla coeloconica (with developed cone) as well as the lack of accompanying pore organs, characteristic also of other Ischnocera.}, keywords = {animals, deer, English Abstract, goats, head, Lice/ultrastructure, Mallophaga, Poland, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t}, isbn = {0043-5163}, author = {Z{\l}otorzycka,Jadwiga} } @article {46374, title = {Lice of farm animals in Libya}, journal = {Medical and Veterinary Entomology}, volume = {7}, year = {1993}, month = {1993}, pages = {138 - 140}, abstract = {This first report on the lice of farm animals in Libya lists a total of fifteen species, as follows: Haematopinus quadripertusus and Linognathus vituli from cattle, Bovicola ovis, Linognathus pedalis, L. africanus and L. ovillus from sheep, L. stenopsis, L. africanus and Bovicola caprae from goats. Poultry harboured Lipeurus caponis, L. heterographus, Menacanthus stramineus, Menopon gallinae, Goniocotes gallinae, Goniodes gigas and G. dissimilis.}, keywords = {animals, Animals, Domestic, Camels, cattle, chicken, classification, goats, horses, Libya, lice, Parasitology, sheep}, author = {Gabaj,M. M. and Beesley,W. N. and Awan,M. A.} } @article {46047, title = {Short communication serum copper, zinc, and calcium concentrations in lice-infested sheep}, journal = {Biological trace element research}, volume = {88}, year = {2002}, note = {LR: 20031114; JID: 7911509; 0 (Insecticides); 70288-86-7 (Ivermectin); 73989-17-0 (avermectin); 7440-50-8 (Copper); 7440-66-6 (Zinc); 7440-70-2 (Calcium); ppublish}, month = {2002}, pages = {87 - 90}, address = {United States}, abstract = {The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in serum concentration of copper, zinc, and calcium in sheep naturally infested with lice (Bovicola caprae, Linognathus africanus, Linognatus ovillus, and Linognattus pedalis). Twenty sheep naturally infested with lice and 20 healthy sheep were used as subjects. Blood samples were collected from the sheep before and 8 and 15 d after treatment with Avermectin, a veterinary antiparasitic drug. The samples were analyzed for their serum copper, zinc, and calcium concentrations by atomic absorption spectrometry. The concentrations of these elements in the infested animals were lower than in the healthy controls, mainly because the general condition of the affected sheep was poor. When the infested animals were treated with an ectoparasitic drug, the serum levels of the studied elements rose to normal ranges while the health of the animals improved.}, keywords = {animals, Comparative Study, insecticide, Ivermectin/analogs \& derivatives/therapeutic use, Lice Infestations/blood/drug therapy, Lice/classification, sheep, Species Specificity, Spectrophotometry, Atomic, zinc}, isbn = {0163-4984}, author = {Deger,Y. and Dede,S. and Deger,S.} } @article {45922, title = {Use of scanning electron microscopy to confirm the identity of lice infesting communally grazed goat herds}, journal = {Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research}, volume = {71}, year = {2004}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0401107; ppublish}, month = {2004}, pages = {87 - 92}, address = {South Africa}, abstract = {

Lice have been described on goats in commercial farming systems in South Africa but not from flocks on communal grazing. During a longitudinal survey on the causes of goat kid mortality, conducted in Jericho district, North West Province, lice were collected from communally grazed indigenous goats. These lice were prepared for and viewed by scanning electron microscopy, and micro-morphological taxonomic details are described. Three species of lice were found in the study area and identified as Bovicola caprae, Bovicola limbatus and Linognathus africanus. Sucking and biting lice were found in ten of the 12 herds of goats examined. Lice were found on both mature goats and kids. Bovicola caprae and L. africanus were the most common biting and sucking lice respectively in all herds examined. Scanning electron microscopy revealed additional features which aided in the identification of the louse species. Photomicrographs were more accurate aids to identification than the line drawings in the literature and facilitated identification using dissecting microscope.

}, keywords = {animals, Animals, Newborn/parasitology, goat diseases, goats, Lice Infestations/diagnosis/epidemiology/parasitology/veterinary, Lice/anatomy \& histology/classification/ultrastructure, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning/veterinary, Phylogeny, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, South Africa}, isbn = {0030-2465}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.4102/ojvr.v71i2.269 }, url = {https://ojvr.org/index.php/ojvr/article/view/269}, author = {Sebei,P. J. and McCrindle,C. M. and Green,Edward D. and M. L. Turner} } @article {44738, title = {Morphologische Unterschiede der Weibchen von Bovicola caprae und B. limbata (Mallophaga)}, journal = {Angewandte Parasitologie}, volume = {26}, year = {1985}, month = {1985}, pages = {241 - 243}, url = {http://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/44738.pdf}, author = {Ben{\'\i}tez-Rodr{\'\i}guez,Roc{\'\i}o and Mar{\'\i}a D. Soler-Cruz and Guevara Ben{\'\i}tez,D. C.} } @article {43551, title = {Par{\'a}sitos de los animales dom{\'e}sticos en Chile}, journal = {Bolet{\'\i}n Chile{\~n}o de Parasitolog{\'\i}a}, volume = {21}, year = {1966}, month = {1966}, pages = {118 - 123}, abstract = {

English title: Parasites of domestic animals of Chlie

An up-to-date list of the parasites of some domestic animals in Chile, according to the studies performed al the Veterinarian Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and The Chair of Parasitic Diseases of the School of Veterinarian Medicine, University of Chile, follows.

