@article {95246, title = {Phylogenomics of parasitic and non-parasitic lice (Insecta: Psocodea): Combining sequence data and Exploring compositional bias solutions in Next Generation Datasets}, journal = {Systematic Biology}, year = {2020}, month = {09-2020}, type = {Advance article, pre-print}, abstract = {

The insect order Psocodea is a diverse lineage comprising both parasitic (Phthiraptera) and non-parasitic members (Psocoptera). The extreme age and ecological diversity of the group may be associated with major genomic changes, such as base compositional biases expected to affect phylogenetic inference. Divergent morphology between parasitic and non-parasitic members has also obscured the origins of parasitism within the order. We conducted a phylogenomic analysis on the order Psocodea utilizing both transcriptome and genome sequencing to obtain a data set of 2,370 orthologous genes. All phylogenomic analyses, including both concatenated and coalescent methods suggest a single origin of parasitism within the order Psocodea, resolving conflicting results from previous studies. This phylogeny allows us to propose a stable ordinal level classification scheme that retains significant taxonomic names present in historical scientific literature and reflects the evolution of the group as a whole. A dating analysis, with internal nodes calibrated by fossil evidence, suggests an origin of parasitism that predates the K-Pg boundary. Nucleotide compositional biases are detected in third and first codon positions and result in the anomalous placement of the Amphientometae as sister to Psocomorpha when all nucleotide sites are analyzed. Likelihood-mapping and quartet sampling methods demonstrate that base compositional biases can also have an effect on quartet-based methods.

Attachment 95246.pdf file is an Advance article, pre-print

Printed version is also attached.

}, keywords = {Illumina, Phthiraptera, Psocoptera, Quartet sampling, Recoding methods}, issn = {1063-5157}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syaa075}, url = {https://academic.oup.com/sysbio/article/70/4/719/5912026}, author = {Robert S. de_Moya and Kazunori Yoshizawa and Kimberly K. O. Walden and Andrew D. Sweet and Christopher H. Dietrich and Kevin P. Johnson} } @article {95107, title = {Mitochondrial genome deletions and minicirclesare common in lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera)}, year = {2011}, abstract = {

Background:The gene composition, gene order and structure of the mitochondrial genome are remarkably stableacross bilaterian animals. Lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) are a major exception to this genomic stability in that thecanonical single chromosome with 37 genes found in almost all other bilaterians has been lost in multiple lineagesin favour of multiple, minicircular chromosomes with less than 37 genes on each chromosome.

Results:Minicircular mt genomes are found in six of the ten louse species examined to date and three types ofminicircles were identified: heteroplasmic minicircles which coexist with full sized mt genomes (type 1); multigenechromosomes with short, simple control regions, we infer that the genome consists of several such chromosomes(type 2); and multiple, single to three gene chromosomes with large, complex control regions (type 3). Mappingminicircle types onto a phylogenetic tree of lice fails to show a pattern of their occurrence consistent with anevolutionary series of minicircle types. Analysis of the nuclear-encoded, mitochondrially-targetted genes inferredfrom the body louse,Pediculus, suggests that the loss of mitochondrial single-stranded binding protein (mtSSB)may be responsible for the presence of minicircles in at least species with the most derived type 3 minicircles(Pediculus, Damalinia).

Conclusions:Minicircular mt genomes are common in lice and appear to have arisen multiple times within thegroup. Life history adaptive explanations which attribute minicircular mt genomes in lice to the adoption of blood-feeding in the Anoplura are not supported by this expanded data set as minicircles are found in multiple non-blood feeding louse groups but are not found in the blood-feeding genusHeterodoxus. In contrast, a mechanistexplanation based on the loss of mtSSB suggests that minicircles may be selectively favoured due to the incapacityof the mt replisome to synthesize long replicative products without mtSSB and thus the loss of this gene lead tothe formation of minicircles in lice.

