@article {96249, title = {Incidence of Chewing Lice (Phthiraptera: Insecta) From Domestic Fowl Gallus Gallus (Phasianidae: Galliformes: Aves) From Jamshoro and Hyderabad, Districts, Sindh Pakistan}, journal = {University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences}, volume = {4}, year = {2020}, month = {Sept 2020}, pages = {10-13}, abstract = {

The chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Insecta) were examined for their population and rate of infestation from Domestic fowl Gallus gallus Linnaeus (Phasianidae: Galliformes: Aves) from Jamshoro and Hyderabad Districts, Sindh, Pakistan during the year 2013-2014. 40 domestic fowls and were observed in four localities of Jamshoro and Hyderabad Districts, including two urban and two rural areas. During the survey, six species of chewing lice were reported from domestic fowl. Their population density on host body was recorded in each month. The data were taken from four localities by random collection method. The prevalence of chewing lice species of Gallus gallus was recorded as 22.43\% of Menacanthus pallidulus, 19.16\% of Lipeurus tropicalis, 19.12\% of Menacanthus stramineus, 16.30\% of Menopon gallinae, 12.19\% of Goniode dissimilis and of 10.76\% of Goniocotes gallinae and Coturnix coturnix with 44.47\% of Cuclotogaster cinereus, 32.64\% of Menacanthus abdominalis and 22.87\% of Menacanthus cornutus.

}, keywords = {Chewing lice, Domestic Fowl Gallus gallus, Hyderabad, Jamshoro, Pakistan, population density}, issn = {(E): 2523-6067, (P): 2521-8328}, url = {https://sujo.usindh.edu.pk/index.php/USJAS/article/view/2899}, author = {Shaikh, Farheen and Naz,Saima and Birmani, Nadir Ali} } @article {96212, title = {The Goniodidae (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera) of peafowl (Aves: Galliformes: Pavo), with description of a new genus}, journal = {Journal of Natural History}, volume = {57}, year = {2023}, month = {July-2023}, pages = {996-1048}, abstract = {

Five species of goniodid lice are known from Asian peafowls of the genus Pavo Linnaeus, 1758: Goniodes pavonis (Linnaeus, 1758), the type species of Goniodes Nitzsch, 1818; Goniodes meinertzhageni Clay, 1940; Goniocotes rectangulatus Nitzsch [in Giebel] 1866; Goniocotes parviceps (Piaget, 1880); Goniocotes mayuri Lakshminarayana and Emerson, 1971. We here discuss the identity and relationships of these five species, including the population of G. parviceps on the green peafowl, Pavo muticus Linnaeus, 1766. All five species are redescribed and illustrated in full. A new genus is erected for G. parviceps and G. mayuri: Pavoniocotes gen. nov. A key to the goniodid lice of Asian peafowls is provided.

}, keywords = {Chewing lice, new genus, Pavoniocotes gen. nov., Pavoniocotes mayuri, Pavoniocotes parviceps, peafowl}, issn = {0022-2933, 1464-5262}, doi = {10.1080/00222933.2023.2226375}, url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00222933.2023.2226375}, author = {Daniel R Gustafsson and Grossi, Alexandra A. and Mengjiao Ren and Fasheng Zou} } @article {96202, title = {First record of Goniodes dissimilis Denny, 1842 (Ischnocera: Philopteridae) recovered from fowls (Galliformes: Phasianidae) from Hyderabad Sindh, Pakistan}, journal = {Pure and Applied Biology}, volume = {12}, year = {2023}, month = {Jun-10-2023}, pages = {1128-1136}, abstract = {

The chewing lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) areparasitic insects of variety of birdswhich belongs to the family Phasianidae (Galliformes: Phasianidae) and are common on game birds. These are the parasites of both domestic and wild birdsusually all over the world.The order Phthiraptera (Amblycera and Ischnocera) divided into two notceable groups on the basis of their feeding habits, the chewing lice (Mallophaga) and the sucking lice (Anoplura). Chewing lice are the most important group with more than 3000 species identified and always causes great pathogenecity to its hosts. The chewing Lice (Order: Phthiraptera) wrapof three suborders, Amblycera, Ischnocera and Rhynchophthirina. The ectoparasites have great veterinary importance their taxonomival work which is reasonably priced in Pakistan as well as all over theworld.The chewing louse Goniodes dissimilis Denny, 1842 (Ischnocera: Philopteridae) is usually found on fowls (Galliformes: Phasianidae) which includes practically Common pea fowl Pavocristatus Linnaeus, 1758,Domestic fowl Gallus gallus domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758) and Turkey fowl Meleagris gallopavo (Linnaeus, 1958). The louse is small size brownish yellow pigmented slow moving philopteridand most of the time was attached to furryandglossy feathers of hosts belly or abdomin. It causes aggravation, annoyance, irritationand nervousness in behaviors of hosts. This wasfirst reported as new hosts and new locality records from the study area. The description of species was planned as taxonomically and genetically of both male and female specimens. The main purpose of the study was to check out the population density, collection, examination and investigation of variety of species of chewing lice and described systematically fromurban and rural areas of Hyderabad
Sindh, Pakistan.

