@article {95658, title = {Parasites lost - do invaders miss the boat or drown on arrival?}, journal = {Ecological Letters}, volume = {13}, year = {2010}, month = {March 2010}, pages = {516-527}, abstract = {

Host species that colonize new regions often lose parasite species. Using population arrival and establishment data for New Zealand\’s introduced bird species and their ectoparasitic chewing lice species, we test the relative importance of different processes and mechanisms in causing parasite species loss. Few lice failed to arrive in New Zealand with their hosts due to being missed by chance in the sample of hosts from the original population (missing the boat). Rather, most lice were absent because their hosts or the parasite themselves failed to establish populations in their new environment. Given they arrived and their host established, parasite persistence was more strongly related to factors associated with transmission efficiency (number of host individuals introduced, host body size, host sociality and parasite suborder) than parasite propagule pressure and aggregation. Such insights into parasite success are invaluable to both understanding and managing their impact

}, keywords = {aggregation, Chewing lice, ectoparasites, introduced birds, introduction success, propagule pressure, sorting events, transmission efficiency}, issn = {1461-023X, 1461-0248}, doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01446.x}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01446.x}, author = {Catriona J. MacLeod and Paterson,Adrian M. and Tompkins,D. M. and Richard P. Duncan} } @article {47792, title = {Multi-host parasite species in cophylogenetic studies}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {35}, year = {2005}, note = {Cophylogenetic studies examine the relationship between host and parasite evolution. One aspect of cophylogenetic studies that has had little modern discussion is parasites with multiple definitive hosts. Parasite species with multiple host species are anomalous as, under a codivergence paradigm, speciation by the hosts should cause speciation of their parasites. We discuss situations such as cryptic parasite species, recent host switching or failure to speciate that may generate multi-host parasites. We suggest methods to identify which of the mechanisms have led to multi-host parasitism. Applying the suggested methods may allow multi-host parasites to be integrated more fully into cophylogenetic studies.}, month = {2005}, pages = {741 - 746}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/46926.pdf}, author = {Jonathan C. Banks and Paterson,Adrian M.} } @article {47053, title = {Cophylogenetic relationships between penguins and their chewing lice}, journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology}, volume = {19}, year = {2006}, month = {2006}, pages = {156 - 166}, abstract = {

It is generally thought that the evolution of obligate parasites should be linked intimately to the evolution of their hosts and that speciation by the hosts should cause speciation of their parasites. The penguins and their chewing lice present a rare opportunity to examine codivergence between a complete host order and its parasitic lice. We estimated a phylogeny for all 15 species of liceparasitising all 17 species of penguins from the third domain of the mitochondrial 12S ribosomal rRNA gene, a portion of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 gene and 55 morphological characters. We found no evidence of extensive cospeciation between penguins and their chewing lice using TreeMap 2.02b. Despite the paucity of cospeciation, there is support for significant congruence between the louse and penguin phylogenies due to possible failure to speciate events (parasites not speciating in response to their hosts speciating).

}, keywords = {coevolution, cophylogeny, cospeciation, Mallophaga, penguins, Phthiraptera, Sphenisciformes}, url = {https://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/46141.pdf}, author = {Jonathan C. Banks and Ricardo L. Palma and Paterson,Adrian M.} } @article {46154, title = {Seabird and louse coevolution: complex histories revealed by 12S rRNA sequences and reconciliation analyses}, journal = {Systematic Biology}, volume = {49}, year = {2000}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 9302532; 0 (RNA, Ribosomal); 0 (RNA, ribosomal, 12S); ppublish}, month = {2000}, pages = {383 - 399}, address = {England}, abstract = {