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-12-394}, url = {https://bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2164-12-394}, author = {Stephen L. Cameron and Kazunori Yoshizawa and Mizukoshi,Atsushi and Michael F. Whiting and Kevin P. Johnson} } @article {95003, title = {A revision of Strigiphilus (Insecta: Phthiraptera: Philopteridae) from Japan}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4779}, year = {2020}, month = {05-2021}, pages = {501 - 521}, type = {Open Access}, abstract = {

The Japanese species of the genus Strigiphilus Mj\öberg, 1910 (Insecta: Phthiraptera: Philopteridae) are revised. Six species are recorded, including a new species belonging to the cursitans species-group: Strigiphilus stenocephalus new species, described from the type host Otus bakkamoena semitorques and based on specimens originally identified and reported by Uchida (1949) as Strigiphilus rostratus (Burmeister, 1838). A lectotype for Strigiphilus laticephalus (Uchida, 1949) (type host: Strix aluco yamadae) is designated and redescribed, and this louse species is synonymized under Strigiphilus cursor (Burmeister, 1838). Strigiphilus ceblebrachys (Denny, 1842), S. heterogenitalis Emerson \& Elbel, 1957 and S. tuleskovi Bal\át, 1958 are recorded for the first time in Japan. Also, Strix uralensis and Otus sunia japonicus are recorded as new hosts for Strigiphilus heterogenitalis and S. tuleskovi respectively

}, keywords = {Chewing lice, Japan, key to species, new species, new synonymy, Otus bakkamoena semitorques, Otus sunia japonicus, redescription, Strigiphilus stenocephalus}, issn = {1175-5326}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4779.4.3}, url = {https://www.biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.4779.4.3}, author = {Megumi Shimada and Kazunori Yoshizawa} } @article {94667, title = {New records of chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Amblycera, Ischnocera) from the black-faced spoonbill (Platalea minor)}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4612}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {133}, abstract = {

Three species of chewing lice\—Eucolpocephalum femorale (Piaget, 1880) (Amblycera: Menoponidae), Ibidoecus plataleae (Denny, 1842) (Ischnocera: Philopteridae) and Ardeicola plataleae (Linnaeus, 1758) (Ischnocera: Philopteridae)\—are reported from the black-faced spoonbill (Platalea minor Temminck \& Schlegel, 1849) in Japan. These three louse species are new records for this host. The black-faced spoonbill is classified as a \“Critically Endangered\” species in the IUCN Red List; although its species of lice are known to infest other species of spoonbills, these lice are endangered at the population level.

}, keywords = {black-faced spoonbill, Chewing lice, Japan, New records, Platalea minor}, issn = {1175-5326 (print) 1175-5334 (online)}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4612.1.10}, url = {https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.4612.1.10}, author = {Megumi Shimada and Kazunori Yoshizawa} } @article {94591, title = {Phylogenomics and the evolution of hemipteroid insects}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, volume = {115}, year = {2018}, month = {Nov-12-2018}, pages = {12775 - 12780}, abstract = {

Hemipteroid insects (Paraneoptera), with over 10\% of all known insect diversity, are a major component of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Previous phylogenetic analyses have not consistently resolved the relationships among major hemipteroid lineages. We provide maximum likelihood-based phylogenomic analyses of a taxonomically comprehensive dataset comprising sequences of 2,395 single-copy, protein-coding genes for 193 samples of hemipteroid insects and outgroups. These analyses yield a well-supported phylogeny for hemipteroid insects. Monophyly of each of the three hemipteroid orders (Psocodea, Thysanoptera, and Hemiptera) is strongly supported, as are most relationships among suborders and families. Thysanoptera (thrips) is strongly supported as sister to Hemiptera. However, as in a recent large-scale analysis sampling all insect orders, trees from our data matrices support Psocodea (bark lice and parasitic lice) as the sister group to the holometabolous insects (those with complete metamorphosis). In contrast, four-cluster likelihood mapping of these data does not support this result. A molecular dating analysis using 23 fossil calibration points suggests hemipteroid insects began diversifying before the Carboniferous, over 365 million years ago. We also explore implications for understanding the timing of diversification, the evolution of morphological traits, and the evolution of mitochondrial genome organization. These results provide a phylogenetic framework for future studies of the group.