}, keywords = {Gallus gallus domesticus, Genital studies, Hyderabad, New record, Sindh, taxonomy, Turkey fowl}, issn = {2304-2478}, doi = {10.19045/bspab.2023.120115}, url = {https://thepab.org/index.php/journal/article/view/2628}, author = {Shaikh, Farheen and Naz,Saima and Birmani, Nadir Ali} } @article {95918, title = {Phylogenetic analysis of lice infested chicken (Gallus gallus domisticus) with new records in Kurdistan of Iraq}, journal = {Annals of Parasitology}, volume = {67}, year = {2021}, pages = {61{\textendash}168}, abstract = {

The domestic chickens are the most important protein sources of human populations in every part of the world; many parasites\&$\#$39; species may affect birds. Ectoparasites can be found practically in all birds. They feed on their body components like blood, feathers. The effects of louse parasitism on birds are often severe, including retarded growth, low egg production and susceptibility to other infections and due to lice possess chewing mouthpart, it feeds on dry skin scales, scab tissues, and feather parts and it causes skin irritation and sucks blood (anemia), discomfort, loss of plumage, and decrease in productivity of the host. The aim of this study is to investigate lice genera and create the phylogenetic tree among the sequenced lice, using both mitochondrial DNA (COI gene) and nuclear gene (18S rRNA gene). Sequencing data were aligned with the sequences available in the NCBI GenBank. From October 2017 until July 2018, two hundred outdoor local chickens from three governorates (Duhok, Erbil and Sulaymaniyah), were examined for lice collection. After the morphological identification of the lice, the total genomic DNA of each louse was extracted individually and universal primers L6625, H7005 were used to amplify the DNA of mitochondrial gene COI (Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit I) and three designed specific primers (18SrRSHM1, 18SrRSHM2 and 18SrRSHM3) were applied to amplify the DNA of the nuclear gene 18S rRNA. Sequencing DNA results were submitted to the GenBank, For the first time in Iraq, twelve species of chicken lice have been submitted in a GenBank with accession numbers of MN531684 from Menopon gallinae; MN524167, MN588078, MN588079 belonged to the species of Menacanthus stramineus; MN524168, MN524182, MN588080 belonged to the species of Goniocotes gallinae; MN524180, MN588092 belonged to the species of Lipeurus caponis; MN524181, MN588091 belonged to the species of Goniocotes gigas and MN588089 belonged to the species of Goniodes dissimilis.

}, keywords = {chicken, Gallus gallus domesticus, Goniocotes gigas}, issn = {eISSN 2300-6706 ISSN 2299-0631}, doi = {10.17420/ap6702.325}, url = {https://www.annals-parasitology.eu/go.live.php/PL-H240/2021-vol-67-2.html}, author = {Mohammed Adnan Al-Badrani and Shamal Abdullah Al-Muffti} } @article {95744, title = {RECORDS OF CHEWING LICE (PHTHIRAPTERA: INSECTA) OF FOWLS (GALLIFORMES: PHASIANIDAE) OF FAMILY MENOPONIDAE (AMBLYCERA) AND PHILOPTERIDAE (ISCHNOCERA) FROM HYDERABAD, SINDH, PAKISTAN}, journal = {Pakistan Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {72}, year = {2021}, month = {Dec 2021}, pages = {29-32}, abstract = {

