@conference {44358,
	title = {Maintenance of Pediculus humanus corporis by feeding in vitro as an alternative model for the body louse feeding on rabbits - preliminary results of validation},
	booktitle = {Joint Annual Meeting of the German and Dutch Societies for Parasitology (DGP, NVP)},
	volume = {L{\"u}beck-Travem{\"u}nde, Germany},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003},
	pages = {Abstracts: 103},
	author = {Habedank,Birgit and Bartmann,T. and Schramm,K. and Schein,E.}
}
@inbook {44360,
	title = {Investigations on the in vitro feeding and in vitro breeding of the human body louse Pediculus humanus corporis (Anoplura: Pediculidae)},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Urban Pests},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999},
	pages = {241 - 248},
	abstract = {<p>Abstract - The human body louse Pediculus humanus corporis - the main vector of both human spotted fever (rick- ettsiosis) and relapsing fever (borreliosis) - is maintained for insecticide efficacy tests and is commonly reared on rabbits as substitute hosts. A membrane feeding technique may offer a return to the natural nutrition medium of body lice - human blood - for feeding and reproducing these host specific human parasites. P. humanus corporis, derived from a rabbit adapted strain, were offered preserved human blood through a Parafilm M\&reg; membrane (American National Can, Chicago) at 38 \&deg;C. The superimposed blood, stemming from a blood bank, contained a CPD stabi- lizer. Subsequent to initial experiments on nutrition media and storage condition, P. humanus corporis were reared continuously for a nine-month period until adults of the 9th generation emerged. Lice regularly showed a feeding rate of more than 90\% and a low mortality rate on day one after nutrition. Engorging time became shorter, from about 90 min (generation 1) to 15-30 min (generation 5), similar to the engorging time of P. humanus corporis on rabbits. To conclude, preliminary results indicate that in vitro feeding could be an alternative method of breeding the human body louse. Membrane feeding saves laboratory animals and is therefore considered to be a contribution to animal welfare. Further studies are required to optimize the composition of the nutrition medium.</p>
},
	keywords = {alternative rearing, lice, membrane feeding, Parafilm M, porcine blood},
	url = {http://www.icup.org.uk/reports\%5CICUP423.pdf},
	author = {Habedank,Birgit and Schrader,G. and Scheurer,S. and Schein,E.},
	editor = {Robinson,W. H. and Rettich,F. and Rambo,G. W.}
}
@article {40079,
	title = {Parasites of the red fox in Berlin (West)},
	journal = {Berliner und M{\"u}nchner Tier{\"a}rztliche Wochenschrift},
	volume = {104},
	year = {1991},
	month = {1991},
	pages = {153 - 157},
	abstract = {The infestation with ecto- and endoparasites of red foxes in Berlin (West) was investigated. As shown by post mortems of 100 animals (47 male and 53 female), none of them was found to be free of parasites. With regard to ectoparasites, 3 species of ixodes ticks, 7 flea species, one species of biting lice and mite species were demonstrated. The sarcoptic mange is often inducing the death of the foxes and is considered to be a limiting factor of the population increment. Concerning endoparasites, cestodes (6 species), trematodes (7 species), nematodes (10 species) and 3 coccidian species were found. The infestation rate with different species of hook worms, ascarids and mesocestoides was remarkably high. However, none of the foxes were infected with Trichinella spiralis or Echinococcus multilocularis. As shown by ELISA, in 15\% of foxes antibodies against Borrelia burgdorferi were found. Therefore, the red fox must be considered as a reservoir host for Lyme- borreliosis.},
	keywords = {Germany, Prevalence, tubingen},
	author = {Schoffel,I. and Schein,E. and Wittstadt,U. and Hentsche,J.}
}