}, keywords = {Hemiptera, Phylogeny, Psocodea, systematics, transcriptomes}, issn = {0027-8424}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.1815820115}, url = {https://www.pnas.org/content/115/50/12775}, author = {Kevin P. Johnson and Christopher H. Dietrich and Frank Friedrich and Beutel,Rolf G. and Benjamin Wipfler and Ralph S. Peters and Julie M. Allen and Malte Petersen and Alexander Donath and Kimberly K. O. Walden and Alexey M. Kozlov and Lars Podsiadlowski and Mayer,Christoph and Karen Meusemann and Alexandros Vasilikopoulos and Robert M. Waterhouse and Stephen L. Cameron and Christiane Weirauch and Daniel R. Swanson and Diana M. Percy and Nate B. Hardy and Irene Terry and Shanlin Liu and Xin Zhou and Bernhard Misof and Hugh M. Robertson and Kazunori Yoshizawa} } @article {68863, title = {Comparisons of Host Specificity in Feather Louse Genera (Insecta: Phthiraptera: Philopteridae) Parasitizing Gulls (Aves: Laridae: Larus )}, journal = {Zoological Science}, volume = {31}, year = {2014}, month = {Jan-06-2014}, pages = {383 - 389}, abstract = {

Data from gene sequences and morphological structures were collected for the gull feather lice, Saemundssonia lari, Quadraceps punctatus, and Q. ornatus, parasitizing Larus crassirostris and L. schistisagus. Saemundssonia lari was collected from both gull species, and no detectable morpho- logical and genetic differences were found between lice collected from the two different hosts. In contrast, Q. punctatus was only collected from L. crassirostris, whereas Q. ornatus was only col- lected from L. schistisagus. The two Quadraceps species were genetically highly divergent, and body-size differences corresponding to the gull\’s body size (Harrison\’s rule) were also detected between them. Both Quadraceps species were collected from the interbarb of the remex or rectrix, and a match in body size between the louse and the interbarb space may be important in escape from host preening defenses. In contrast, Saemundssonia is a head louse, inhabiting the finer feath- ers of the head and neck, which the bird cannot preen. A close match to host body size may be less important for lice in the head microhabitat. The differences in the pattern of host-specificity between Saemundssonia and Quadraceps on the two focal host species of this study were probably due to their different microhabitat preferences. More broadly, comparisons of the gene sequences of S. lari and Q. punctatus to those from other gull hosts showed that genetically almost undiffer- entiated populations of both species were distributed on wide range of gull species. Frequent inter- specific hybridization of gulls is one possible factor that may allow these lice to maintain gene flow across multiple host species.

}, keywords = {Harrison{\textquoteright}s rule, host switch, Parasitic lice, Quadraceps, Saemundssonia}, issn = {0289-0003}, doi = {10.2108/zs130263}, url = {http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.2108/zs130263}, author = {Yamagishi, Ayaka and Yao, Izumi and Kevin P. Johnson and Kazunori Yoshizawa} } @article {61603, title = {Co-phylogeography and morphological evolution of sika deer lice (Damalinia sika) with their hosts (Cervus nippon)}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {139}, year = {2012}, month = {10/2012}, pages = {1614 - 1629}, abstract = {Lice are obligate parasites of mammals and birds and have become an important model for studies of host-parasite co-evolution and co-phylogenetics. Population genetic and phylogeographic studies represent an important bridge between microevolution and co-phylogenetic patterns.We examine co-phylogeographic patterns in sika deer and their parasitic lice. Co-phylogeographic patterns in deer and lice were evaluated using homologous regions of mitochondrial COI sequences. The phylogeographic breaks recovered for deer populations matched those of previous studies. Comparisons of the phylogeographic tree topology for deer lice with that of their hosts revealed a significant level of congruence. However, comparisons of genetic distances between deer and lice suggested that one of the estimated co-divergence events is more likely a recent host switch. Taking into account genetic divergence, there is not strong evidence for complete phylogeographic co-divergence between deer and their parasitic lice. However, mitochondrial phylogenies only track genetic structure of female lineages, and the incongruence between deer and louse phylogeography may be explained by louse migration mediated by male deer. Morphological analysis of head shape variation based on an elliptic Fourier descriptor showed that overall morphological variation contained phylogenetic signal, suggesting that in general morphology of these lice evolves congruent to population history.}, issn = {1469-8161}, doi = {10.1017/S0031182012000996}, url = {http://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/61603.pdf}, author = {Mizukoshi,Atsushi and Kevin P. Johnson and Kazunori Yoshizawa} } @article {48376, title = {Molecular systematics of the barklouse family Psocidae (Insecta: Psocodea: {\textquoteleft}Psocoptera{\textquoteright}) and implications for morphological and behavioral evolution}, journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution}, volume = {46}, year = {2008}, month = {2008}, pages = {547 - 559}, abstract = {