The chewing lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) are the communal parasitic insects of different types of avian fauna of family Phasianidae (Galliformes) and are wide spread on gallinacious birds. They are the ectparasites of both domestic and wild birds. The order Phthiraptera has been divided mainly into two groups according to their feeding habits, the chewing lice (Mallophaga) and the sucking lice (Anoplura). Chewing lice with their huge head and mandibles include the major group with more than 3000 species. The chewing lice order (Phthiraptera: Insecta) cover of three suborders, Amblycera, Ischnocera and Rhynchophthirina. This captivating group of parasitic insects has rich veterinary importance. During present investigation 150 birds of large sized fowls belonging to family hasianidae were observed for the collection and identification of chewing lice population, amongst which 121 birds were infested with chewing lice. These birds included Pavo cristatus L. (Peafowls), Meleagris gallopavo L. (Turkey fowls), Numida melagris L. (Guinea fowls) and different breeds of Gallus gallus L. (Domestic fowls). Presently 09 species were reported during the year of 2014-2017 from
Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan. A total of 1264 specimens of parasites were collected and classified into 07 genera during the reporting period

}, keywords = {Fowls, Hyderabad}, url = {https://pjparasitol.com/PJPpapers/72/RECORDS\%20OF\%20CHEWING\%20LICE\%20(PHTHIRAPTERA\%20INSECTA)\%20OF\%20FOWLS\%20(GALLIFORMES\%20PHASIANIDAE)\%20OF\%20FAMILY\%20MENOPONIDAE\%20(AMBLYCERA)\%20AND\%20PHILOPTERIDAE\%20(ISCHNOCERA)\%20FROM\%20HYDERABAD,\%20SINDH,\%20PAKISTAN}, author = {Shaikh, Farheen and Naz,Saima and Birmani, Nadir Ali} } @article {95743, title = {Infestation of chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Insecta) on turkey fowl (Aves: Galliformes) from District Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan}, journal = {Pakistan Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {71}, year = {2021}, month = {June 2021}, pages = {27-35}, abstract = {

The chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Insecta) dorsoventrally flattened wingless parasitic insects of avian fauna. The lice have strong mandibles for biting tissue debris and body feathers of their hosts, causes parasitism and have high capability to develop host specificity. They have acute to chronic effects on their host\’s fitness responsively. Their purpose is numerous illnesses and play significant role as vector of various types of helminths and bacteria. Presently, only one type of galliform bird, Turkey fowl Meleagris gallopavo was selected for examining the abundance, intensity, Population density and rate of infestation of chewing lice of various localities of district Hyderabad Sindh, Pakistan. 08 Turkey fowls Meleagris gallopavo were selected for collection of chewing lice species. The study was directed from November 2015 to September 2016. Turkey fowls were kept on white paper sheet for about 30 minutes and were gently sprayed with coopex powder (Permathrin powder) on their wings. Birds infected were tagged with identity\  rings to check their lice infestation after interval of 2 to 3 weeks. The chewing lice species were collected and preserved in 70\% ethyl alcohol. Permanent microscopic slides were prepared with the help of Canada balsam following standard method of mounting. In the present study total 132 chewing lice were obtained from infested host which belonging to 04 genera of 02 families. These five\  species and their prevalence are 15.90\% for Chelopistes meleagridis (Linn., 1758); 23.88\% for Goniodes dissimilis Denny, 1842, and 29.54\% for Lipeurus tropicalis Peters, 1931 belonging to family Philopteridae 9.70\% Menacanthus pallidulus (Neumann, 1912) and 20.45\% for Menacanthus stramineus (Nitzsch, 1818) belonging to family Menoponidae. All these five species are being reported for the first time from Turkey of district Hyderabad, Sindh. All chewing lice species were studied and described systematica

}, keywords = {birds, ectoparasites, Hyderabad, Turkey fowl}, url = {https://pjparasitol.com/PJPpapers/71/INFESTATION\%20OF\%20CHEWING\%20LICE\%20(PHTHIRAPTERA\%20INSECTA)\%20ON\%20TURKEY\%20FOWL\%20(AVES\%20GALLIFORMES)\%20FROM\%20DISTRICT\%20HYDERABAD,\%20SINDH,\%20PAKISTAN.pdf}, author = {Shaikh, Farheen and Naz,Saima and Birmani, Nadir Ali} } @article {95707, title = {A survey of ectoparasitic arthropods on domestic animals in Tak Province, Thailand}, journal = {The Southeast Asian journal of tropical medicine and public health}, volume = {4}, year = {2009}, month = {05-2009}, pages = {435-442}, abstract = {

