@article {94821,
	title = {How Birds Combat Ectoparasites},
	journal = {The Open Ornithology Journal},
	volume = {3},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {41 - 71},
	type = {Open Access},
	abstract = {<p>Birds are plagued by an impressive diversity of ectoparasites, ranging from feather-feeding lice, to feather- degrading bacteria. Many of these ectoparasites have severe negative effects on host fitness. It is therefore not surprising that selection on birds has favored a variety of possible adaptations for dealing with ectoparasites. The functional signifi- cance of some of these defenses has been well documented. Others have barely been studied, much less tested rigorously. In this article we review the evidence - or lack thereof - for many of the purported mechanisms birds have for dealing with ectoparasites. We concentrate on features of the plumage and its components, as well as anti-parasite behaviors. In some cases, we present original data from our own recent work. We make recommendations for future studies that could im- prove our understanding of this poorly known aspect of avian biology.</p>
},
	keywords = {anting, dusting, Fumigation, grooming, molt, oil, preening, sunning},
	issn = {18744532},
	doi = {10.2174/1874453201003010041},
	url = {http://benthamopen.com/ABSTRACT/TOOENIJ-3-41},
	author = {Clayton,Dale H. and Koop,Jennifer A. H. and Christopher W. Harbison and Brett R. Moyer and Sarah E. Bush}
}