We evaluated the higher level classification within the family Psocidae (Insecta: Psocodea: \‘Psocoptera\’) based on combined analyses of nuclear 18S, Histone 3, wingless and mitochondrial 12S, 16S and COI gene sequences. Various analyses (inclusion/exclusion of incomplete taxa and/or rapidly evolving genes, data partitioning, and analytical method selection) all provided similar results, which were generally concordant with relationships inferred using morphological observations. Based on the phylogenetic trees estimated for Psocidae, we propose a revised higher level classification of this family, although uncertainty still exists regarding some aspects of this classification. This classification includes a basal division into two subfamilies, \‘Amphigerontiinae\’ (possibly paraphyletic) and Psocinae. The Amphigerontiinaeis divided into the tribes Kaindipsocini (new tribe), Blastini, Amphigerontini, and Stylatopsocini. Psocinae is divided into the tribes \‘Ptyctini\’ (probably paraphyletic), Psocini, Atrichadenotecnini (new tribe), Sigmatoneurini, Metylophorini, and Thyrsophorini (the latter includes the taxon previously recognized as Cerastipsocini). We examined the evolution of symmetric/asymmetric male genitalia over this tree and found this character to be quite homoplasious.

}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/47521.pdf}, author = {Kazunori Yoshizawa and Kevin P. Johnson} } @article {48295, title = {Bacterial Endosymbiont of the Slender Pigeon Louse, Columbicola columbae, Allied to Endosymbionts of Grain Weevils and Tsetse Flies}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {73}, year = {2007}, month = {2007}, pages = {6660 - 6668}, abstract = {

The current study focuses on a symbiotic bacterium found in the slender pigeon louse, Columbicola columbae (Insecta: Phthiraptera). Molecular phylogenetic analyses indicated that the symbiont belongs to the gamma subdivision of the class Proteobacteria and is allied to Sodalis glossinidius, the secondary symbiont of tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) and also to the primary symbiont of grain weevils (Sitophilus spp.). Relative-rate tests revealed that the symbiont of C. columbae exhibits accelerated molecular evolution in comparison with the tsetse fly symbiont and the weevil symbiont. Whole-mount in situ hybridization was used to localize the symbiont and determine infection dynamics during host development. In first- and second-instar nymphs, the symbionts were localized in the cytoplasm of oval bacteriocytes that formed small aggregates on both sides of the body cavity. In third-instar nymphs, the bacteriocytes migrated to the central body and were finally located in the anterior region of the lateral oviducts, forming conspicuous tissue formations called ovarial ampullae. In adult females, the symbionts were transmitted from the ovarial ampullae to developing oocytes in the ovarioles. In adultmales, the bacteriocytes often disappeared without migration. A diagnostic PCR survey of insects collected from Japan, the United States, Australia, and Argentina detected 96.5\% (109/113) infection, with a few uninfected male insects. This study provides the first microbial characterization of a bacteriocyte-associated symbiont from a chewing louse. Possible biological roles of the symbiont are discussed in relation to the host nutritional physiology associated with the feather-feeding lifestyle.

}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/47438.pdf}, author = {Fukatsu,Takema and Koga,Ryuichi and Smith,Wendy A. and Tanaka,Kohjiiro and Nikoh,Naruo and Sasakki-Fukatsu,Kayoko and Kazunori Yoshizawa and Dale,Colin and Clayton,Dale H.} } @article {48001, title = {Morphology of Psocomorpha (Psocodea:{\textquoteright}Psocoptera{\textquoteright})}, journal = {Insecta Matsumurana}, volume = {NS 62}, year = {2005}, month = {2005}, pages = {1 - 44}, abstract = {

Adult integumental morphology of the suborder Psocomorpha (Psocodea: \&$\#$39;Psocoptera\&$\#$39;) was examined, and homologies and transformation series of characters throughout the suborder and Psocoptera were discussed. These examinations formed the basis of the recent morphology-based cladistic analysis of the Psocomorpha (Yoshizawa, 2002, Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 136: 371\–400).