In July 2008 a survey of ectoparasites on domestic animals was conducted in the Royal Thai Army areas of operation along the Thai-Myanmar Border, Tak Province, Thailand. Eleven different ectoparasites were collected: two species of hard ticks (Ixodidae), three species of fleas (Siphonaptera) and 6 species of sucking or chewing lice (2 species each in the suborders Anoplura, Ischnocera and Amblycera) were collected. Domestic dogs (Canis lupusfamiliaris) (n = 94) were found infested with 2 species of flea Ctenocephalides felis orientis (86.2\%) and Echidnophaga gallinacea (1.1\%), one species of tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus (21.3\%), and one louse species, Heterodoxus spiniger (7.4\%). Domestic cats (Felis catus) (n = 6) were found infested with only flea species, Ctenocephalides felis felis (100\%) and E. gallinacea (33.3\%). Cattle (Bos indicus) (n = 11) had Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (72.7\%), Linognathus vituli (27.3\%), and Solenopotes capillatus (9.1\%) present, while chickens (Gallus domesticus) (n = 10) had infestations with E. gallinacea (20\%), and 3 lice species, Lipeurus caponis (10\%), Goniodes dissimilis (10\%) and Menopon gallinae (60\%). This is believed to be the first report of S. capillatus collected in Thailand.

}, keywords = {Bos indicus, Bos taurus indicus}, url = {https://www.tm.mahidol.ac.th/seameo/2009-40-3/02-4475.pdf}, author = {Tanasak Changbunjong and Ruangrat Buddhirongawatr and Sarin Suwanapakdee and Jarunee Siengsanan and Plern Yongyuttawichai and Kacha Chewajon and Juthathip Jangjaras and Charoonluk Sangloung and Parntep Ratanakorn} } @article {95664, title = {Biodiversity of chewing lice and helminthes parasites of domestic fowls Gallus gallus domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Aves: Galliformes) from Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan}, journal = {Pure and Applied Biology}, volume = {12}, year = {2023}, month = {Mar-10-2023}, pages = {87-92}, type = {Online First: 27/05/2022}, abstract = {

Birds are valuable and precious for many purposes. They are individually representing greatly inhabited life forms and also super indicators of\  fitness of various ecosystems. Galliform birds (Aves: Galliformes) cover up a most important part of our poultry industry including domestic fowls, Gallus gallus domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758). These are commercially and inexpensivelyimportant birds and are affected by different ectoparasites and endoparasites especially under traditional and unhygienic conditions of rearingin our country. The present research work was conducted to calculate the diversity of species of chewing lice and helminthes parasites and their rate of prevalence in domestic fowls, Gallus gallus domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758). For this study the domestic fowls Gallus gallus domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758) were collected live from different urban and rural areas of Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan. The study was carried out from 2017-2019. A total of 95 fowls were observed and then dissected for the collection and examination of parasites. Over all prevalence were recorded 91.57\%. The species of chewing lice (Phthiraptera) were recovered from wings, belly and body feathers and helminthes parasites were from small intestine only. The identified chewing lice and their prevalence
were Menacanthus stramineus (Nitzsh, 1818), (16.89\%), Menopon gallinae (Linnaeus, 1758),(18.72\%), Menacanthus pallidulus (Neumann, 1912), (12.36\%). Goniocotes gallinae (de Geer, 1776) (10.64\%), and Goniodes dissimilis (Denny, 1842) (11.99\%). The identified helminthes parasites and their prevalence were Choanotaenia infundibulum (Bloch, 1779) (11.01\%), Raillietina cysticillus (Molin 1858), (9.54\%) and Cotugnia dignophora (Pasquale 1890), (8.81\%). The results of present study discovered that the less care and attention were required for handling and rearing of domestic fowls in study area.

}, keywords = {biodiversity, Chewing lice, domestic fowls, ectoparasites, Helminthes parasites, Hyderabad}, issn = {2304-2478}, doi = {10.19045/bspab.2023.120010}, url = {https://www.thepab.org/files/2023/March-2023/PAB-MS-2203-021.pdf}, author = {Shaikh, Farheen and Naz,Saima and Birmani, Nadir Ali} } @article {95663, title = {Ectoparasites of domesticated animals in a rural Barangay, Davao City, Mindanao Island, Philippines}, journal = {Serangga}, volume = {25}, year = {2020}, pages = {118-130}, abstract = {