We investigated the coevolutionary history of seabirds (orders Procellariiformes and Sphenisciformes) and their lice (order Phthiraptera). Independent trees were produced for the seabirds (tree derived from 12S ribosomal RNA, isoenzyme, and behavioral data) and their lice (trees derived from 12S rRNA data). Brook\&$\#$39;s parsimony analysis (BPA) supported a general history of cospeciation (consistency index = 0.84, retention index = 0.81). We inferred that the homoplasy in the BPA was caused by one intrahost speciation, one potential host-switching, and eight or nine sorting events. Using reconciliation analysis, we quantified the cost of fitting the louse tree onto the seabird tree. The reconciled trees postulated one host-switching, nine cospeciation, three or four intrahost speciation, and 11 to 14 sorting events. The number of cospeciation events was significantly more than would be expected from chance alone (P \< 0.01). The sequence data were used to test for rate heterogeneity for both seabirds and lice. Neither data set displayed significant rate heterogeneity. An examination of the codivergent nodes revealed that seabirds and lice have cospeciated synchronously and that lice have evolved at approximately 5.5 times the rate of seabirds. The degree of sequence divergence supported some of the postulated intrahost speciation events (e.g., Halipeurus predated the evolution of their present hosts). The sequence data also supported some of the postulated host-switching events. These results demonstrate the value of sequence data and reconciliation analyses in unraveling complex histories between hosts and their parasites.

}, keywords = {animals, Base Sequence, bird, Evolution, host parasite, Lice/classification/genetics, Phylogeny, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, RNA, Ribosomal/genetics, Seawater, variation}, isbn = {1063-5157}, url = {http://sysbio.oxfordjournals.org/content/49/3/383.full.pdf}, author = {Paterson,Adrian M. and Wallis,G. P. and Wallis,L. J. and Russell D. Gray} } @inbook {44305, title = {Drowning on arrival, missing the boat, and x-events: how likely are sorting events?}, booktitle = {Tangled trees: Phylogeny, cospeciation, and coevolution}, year = {2003}, month = {2003}, pages = {287 - 309}, publisher = {University of Chicago Press}, organization = {University of Chicago Press}, address = {Chicago, London}, abstract = {

Full version and a slightly condensed version of the paper are attached.

}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228701470_Drowning_on_arrival_missing_the_boat_and_x-events_how_likely_are_sorting_events}, author = {Paterson,Adrian M. and Ricardo L. Palma and Russell D. Gray}, editor = {Page,Roderic D. M.} } @article {43301, title = {A penguin-chewing louse (Insecta : Phthiraptera) phylogeny derived from morphology}, journal = {Invertebrate Systematics}, volume = {18}, year = {2004}, month = {2004}, pages = {89 - 100}, abstract = {

Penguins are parasitised by 15 species of lice in the genera Austrogoniodes and Nesiotinus and present an opportunity to analyse phylogenetic relationships of two complete genera of chewing lice parasitising a monophyletic group of hosts. Taxonomy of penguin lice has been revised several times, including the erection of the genus Cesareus to contain some of the penguin-chewing louse species. Additionally, other groups of species within Austrogoniodes have been proposed. We constructed a phylogeny for all the chewing lice parasitising penguins from 46 parsimony-informative morphological characters and found support for two groups within Austrogoniodes, but little support for the Cesareus genus. Austrogoniodes metoecus, the only Austrogoniodes species parasitising a bird other than a penguin, was basal in the phylogeny, which suggests that if A. metoecus did originate from a louse species parasitising penguins, the host-switching event was unlikely to have been recent. A superficial comparison of louse and penguin phylogenies identified some potential instances of co-speciation. However, a full analysis of co-phylogenetic relationships between penguins and their lice awaits the publication of a better-resolved penguin phylogeny.