}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/47140.pdf}, author = {Kazunori Yoshizawa} } @mastersthesis {48002, title = {Morphology, phylogeny, and higher classification of the suborder Psocomorpha (Insecta: Psocoptera).}, volume = {Ph.D.}, year = {1999}, month = {1999}, school = {Kyushu University}, address = {Japan}, author = {Kazunori Yoshizawa} } @article {48003, title = {Phylogeny and higher classification of suborder Psocomorpha (Insecta: Psocodea: {\textquoteright}Psocoptera{\textquoteright}).}, journal = {Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society}, volume = {136}, year = {2002}, month = {2002}, pages = {371 - 400}, author = {Kazunori Yoshizawa} } @article {47838, title = {Symbiotic bacteria associated with stomach disc of human lice}, journal = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {72}, year = {2006}, note = {accepted manuscript}, month = {2006}, pages = {7349 - 7352}, abstract = {

The symbiotic bacteria associated with stomach disc, a large aggregate of bacteriocytes on the ventral side of midgut, of the human body and head lice were characterized. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the symbionts formed a distinct and well-defined clade in the \γ-Proteobacteria. The sequences exhibited AT-biased nucleotide composition and accelerated molecular evolution. In situ hybridization revealed that in nymphs and adult males the symbiont was localized in the stomach disc, while in adult females the symbiont was not in the stomach disc but in the lateral oviducts and the posterior pole of the oocytes due to female-specific symbiont migration. We propose the designation \“Candidatus Riesia pediculicola\” for the lice symbionts.

}, keywords = {Anoplura, bacteriocytes}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.01429-06}, url = {http://pubmedcentralcanada.ca/pmcc/articles/PMC1636134/pdf/1429-06.pdf}, author = {Sasaki-Fukatsu,Kayoko and Koga,Ryuichi and Nikoh,Naruo and Kazunori Yoshizawa and Kasai,Shinji and Minoru,Mihara and Kobayashi,Matsuo and Tomita,Takashi and Fukatsu,Takema} } @article {47144, title = {Morphology of male genitalia in lice and their relatives and phylogenetic implications}, journal = {Systematic Entomology}, volume = {31}, year = {2006}, month = {2006}, pages = {350 - 361}, abstract = {

Lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) have long been considered to compose a monophyletic group of insects on the basis of external morphological characteristics. However, a recent phylogenetic analysis of 18S rDNA sequences suggested that {\textquoteleft}Phthiraptera\&$\#$39; have arisen twice within the order Psocoptera (booklice and barklice). The external features of lice are highly specialized to a parasitic lifestyle, and convergence may be frequent for such characters. To provide a further test between traditional and recent molecular-based phylogenetic hypotheses, a phylogenetic analysis of lice and relatives based on morphological characters that are independent from the selective pressures of a parasitic lifestyle is needed. Here, we examined the morphology of the male phallic organ in lice and relatives ({\textquoteleft}Psocoptera\&$\#$39;: suborders Troctomorpha and Psocomorpha) and detected some novel modifications that were stable within each group and useful for higher level phylogenetic reconstruction. Phylogenetic analysis based on these characters provided a concordant result with the 18S-based phylogeny. In particular, the apomorphic presence of articulations between the basal plate, mesomere and ventral plate (=\ sclerite on the permanently everted endophallus) is observed consistently throughout the psocid families Pachytroctidae and Liposcelididae and the louse suborder Amblycera, providing support for a clade composed of these three groups, although possible homoplasy was detected in some Ischnocera. This is the first study to provide morphological support for the polyphyly of lice.