As the re-emergence of maladies in humans caused by bacterial species continues, the need to identify and determine possible routes of infection of bacterial pathogens is necessary. Special focus on the contribution of ectoparasites that infest domesticated animals appears timely especially in suburban or rural settings where domesticated animals form part of their communities. It is for this purpose that infested domesticated animals and their associated ectoparasites of a rural community in Davao City, Mindanao, Philippines were accounted. Ectoparasites were sourced from domesticated animals with hair, feather, and fur and were extracted manually from the hosts and identified based on morphological features. Fifty host domesticated animals were inspected, 41 of which were infested with ectoparasites. A total of 433 individuals of ectoparasites were found: 87 (in chicken), 199 (in dogs), 94 (in cat), nine (in dove), and 44 (in goat) representing 10 species. Except for goats, 41\% of the domesticated animals were infested with more than one species of ectoparasite. Ten species of ectoparasites were identified with lice species dominating the pool of ectoparasites identified: Lice- 8; flea - 1; tick -1. All host domesticated animals were infested with at least one louse species while ticks were found only in dogs, and the flea species extracted only from dogs and cats. Data suggest the differential distribution of ectoparasites among domesticated animals in this rural barangay. Moreover, ectoparasites may transfer from one domesticated animal to another given the occurrence of several ectoparasite species in more than one inspected domesticated animal.

ABSTRAK

Apabila kemunculan semula penyakit malaria pada manusia yang disebabkan oleh spesies bakteria terus berlaku, keperluan untuk mengenal pasti dan menentukan kemungkinan jangkitan patogen bakteria adalah diperlukan. Tumpuan khusus terhadap peranan ektoparasit yang menjangkiti haiwan domestikasi muncul tepat pada masanya terutama di kawasan sub urban atau luar bandar di mana haiwan domestikasi dijadikan sebahagian daripada komuniti manusia. Untuk tujuan ini, haiwan domestikasi dan ektoparasit yang berkaitan dengan masyarakat luar bandar di Davao City, Mindanao, Filipina telah diambil kira. Ektoparasit diperolehi daripada haiwan domestikasi dari rambut, sayap, dan bulu dan diekstrak secaramanual dari perumah dan dikenal pasti berdasarkan ciri morfologi. Sebanyak 50 haiwan domestikasi diperiksa, 41 daripadanya telah dijangkiti oleh ektoparasit. Sebanyak 433 individu ektoparasit ditemui: 87 (pada ayam), 199 (pada anjing), 94 (pada kucing), sembilan (pada merpati), dan 44 (pada kambing) mewakili 10 spesies. Kecuali untuk kambing, 41\% daripada haiwan domestikasi dipenuhi lebih daripada satu spesies ektoparasit. Sepuluh spesies ektoparasit telah dikenalpasti dengan spesies kutu yang menguasai kumpulan ektoparasit yang dikenal pasti: Kutu-8; hama - 1; sengkenit -1. Kesemua haiwan domestikasi di infestasi dengan sekurang-kurangnya satu spesies kutu manakala sengkenit hanya terdapat pada anjing, dan spesies hama diekstrak hanya dari anjing dan kucing. Data menunjukkan wujud perbezaan taburan ektoparasit di kalangan haiwan domestikasi di kawasan barangay. Selain itu, ektoparasit boleh dipindahkan dari satu haiwan domestikasi kepada yang lain memandangkan berlakunya beberapa spesies ektoparasit dalam lebih daripada satu haiwan yang diperiksa.

Kata kunci: Penyakit, mikrobiologi, parasit, haiwan peliharaan, zoonosis

}, keywords = {disease, microbiology, parasites, pets, zoonosis}, issn = {394-5130}, url = {https://ejournals.ukm.my/serangga/article/view/35612}, author = {Elsa May Delima-Baron and Cyrell Ann S. Ruales} } @article {95417, title = {Incidence of chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Insecta) on common pea fowls (Aves: Galliformes) from district Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan}, journal = {Pure and Applied Biology}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, pages = {514-522}, abstract = {