An updated list by Alcaino \& Gorman, 1999, with the same title, can be found in http://phthiraptera.info/content/par\%C3\%A1sitos-de-animales-dom\%C3\%A9sticos-en-chile

}, url = {http://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/43551.pdf}, author = {Tagle,I.} } @article {43380, title = {Rasterelektronenmiikroskopische befunde an den Wibchen von Bovicola caprae und B. limbata (Mallophaga) von Capra hircus}, journal = {Angewandte Parasitologie}, volume = {26}, year = {1985}, month = {1985}, pages = {47 - 50}, url = {http://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/43380.pdf}, author = {Mar{\'\i}a D. Soler-Cruz and Florido-Navio,Ana M. and Revelles-Marin,F. and Osuna-Carrillo de Albornoz,A.} } @article {43297, title = {Bovicola caprae et Bovicola limbata (Mallophaga) parasites of Capra hircus: Is there a possible phenomenon of convergent evolution between both species?}, journal = {Folia Parasitologica (Praha)}, volume = {24}, year = {1986}, month = {1986}, pages = {225 - 228}, abstract = {

The authors carried out a research concerning the life cycle of couples formed by a male of Bovicola caprae and a female of B. limbata as well as a male of B. limbata and a female of B. caprae, two species parasites of Capra hircus, comparing it with the results obtained from pure culture of both species. Likewise they analize the possibilityof a convergent evolution of bofh species

}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/41813.pdf}, author = {Ben{\'\i}tez-Rodr{\'\i}guez,Roc{\'\i}o and Mar{\'\i}a D. Soler-Cruz and Florido-Nav{\'\i}o,A. and P{\'e}rez-Jim{\'e}nez,J. M.} } @article {43299, title = {L{\textquoteright}{\'e}levage au laboratoire de Bovicola caprae Gurlt, 1843 (Mallophaga). {\'E}tude du cycle biologique.}, journal = {Cahiers ORSTOM, Entomologie M{\'e}dicale et Parasitologie}, volume = {23}, year = {1985}, month = {1985}, pages = {285 - 288}, keywords = {culture, Ischnocera}, url = {http://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/43299.pdf }, author = {Ben{\'\i}tez-Rodr{\'\i}guez,Roc{\'\i}o and Mar{\'\i}a D. Soler-Cruz and N{\'u}{\~n}ez,C. and Mu{\~n}oz-Parra,Susana and Florido-Navio,Ana M.} } @article {43298, title = {Mantenimiento {\textquotedblleft}in vitro{\textquotedblright} de Bovicola caprae (Gurlt, 1843)}, journal = {Revista Ib{\'e}rica de Parasitolog{\'\i}a}, volume = {33}, year = {1981}, month = {1981}, pages = {381 - 384}, keywords = {culture, Ischnocera}, url = {http://bibliotecavirtual.ranf.com/i18n/consulta/registro.cmd?id=11823}, author = {Ben{\'\i}tez-Rodr{\'\i}guez,Roc{\'\i}o and Mar{\'\i}a D. Soler-Cruz and Guevara Ben{\'\i}tez,D. C.} } @article {40434, title = {Distribution of two phthirapteran species (Insecta) on the goats Capra aegagrus forma hircus of India}, journal = {Rudolst{\"a}dter Naturhistorische Schriften}, volume = {6}, year = {1994}, month = {1994}, pages = {79 - 82}, abstract = {The distribution of an ischnoceran, Bovicola caprae and an anopluran, Linognathus africanus on host body has been noted. Both the species prefer to occupy the hair belonging to the back, neck and nape areas. The other areas carry low louse population. The distribution pattern of both the sexes of adults and the nymphs was almosty identical. The louse remains confined to those areas that are not easily groomed by host. The egg laying sites have also been discussed.}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/3216.pdf}, author = {A. Kumar and Rawat,B. S. and Arun Kumar Saxena} } @article {40429, title = {Population structure of goat biting louse Bovicola caprae (Phthirpatera: Ischnocera)}, journal = {Applied Parasitology}, volume = {35}, year = {1994}, month = {1994}, pages = {141 - 145}, abstract = {

The population structure of Bovicola caprae on goats has been recorded by examining 57 goat skins (45 by brushing cum searching and 12 by disolving method). Population, sex ratio, adult nymph ratio has been recorded at different levels of infestation. The female dominated over the male population and M:F ratio has been found to be 1:2 by brushing cum searching and 1-1.7 by disolving method. Likewise, A:N was found to be 1:1.2 by brushing cum searching and 1-1.7 by disolving method. The number of males and females follow similar pattern throughout population and were found to exhibit a high degree of correlation.