}, keywords = {Austrogoniodes, cladistics, coevolution, lice, Nesiotinus, Sphenisciformes}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1071/IS03022}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248899844_A_penguin-chewing_louse_Insecta_Phthiraptera_phylogeny_derived_from_morphology}, author = {Jonathan C. Banks and Paterson,Adrian M.} } @article {40273, title = {Lice and cospeciation: a response to Barker}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {26}, year = {1996}, note = {This is largely a response to a paper by Barker in which we concludes that cospeciation and subsequent coevolution are not the prevailing patterns in the Phthiraptera. Barker is politely vilified for this statement and the paper is useful in that it details some of the evidence available for cospeciation with examples, considers possible explanations to explain why strict cospeciation does not always occur and summerises the basic requirements of any rigerous study of cospeciation.}, month = {1996}, pages = {213 - 218}, abstract = {

\"The student who intends working on the Mallophaga should take warning that he will be tried almost beyond endurance by the paradoxes and complexities which beset his subject but he will also find, in the dual and inter-related aspect of insect and bird, an infinite fascination.\" (Rothschild \& Clay, 1952: pp. 156-157). The study of host louse coevolution will benefit greatly from the phylogenetic perspective offered by recent advantages in molecular systematics. However, in order to make best use of phylogenies we need to appreciate the complexities of the possible relations between host and parasite phylogeny. At the same time, the very complexity of louse-host systems has a potentially useful consequence; the presence of multiple lineages of lice on the same hosts allow for replicated tests of coevolutionary hypotheses. For example, if a number of louse clades infest the same host clade but some lice show more cospeciation than others, we might ask whether there are features of louse biology that correlate with this difference in host tracking fidelity. It may further be possible to ascertain the relative importance of these features in ecological time through controlled transfer experiments. By beginning to appreciate \"the paradoxes and complexities\" of host-louse evolution, lice may offer us not only \"infinite fascination\" but also a chance to address important questions in coevolution.

}, keywords = {associations, coevolution, congruence, Evolution, gopher, Mallophaga, parasite, Philopteridae, Phylogeny, pocket, rock wallabies}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/2977.pdf}, author = {Page,Roderic D. M. and Clayton,Dale H. and Paterson,Adrian M.} } @article {39798, title = {Analytical approaches to measuring cospeciation of host and parasites: through a glass, darkly}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {31}, year = {2001}, month = {2001}, pages = {1012 - 1022}, abstract = {

Studies of cophylogenetic associations between hosts and parasites have become increasingly common. Historically, congruence between host and parasite phylogenies has been seen as evidence for cospeciation. Analyses of such coevolutionary relationships, however, are made extremely difficult by the complex interplay of cospeciation. host switching, sorting (extinction), duplication (intrahost speciation) and inertia (lack of parasite speciation) events, all of which may produce incongruence between host and parasite phylogenies. Here we review several methods of analysing cospeciation. We illustrate these methods with an example from a Procellariiformes (seabird) and chewing louse (Halipeurus) association.

}, keywords = {assemblages, associations, cladistic analysis, coevolution, cospeciation, duplication, Evolution, Fahrenholz{\textquoteright}s Law, history, host, lice, organisms, Phylogeny, rule, seabirds, sorting, switching, trees}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7519(01)00199-0}, url = {http://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/39798_0.pdf}, author = {Paterson,Adrian M. and Jonathan C. Banks} } @article {39113, title = {How frequently do avian lice miss the boat? Implications for coevolutionary studies}, journal = {Systematic Biology}, volume = {48}, year = {1999}, note = {Good introduction on the history of quantitive coevolution analysis. Host switching, cospeciation, sorting events and intrahost speciation are described and a summary of the differences between BPA and reconciliation analysis is also given. Quantitive data on the possible instance of {\textquoteright}missing the boat{\textquoteright} is provided.}, month = {1999}, pages = {214 - 223}, url = {https://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/0507.pdf}, author = {Paterson,Adrian M. and Ricardo L. Palma and Russell D. Gray} } @inbook {38962, title = {Host-parasite cospeciation, host switching and missing the boat}, booktitle = {Host - Parasite Evolution: General Principles \& Avian Models}, year = {1997}, month = {1997}, pages = {236 - 250}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, organization = {Oxford University Press}, address = {Oxford}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/37089.pdf}, author = {Paterson,Adrian M. and Russell D. Gray}, editor = {Clayton,Dale H. and Moore,Janice} } @article {38844, title = {Parasites, petrels and penguins: does louse presence reflect seabird phylogeny?}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {23}, year = {1993}, month = {1993}, pages = {515 - 526}, abstract = {