The chewing\  lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera)\  are\  dorsoventrally flattened\  and\  wingless\  insects. The lice have strong\  mandibles\  for\  biting\  tissue\  debris\  and\  body\  feathers\  of\  their\  hosts.\  They\  have\  high\  capability\  to develop host specificity and cause acute to chronic effects on fitness of their hosts. They are responsible for numerous illnesses and also play a role as vector of some bacteria and helminthic worms. Presently, one type of large sized galliform bird, Common pea fowl Pavocristatus was selected for collection, identification, population density and rate of infestation of the parasitic insects, chewing lice from urban and rural areas of district Hyderabad Sindh, Pakistan. 20 Common pea fowl Pavocristatus were collected for chewing lice. The study was conducted from December 2016 to October 2017. Common pea fowls were kept on white paper sheet for about 30 minutes and sprayed through coopex powder (Permathrin) in their wings. The infested birds were tagged with identity rings to check their lice population after interval of 2\  to\  3\  weeks.\  The\  collected\  lice\  were\  preserved\  in\  75\%\  ethanol.\  The\  permanent\  microscopic\  slides\  were prepared\  with canada balsam through standard method of preservation. Presently\  total\  150 chewing lice specimens were recovered which belongs to 04 genera of 02 families. These species and their prevalence are 33.33\% for Colpocephalum tausi (Nitzsch, 1818) 24.01\% for Menacanthus stramineus (Nitzsh, 1818), and\  14.01\%\  for\  Menacanthus\  pallidulus (Neumann,\  1912)\  belongs to\  family\  Menoponidae\  18.01\% Goniodes\  dissimilis,\  Denny,\  1842\  and\  10.67\%\  for\  Lipeurus\  tropicalis,\  Peters,\  1931\  belongs\  to\  family Philopteridae. All these five species were reported first time as new host and new locality record from the study area. The result of present study revealed that one of a cause of reduced production of eggs, meat and feathers in poultry birds is the presence of\  chewing lice on their body which causes weakness, sickness, lethargicness and fatalness in game birds.\  All lice species were studied and described comprehensively.

}, keywords = {Common pea fowl, ectoparasites, Hyderabad, Population density}, issn = {2304-2478}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2022.110051}, url = {https://www.thepab.org/files/2022/June-2022/PAB-MS-2105-108.pdf}, author = {Shaikh, Farheen and Naz,Saima and Birmani, Nadir Ali} } @article {95379, title = {A Misidentification Crisis Plagues Specimen-Based Research: A Case for Guidelines with a Recent Example (Ali et al., 2020)}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {107}, year = {2021}, month = {04-2021}, pages = {262-266}, abstract = {

A recent paper in this journal concerning parasites of rock pigeons (Columba livia) published by Ali and colleagues exemplifies a growing trend of misidentified parasites in the literature, despite increased online resources that should help facilitate accurate identification. In the Ali et al. paper, a pigeon louse in the genus Columbicola (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera) is misidentified as Menopon gallinae, which is a parasite of chickens (Gallus gallus) and their relatives; moreover, this louse is from an entirely different suborder of lice (Phthiraptera: Amblycera). Another louse is misidentified as Goniodes dissimilis, another parasite of chickens and junglefowl. In addition, photographs of cestodes from pigeons in the same paper are not sufficient to confirm identification. Misidentifications are fueled, in part, by increasing pressure to publish coupled with a decrease in taxonomic expertise. We consider the downstream consequences of misidentification and suggest guidelines for authors, reviewers, and editors that could help to improve the reliability of specimen-based research.

Paper by Ali et al (2020), Ectoparasites and Intestinal Helminths of Pigeons in Medina, Saudi Arabial see original publication https://bioone.org/journals/journal-of-parasitology/volume-106/issue-6/20-64/Ectoparasites-and-Intestinal-Helminths-of-Pigeons-in-Medina-Saudi-Arabia/10.1645/20-64.short or http://phthiraptera.info/node/95208

}, keywords = {Cestode, lice, Pigeon, Publication guidelines, Specimen misidentification}, doi = {10.1645/21-4}, url = {https://bioone.org/journals/journal-of-parasitology/volume-107/issue-2/21-4/A-Misidentification-Crisis-Plagues-Specimen-Based-Research--A-Case/10.1645/21-4.full}, author = {Sarah E. Bush and Daniel R Gustafsson and Vasyl V. Tkach and Clayton,Dale H.} } @article {95055, title = {Helminth and arthropod parasites of some domestic animals in Wisconsin.}, journal = {Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters}, volume = {68}, year = {1980}, pages = {106-110}, abstract = {