}, keywords = {dna, Evolution, genitalia, morphology}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/46250.pdf}, author = {Kazunori Yoshizawa and Kevin P. Johnson} } @article {47099, title = {Molecular systematics of the suborder Trogiomorpha (Insecta: Psocodea: {\textquoteright}Psocoptera{\textquoteright})}, journal = {Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society}, volume = {146}, year = {2006}, month = {2006}, pages = {287 - 299}, abstract = {

Phylogenetic relationships among extant families in the suborder Trogiomorpha (Insecta: Psocodea: \&$\#$39;Psocoptera\&$\#$39;) were inferred from partial sequences of the nuclear 18S rDNA and Histone 3 and mitochondrial 16S rDNA genes. Analyses of these data produced trees that largely supported the traditional classification; however, monophyly of the infraorder Psocathropetae (= Psyllipsocidae + Prionoglarididae) was not recovered. Instead, the family Psyllipsocidae was recovered as the sister taxon to the infraorder Atropetae (= Lepidopsocidae + Trogiidae + Psoquillidae), and the Prionoglarididae was recovered as sister to all other families in the suborder. Character states previously used to diagnose Psocathropetae are shown to be plesiomorphic. The sister group relationship between Psyllipsocidae and Atropetae was supported by two morphological apomorphies: the presence of a paraproctal anal spine and an anteriorly opened phallosome. Based on these sequence data and morphological observations, we propose a new classification scheme for the Trogiomorpha as follows: infraorder Prionoglaridetae (Prionoglarididae), infraorder Psyllipsocetae (Psyllipsocidae), infraorder Atropetae (Lepidopsocidae, Trogiidae, Psoquillidae).

}, doi = {10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00207.x}, url = {http://eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2115/43134/1/2006zjls-1.pdf}, author = {Kazunori Yoshizawa and C. Lienhard and Kevin P. Johnson} } @article {45866, title = {Aligned 18S for Zoraptera (Insecta): phylogenetic position and molecular evolution}, journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution}, volume = {37}, year = {2005}, month = {2005}, pages = {572 - 580}, abstract = {

The order Zoraptera (angel insects) is one of the least known insect groups, containing only 32 extant species. The phylogenetic position of Zoraptera is poorly understood, but it is generally thought to be closely related to either Paraneoptera (hemipteroid orders: booklice, lice, thrips, and bugs), Dictyoptera (blattoid orders: cockroaches, termites, and mantis), or Embioptera (web spinners). We inferred the phylogenetic position of Zoraptera by analyzing nuclear 18S rDNA sequences, which we aligned according to a secondary structure model. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses both supported a close relationship between Zoraptera and Dictyoptera with relatively high posterior probability. The 18S sequences of Zoraptera exhibited several unusual properties: (1) a dramatically increased substitution rate, which resulted in very long branches; (2) long insertions at helix E23; and (3) modifications of secondary structures at helices 12 and 18.

}, keywords = {Zoraptera; 18S rDNA; Secondary structure based alignment; Phylogeny; Molecular evolution}, isbn = {1055-7903}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2005.05.008}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790305001855}, author = {Kazunori Yoshizawa and Kevin P. Johnson} } @article {45096, title = {Ectoparasites of the Pallas squirrel, Callosciurus erythraeus, introduced to Japan}, journal = {Medical and Veterinary Entomology}, volume = {18}, year = {2004}, month = {2004}, pages = {61 - 63}, abstract = {

Abstract. The squirrel Callosciurus erythraeus (Pallas) (Rodentia: Sciuridae) was intentionally introduced to Japan in 1935 and has become established throughout much of the country. Although they live mainly in forests, Pallas squirrels come into gardens and are frequently fed by people or kept as pets, so their ectoparasites could be of potential medical as well as veterinary importance. During 2001\–2003 we conducted the first ectoparasite survey of Pallas squirrels in Japan. From 105 C. erythraeus captured in Kamakura District of Kanagawa Prefecture on Honshu Island, three types of ectoparasite were found: 52 specimens of the sucking louse Neohaematopinus callosciuri Johnson (Anoplura: Haematopinidae), 26 fleas Ceratophyllus (Monopsyllus) anisus Rothschild (Siphonaptera: Ceratophyllidae) and four nymphs of the tick Haemaphysalis flava Neumann (Acari: Ixodidae) on 22, 13 and one squirrels, respectively. Evidently in Japan C. erythraeus carries relatively few ectoparasite species; this may be a contributory factor to their invasive success. Further investigations are needed to assess risks of zoonotic transmission of plague or murine typhus by C. anisus, of louse-borne typhus by N. callosciuri and of tularaemia and especially Japanese spotted fever (Rickettsia japonica) by H. flava.

