@article {40410,
	title = {Trends in the use of pesticides and pesticide residues on Queensland wool},
	journal = {Australian Veterinary Journal},
	volume = {76},
	year = {1998},
	month = {1998},
	pages = {694 - 697},
	abstract = {Objective To determine the amounts of organophosphorous and synthetic pyrethroid residues on Queensland wool sampled between 1995 and 1997, and to study ii pesticide use changed during the period. Design Estimated amounts of residues were obtained from a survey of Queensland wool clips, and information on pesticide use was obtained from a trace-back postal survey of flock managers. Procedure Trends in amounts of residues over time were assessed using analysis of variance and simple linear regression models, and changes in pesticide use was assessed using chi(2) tests. Results Significant linear reductions in organophosphorous (P = 0.0012), synthetic pyrethroid (P = 0.0044) and total (P = 0.0002) residues were detected. The proportion of wool growers treating for louse infestation (P = 0.0046) treating twice or more (P = 0.0006) and treating more than 4 months after shearing (P = 0.0001) decreased between 1994 and 1997. However, the proportion of growers who treated for blowfly strike (P = 0.0124) and used insect growth regulator pesticides increased (P < 0.0001). The use of handjetting to apply pesticides for blowfly strike control increased and the use of dips decreased (P < 0.0001). Conclusion Residues of organophosphorous compounds and synthetic pyrethroids reduced in Queensland wool between 1994 and 1997. Although woolgrowers treated for louse infestation less, pesticide use to control blowfly strike increased. The increasing use of insect growth regulators in the industry needs to be monitored.},
	keywords = {flystrike, lice, organophosphate, pesticide, Pyrethrum, series, sheep, synthetic, time, wool},
	author = {Ward,M. P. and Armstrong,R. T. F.}
}
@article {40409,
	title = {Pesticide use and residues on Queensland wool},
	journal = {Australian Veterinary Journal},
	volume = {76},
	year = {1998},
	month = {1998},
	pages = {739 - 742},
	abstract = {Objective To determine practices for control of rouse infestation and blowfly strike in Queensland sheep flocks that are associated with organophosphorous and synthetic pyrethroid residues on wool. Design information on residues was obtained from a survey of Queensland wool clips. Information on pesticide use was obtained from a trace-back postal survey. The association between pesticide use and residues was assessed using generalised linear models, controlling for potential confounding by flock location. Procedure Between 1995 and 1997 Queensland wool clips were randomly sampled. Samples were tested for the presence and amount (mg per kg of greasy wool) of organophosphorous and synthetic pyrethroid pesticides. A questionnaire seeking information on flock characteristics and pesticide use was sent to the manager of each flock from which a wool sample was tested. Results The median amount of OP and SP residue was 0.8 and 0.25 mg/kg, respectively, and 91 and 95\% of wool samples contained < 8 mg/kg of OP and SP residues, respectively. The frequency of OP pesticide use for louse control was significantly (P = 0.005) associated with mean OP residue amount, and the timing of SP use for louse control, in relation to shearing, was significantly (P < 0.001) associated with mean SP residue amount. Conclusion Most Queensland wool clips have acceptable amounts of residues after the use of OP and SP pesticides, but wool growers can further reduce residues by effectively controlling louse infestation with pesticide applications early after shearing and the use of non-chemical methods of ectoparasite control.},
	keywords = {lice, resistance, sheep},
	author = {Ward,M. P. and Armstrong,R. T. F.}
}
@article {39825,
	title = {Inspection of wool lots at sales as a diagnostic test for louse infestation},
	journal = {Veterinary Parasitology},
	volume = {90},
	year = {2000},
	month = {2000},
	pages = {119 - 128},
	abstract = {The accuracy of visual inspection of wool lots for lice as a test for louse infestation was estimated using information provided by 178 woolgrowers in Queensland, Australia. The estimated sensitivity of inspection was 36\% (95\% confidence interval, 19-58\%) and the specificity was 95\% (95\% CI, 88-98\%). Accuracy was influenced by timing, after shearing, of pesticide application for louse control and by class of pesticide last applied after shearing. Visual inspection was less sensitive (29\%) if pesticides were applied >3 months after shearing and less sensitive (21\%) if an insect growth regulator was the class of pesticide last used after shearing. Based on 36\% sensitivity, it was estimated that 16 inspections would have to be conducted to reduce the false negative test rate to <20\% in the study population. We suggest that visual inspection of wool lots could be used to efficiently monitor the prevalence of louse infestations in Queensland sheep hocks. Positive inspection results are more likely to represent real louse infestations, rather than a false test result, in flocks grazed in the more extensive regions of Queensland. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Arthropoda, Australia, Bovicola, damalinia, Diagnosis, flocks, lice, logistic, model, Prevalence, Queensland, resistance, sheep, wool},
	author = {Ward,M. P. and Armstrong,R. T. F.}
}
@article {39826,
	title = {Surveys to assess the amount of pesticide in wool and the use of pesticides by woolgrowers in Queensland},
	journal = {Australian Veterinary Journal},
	volume = {79},
	year = {2001},
	month = {2001},
	pages = {358 - 362},
	abstract = {Objective To measure the amounts of pesticide residue in wool grown in Queensland between 1997 and 1999, and to describe the use of pesticides for the control of lice infestations and blowfly strike in Queensland sheep flocks. Design Pesticide residues were measured in a random sample of wool from Queensland clips offered for sale during 1998 and 1999. Information on pesticide use was obtained from a trace-back postal survey. Procedure Samples taken from wool lots were tested for the presence and amount of organophosphorus (OP), synthetic pyrethroid (SP) and insect growth regulator pesticides. A questionnaire seeking information on flock characteristics and pesticide use was sent to the manager of each flock from which a wool sample was tested. Results The mean amount of OP and SP residue was 2.0 and 0.8 mg/kg, respectively. Ninety-five and 98\% of wool samples contained < 9 mg/kg and 7 mg/kg of OP and SP residues, respectively. The mean amount of cyromazine, diflubenzuron and triflumuron was 12.7, 5.8 and 13.0 mg/kg, respectively. The amounts of OP, cyromazine and triflumuron residues were greater in wool from flocks located in southern Queensland. Conclusion Most (95\%; 95\% CI, 92-97\%) Queensland wool clips grown between 1997 and 1999 meet the suggested Australian maximum acceptable residue amounts for OP and SP pesticides.},
	keywords = {flystrike, growth, insects, lice, organophosphate, pesticide, Pyrethrum, resistance, sheep, synthetic, wool},
	author = {Ward,M. P. and Armstrong,R. T. F.}
}