}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/3208.pdf}, author = {A. Kumar and Rawat,B. S. and Arun Kumar Saxena and Agarwal,G. P.} } @article {40428, title = {Prevalence of ectoparasites on goats in Dehradun (India)}, journal = {Applied Parasitology}, volume = {35}, year = {1994}, month = {1994}, pages = {227 - 236}, abstract = {

The prevalence of two phthiraptera species, Bovicola caprae and Linognathus africanus on 1048 goats from Dehradun (India) was 79.2\% and 38\% respectively. Prevalence of both species was higher on visibly weaker and less hairy goats. Sex related differences in prevalence were not found. The prevalence of L. africanus was slightly higher on young goats but the same was not true in case of B. caprae. The incidence of B. caprae showed moderately negative correlation with environmental temperature and photoperiod. The relative intensity of B. caprae has been found higher during winter months, followed by summers. Study primarily deals with lice but the information about prevalence of other ectroparasites like ticks, fleas and keds, has also been supplemented.

}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/3207.pdf}, author = {A. Kumar and Rawat,B. S. and Arun Kumar Saxena and Agarwal,G. P.} } @article {40417, title = {Biometic studies on two ischnoceran Phthiraptera (Insecta: Trichodectidae) infesting sheeps and goats of Garhwal (India)}, journal = {Rudolst{\"a}dter Naturhistorische Schriften}, volume = {10}, year = {2000}, month = {2000}, pages = {47 - 52}, abstract = {Ten morphometric characters of one goat biting louse, Bovicola caprae and one sheep biting louse, Bovicola ovis are described by the statistics of locomotion and dispersionof departure from normal distribution has also been tested by skewness and kurtosis. Certain characters exhibited similar values for three measures of central tendency. The dimensions of prothorax, pterothorax and abdomen exhibited higher values of coefficient of variation. On the other hand, dimensions of the head have been found most useful for statistical measurement of biting lice.}, author = {A. Kumar} } @article {39989, title = {Biochemical study - characterization of the distinct proteinic fractions of the male and female Bovicola caprae (Gurlt, 1843) (Mallophaga, Insecta)}, journal = {Folia Parasitologica (Praha)}, volume = {35}, year = {1988}, month = {1988}, pages = {269 - 272}, url = {http://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/39989.pdf}, author = {Mu{\~n}oz-Parra,Susana and Mar{\'\i}a D. Soler-Cruz and Ben{\'\i}tez-Rodr{\'\i}guez,Roc{\'\i}o and Ruiz Mart{\'\i}nez,I. and P{\'e}rez-Jim{\'e}nez,J. M. and M. D{\'\i}az-L{\'o}pez} } @article {39628, title = {Der Kopf von Bovicola caprae (Gurlt) Mallophaga}, journal = {Zoologische Jahrb{\"u}cher. Abteilung f{\"u}r Anatomie und Ontogenie der Tiere}, volume = {71}, year = {1951}, month = {1951}, pages = {325 - 374}, url = {http://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/39628.pdf}, author = {Risler,Helmut} } @article {38960, title = {Morphologische und histophysiologische untersuchungen an den verdauungsorganen der Mallophagen und Anopluren}, journal = {Zoologischer Jahrb{\"u}cher Abteilung f{\"u}r Anatomie und Ontogenie der Tiere}, volume = {72}, year = {1952}, note = {A very detailed description of the anatomy and physiology of the alimentry canal of the following taxa. The paper if well figured with three usefull illustrations of the anatomy from mouth to anus of Haematopinus chinensis germanus, Bovicola caprae, and Eomenacanthus stramineus. The proceeding sections discuss the physiology of the varoius sections of alimentary canal and include many figures and drawings of thin sections.}, month = {1952}, pages = {302 - 344}, keywords = {Bovicola, Eomenacanthus, morphology, stramineus}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/0323.pdf}, author = {Haug,Gustav} } @article {38934, title = {Die Mallophagenhaut und ihre differenzierungen}, journal = {Zoologischer Jahrb{\"u}cher (Anat.)}, volume = {73}, year = {1954}, note = {A very detailed monograph of the morphology of Bovicola caprae, Philopterus ocellatus, Corvonirmus rotundatus, Trimenopon hispidum,and Eomenacanthus stramineus. The paper is thoroughly figured with labels, including histological sections and external views. This paper primarily addresses morphological questions and does not deal with systematic problems.}, month = {1954}, pages = {450 - 519}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/0294.pdf}, author = {Neuffer,Gottfried} } @article {38937, title = {Zur Konstruktionsmorphologie des m{\"a}nnlichen Geschlechtsapparates der Mallophagen}, journal = {Zoologische Jahrb{\"u}cher. Abteilung f{\"u}r Anatomie und Ontogenie der Tiere}, volume = {74}, year = {1955}, note = {A detailed study on the morphology of the genital apparatus of the following taxa: Columbicola columbae, Bovicola caprae, Bovicola limbatus, Eomenacanthus stramineus, Trimenopon hispidum. Includes stylised drawings giving a three dimensional internal view and is thoroughly illustrated with drawings of histological sections.}, month = {1955}, pages = {211 - 316}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/0297.pdf}, author = {Schmutz,Werner} }