@article {45136,
	title = {Enigmatic phylogeny of skuas (Aves: Stercorariidae) - Erratum},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences},
	volume = {264},
	year = {1997},
	month = {1997},
	pages = {1849},
	abstract = {<p>Multiple sources of evidence show that the skuas (Aves: Stercorariidae) are a monophyletic group, closely related to gulls (Laridae). On morphological and behavioural evidence the Stercorariidae are divided into two widely divergent genera, Catharacta and Stercorarius, consistent with observed levels of nuclear and mitochondrial gene divergence. Catharacta skuas are large-bodied and with one exception breed in the Southern Hemisphere. Stercorarius skuas (otherwise known as jaegers) are smaller bodied and breed exclusively in the Northern Hemisphere. Evidence from both mitochondrial and nuclear genomes and from ectoparasitic lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) shows that the Pomarine skua, S. pomarinus, which has been recognized as being somewhat intermediate in certain morphological and behavioural characteristics, is much more closely related to species in the genus Catharacta, especially to the Northern Hemisphere-breeding Great skua, C. skua, than it is to the other two Stercorarius skuas, the Arctic skua, S. parasiticus and the Longtailed skua, S. longicaudus. Three possible explanations that might account for this discordant aspect of skua phylogeny are explored. These involve (i) the segregation of ancestral polymorphism, (ii) convergent evolution of morphology and behaviour or (iii) inter-generic hybridization. The available evidence from both nuclear and mitochondrial genomes does not exclude any of these hypotheses. Thus, resolution of this enigma of skua phylogeny awaits further work.</p>
},
	keywords = {bird, Charadriiformes, Evolution, mitochondrial dna, mtax, parasite, PHP, populations, sequence, trees},
	url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/51124?seq=1$\#$page_scan_tab_contents},
	author = {Cohen,B. L. and Baker,A. J. and Bleschschmidt,K. and Dittmann,D. L. and Furness,Robert W. and Gerwin,J. A. and Helbig,A. J. and DeKorte,J. and Marshall,H. D. and Ricardo L. Palma and Peter,H. U. and Ramli,Rosli and Siebold,I. and Willcox,M. S. and Wilson,R. H. and Zink,R. M.}
}
@article {40304,
	title = {Enigmatic phylogeny of skuas (Aves: Stercorariidae)},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences},
	volume = {264},
	year = {1997},
	month = {1997},
	pages = {181 - 190},
	abstract = {<p>Multiple sources of evidence show that the skuas (Aves: Stercorariidae) are a monophyletic group, closely related to gulls (Laridae). On morphological and behavioural evidence the Stercorariidae are divided into two widely divergent genera, Catharacta and Stercorarius, consistent with observed levels of nuclear and mitochondrial gene divergence. Catharacta skuas are large-bodied and with one exception breed in the Southern Hemisphere. Stercorarius skuas (otherwise known as jaegers) are smaller bodied and breed exclusively in the Northern Hemisphere. Evidence from both mitochondrial and nuclear genomes and from ectoparasitic lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) shows that the Pomarine skua, S. pomarinus, which has been recognized as being somewhat intermediate in certain morphological and behavioural characteristics, is much more closely related to species in the genus Catharacta, especially to the Northern Hemisphere-breeding Great skua, C. skua, than it is to the other two Stercorarius skuas, the Arctic skua, S. parasiticus and the Longtailed skua, S. longicaudus. Three possible explanations that might account for this discordant aspect of skua phylogeny are explored. These involve (i) the segregation of ancestral polymorphism, (ii) convergent evolution of morphology and behaviour or (iii) inter-generic hybridization. The available evidence from both nuclear and mitochondrial genomes does not exclude any of these hypotheses. Thus, resolution of this enigma of skua phylogeny awaits further work.</p>
},
	keywords = {bird, Charadriiformes, Evolution, mitochondrial dna, mtax, parasite, PHP, populations, sequence, trees},
	url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/38659.pdf},
	author = {Cohen,B. L. and Baker,A. J. and Bleschschmidt,K. and Dittmann,D. L. and Furness,Robert W. and Gerwin,J. A. and Helbig,A. J. and DeKorte,J. and Marshall,H. D. and Ricardo L. Palma and Peter,H. U. and Ramli,Rosli and Siebold,I. and Willcox,M. S. and Wilson,R. H. and Zink,R. M.}
}
@article {39675,
	title = {Estimating divergence dates from molecular sequences},
	journal = {Molecular Biology and Evolution},
	volume = {15},
	year = {1998},
	note = {@},
	month = {1998},
	pages = {442 - 448},
	abstract = {The ability to date the time of divergence between lineages using molecular data provides the opportunity to answer many important questions in evolutionary biology. However, molecular dating techniques have previously been criticized for failing to adequately account for variation in the rate of molecular evolution. We present a maximum-likelihood approach to estimating divergence times that deals explicitly with the problem of rate variation. This method has many advantages over previous approaches including the following: (1) a rate constancy test excludes data for which rate heterogeneity is detected; (2) date estimates are generated with confidence intervals that allow the explicit testing of hypotheses regarding divergence times; and (3) a range of sequences and fossil dates are used, removing the reliance on a single calculated calibration rate. We present tests of the accuracy of our method, which show it to be robust to the effects of some modes of rate variation. In addition, we test the effect of substitution model and length of sequence on the accuracy of the dating technique. We believe that the method presented here offers solutions to many of the problems facing molecular dating and provides a platform for future improvements to such analyses.},
	keywords = {avian, bird, clock, dna, Evolution, likelihood, mammal, maximum, mitochondrial dna, molecular, origins, Phylogeny, sites, substitution, trees},
	author = {Rambaut,A. and Bromham,L.}
}