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0269-283X.2004.0475.x}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.0269-283X.2004.0475.x}, author = {Shinozaki,Yasuo and Shiibashi,Takashi and Kazunori Yoshizawa and Murata,Koichi and Kimura,Junpei and Maruyama,Soichi and Hayama,Yoshikazu and Yoshida,Hironobu and Nogami,Sadao} } @article {44788, title = {Multiple origins of parasitism in lice}, journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences}, volume = {271}, year = {2004}, month = {2004}, pages = {1771 - 1776}, abstract = {

A major fraction of the diversity of insects is parasitic, as herbivores, parasitoids or vertebrate ectoparasites. Understanding this diversity requires information on the origin of parasitism in various insect groups. Parasitic lice (Phthiraptera) are the only major group of insects in which all members are permanent parasites of birds or mammals. Lice are classified into a single order but are thought to be closely related to, or derived from, book lice and bark lice (Psocoptera). Here, we use sequences of the nuclear 18S rDNA gene to investigate the relationships among Phthiraptera and Psocoptera and to identify the origins of parasitism in this group (termed Psocodea). Maximum-likelihood (ML), Bayesian ML and parsimony analyses of these data indicate that lice are embedded within the psocopteran infraorder Nanopsocetae, making the order Psocoptera paraphyletic (i.e. does not contain all descendants of a single common ancestor). Furthermore, one family of Psocoptera, Liposcelididae, is identified as the sister taxon to the louse suborder Amblycera, making parasitic lice (Phthiraptera) a polyphyletic order (i.e. descended from two separate ancestors). We infer from these results that parasitism of vertebrates arose twice independently within Psocodea, once in the common ancestor of Amblycera and once in the common ancestor of all other parasitic lice.

}, url = {https://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/43422.pdf}, author = {Kevin P. Johnson and Kazunori Yoshizawa and Vincent Stuart Smith} } @article {43320, title = {Phylogenetic position of Phthiraptera (Insecta: Paraneoptera) and elevated rate of evolution in mitochondrial 12S and 16S rDNA}, journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution}, volume = {29}, year = {2003}, month = {2003}, pages = {102 - 114}, keywords = {dna, Evolution, Phthiraptera, Phylogeny}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/6689.pdf}, author = {Kazunori Yoshizawa and Kevin P. Johnson} } @article {43319, title = {The first record of sucking louse, Neohaematopinus callosciuri, infesting pallas squirrels in Japan}, journal = {Journal of Veterinary Medicine Science}, volume = {66}, year = {2004}, month = {2004}, pages = {333 - 335}, url = {https://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/6688.pdf}, author = {Shinozaki,Yasuo and Kazunori Yoshizawa and Murata,Koichi and Shiibashi,Takashi and Kimura,Junpei and Maruyama,Soichi and Hayama,Yoshikazu and Yoshida,Hironobu and Nogami,Sadao} } @article {39831, title = {Phylogenetic analysis of paraneopteran orders (Insecta: Neoptera) based on forewing base structure, with comments on monophyly of Auchenorrhyncha (Hemiptera)}, journal = {Systematic Entomology}, volume = {26}, year = {2001}, month = {2001}, pages = {1 - 13}, abstract = {

Phylogenetic relationships among three paraneopteran clades (Psocodea, Hemiptera and Thysanoptera) were analysed based on the morphology of forewing base structure, Monophyly of Paraneoptera was supported by nine autapomorphies, monophyly of Condylognatha (= Thysanoptera + Hemiptera) by two autapomorphies, monophyly of Thysanoptera by five autapomorphies and monophyly of Hemiptera by one autapomorphy. Thus, (Psocodea + (Thysanoptera + Hemiptera)) were proposed to be the phylogenetic relationships within Paraneoptera. A homoplastic similarity of the third axillary sclerite was observed between Thysanoptera and Heteroptera, and a possible evolutionary factor providing this homoplasy was discussed. The present analysis also suggested a monophyletic Auchenorrhyncha, and reduction of the proximal median plate was considered as an autapomorphy of this dade.

}, keywords = {articulation, Evolution, fulgoromorpha, hindwing, homoptera, molecular, Phthiraptera, Phylogeny, scarabaeoidea, sequence, thysanoptera}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/2301.pdf}, author = {Kazunori Yoshizawa and Saigusa,T.} }