The presence of parasite taxa on host taxa has long been used as a source of information about host phylogeny, The assumption underlying such analyses is that the hosts and parasites have cospeciated. In this study we used cladistic methods and component analysis to investigate whether the presence/absence of 19 phthirapteran chewing lice genera reflects the phylogeny of 18 seabird taxa. Using Faith\&$\#$39;s permutation tail probability test we demonstrated that louse presence/absence data contains significant cladistic structure, and cladistic analysis gave a single most parsimonious tree. This tree was more similar to an independent host phylogeny, based on behavioural and molecular data, than would be expected due to chance. More realistic rules for interpreting louse presence (component analysis: assumptions 0 and 1) require a knowledge of louse phylogeny. We generated an estimate of louse phylogeny via parsimony analysis of 23 morphological and life history characters. This gave 28 shortest trees. Analysis of these trees under assumption 0 generated 14 most parsimonious host trees. These host trees were more similar to the independent host phylogeny than would be expected due to chance. Assumption 1 generated a minimum of 1228 most parsimonious trees that were no more similar to the independent host phylogeny than would be expected due to chance. Bootstrap analysis found that the louse phylogeny was not robust. The failure of assumption 1 to reconstruct the host phylogeny may thus be due to errors in the inferred phylogenetic relationships of the lice. Reconciling louse and seabird trees produced 8 duplication events. This implies that much of the radiation of seabird lice predated the evolution of the seabirds.

}, keywords = {analysis, Biogeography, cladistic analysis, coevolution, component, congruence, consensus, cospeciation, Evolution, history, host, hypothesis, monogenea, Phthiraptera, Procellariiformes, rule, seabirds, switching, tests}, author = {Paterson,Adrian M. and Russell D. Gray and Wallis,G. P.} } @mastersthesis {38832, title = {Coevolution of seabirds and feather lice: a phylogenetic analysis of cospeciation using behavioural, molecular and morphological characters.}, volume = {Ph.D. thesis}, year = {1994}, note = {Zoology}, month = {1994}, school = {University of Otago}, address = {Dunedin, New Zealand}, author = {Paterson,Adrian M.} } @article {38754, title = {Of lice and men: the return of the {\textquoteright}comparative parasitology{\textquoteright} debate}, journal = {Parasitology Today}, volume = {11}, year = {1995}, note = {A historical look at the comparitive parasitology debate through the eyes of Gunther Timmermenn and Ernst Mayr, via the recording of a discussion after a symposium talk. The discussion is followed by an analysis of Timmermanns lice data to construct a phylogeny of Procellariiform birds. For comparison a host phylogeny based on mitochondrial 12S ribosomal RNA sequence data was used. Similarity between the trees was determined using COMPONENT, and they found that the trees were much more similar than would be expected due to chance alone (P=0.001).}, month = {1995}, pages = {158 - 160}, abstract = {

The question of whether or not parasite phylogeny provides information about host relationships (\&$\#$39;comparative parasitology\&$\#$39;) reached a peak in 1957 in a vigorous debate between Gunther Timmermann and Ernst Mayr. Timmermann argued that parasites were associated with their hosts by descent and that this produced congruent host and parasite phylogenies. In contrast, Mayr argued that parasites were often associated by colonization and that this led to incongruence between host and parasite phylogenies. To test these differing views, Adrian Paterson, Russell Gray and Graham Wallis derived a procellariiform phylogeny. This tree is here compared with Timmermann\&$\#$39;s tree based on the relationships of feather lice. Timmermann\&$\#$39;s tree is more similar to the seabird phylogeny that would be expected by chance. Thus, support is found for the \&$\#$39;comparative parasitology\&$\#$39; approach.

}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/0047.pdf}, author = {Paterson,Adrian M. and Russell D. Gray and Wallis,G. P.} }