Nineteen species of intestinal helminths and 15 species of arthropod ectoparasites (fleas, ticks, botflies, chewing lice and mites) are reported from dogs, cats, fowls, turkeys, pigs and horses in south-eastern Wisconsin. Most are first records for the state. Data on the frequency and intensity of infestation are discussed in relation to results from similar surveys elsewhere PhthiFrom 74 dogs, 23 cats, 26 chickens, 41 turkeys, 5 pigs and 14 horses examined 5 species of cestodes and 13 of nematodes were recovered. The prevalence and intensity of infection are tabulated

}, issn = { 0084-0505}, url = {http://images.library.wisc.edu/WI/EFacs/transactions/WT1980/reference/wi.wt1980.omamin.pdf}, author = {Amin,Omar M.} } @article {94974, title = {ECTOPARASITIC FAUNA OF SCAVENGING CHICKENS (Gallus domesticus) FROM PENANG ISLAND, PENINSULAR MALAYSIA}, journal = {Malaysian Journal of Veterinary Research}, volume = {6}, year = {2015}, pages = {33-42}, abstract = {

A study was conducted on 240 scavenging chickens randomly obtained from various districts from the state of Penang, Peninsular Malaysia. The chickens were closely examined for visible ectoparasites in the laboratory. The ectoparasites were collected using a blunt forceps and stored in universal bottles containing 70\% ethanol. Ten species of ectoparasites were noted which consisted of fi ve species of lice, two species of mites, two species of ticks and one species of chigger. The lice identified were Menopon gallinae, Menacanthus pallidulus, Lipeurus caponis, Goniocotes gallinae and Goniodes dissimilis. These lice occurred in the fl uff of the feathers of the body especially the neck, back, abdomen and wings. The mites were Megninia sp. and Pterolichus sp. Examinations of the ears and combs revealed Haemaphysalis sp., the hard tick. Meanwhile, Ornithonyssus sp., the soft tick was found on feathers, whereas chigger, Leptotrombidium sp. was found attached to the skins. The study also revealed that M. gallinae was the most common ectoparasite with 76.7\% occurrence, followed by Pterolichus sp. (69.6\%), L. caponis (63.3\%), M. pallidulus (41.7\%), Leptotrombidium sp. (17.5\%), G. gallinae (9.5\%), Haemaphysalis sp. (6.7\%), Megninia sp. (3.8\%) and Ornithonyssus sp. (3.8\%). The least common ectoparasite was G. dissimilis occurring in 2.1\% of the chickens.

}, url = {http://www.dvs.gov.my/dvs/resources/user_15/mjvr\%206.1\%20a/MJVR-V6N1-p33-42.pdf}, author = {Wahab A. Rahman and Farah Haziqah} } @article {94935, title = {Par{\'a}sitos en aves dom{\'e}sticas (Gallus domesticus) en el Noroccidente de Colombia}, journal = {Vet. Zootec}, volume = {1}, year = {2007}, pages = {43 - 51}, abstract = {

Paper in Spanish

RESUMEN: En este estudio se determinaron los principales par\ásitos que afectan la gallina de campo Gallus gallus domesticus en Villamar\ía, Caldas (Colombia). El estudio se llev\ó a cabo en 86 predios de 12 veredas evaluando un total de 2.046 aves, de las cuales el 28\% de ellas\  correspond\ía a Gallus gallus domesticus. A trav\és de ex\ámenes de flotaci\ón de materia fecal con ZnSo4 e indirectas sloss modificada, se realiz\ó la identificaci\ón de endopar\ásitos, adem\ás, serealiz\ó necropsia en forma aleatoria estricta al 11\%. El diagn\óstico de hemopar\ásitos se efectu\ó mediante la observaci\ón microsc\ópica de extendidos de sangre coloreando con Giemsa. Para el diagn\óstico de par\ásitos externos se recurri\ó a raspados con glicerina, se colect\ó plumas de aves en el 44\% de las parcelas muestreadas y se determinaron las condiciones sanitarias y pr\ácticas de manejo utilizadas por los campesinos. Fueron identificadas diferentes especies de Eimerias spp, con una alta presencia (67,4\%); al mismo tiempo, nematodos como Heterakis gallinarum (34,9\%), seguido por Ascaridia galli (30,2\%), Capillaria spp (25,6\%). Entre los cestodos, Hymenolepis spp estuvo presente en un 18,6\% de los casos. Entre \ácaros de mayor presencia estuvieron los g\éneros Ornithonyssus sylvarium (24\%), Cnemidocoptes mutans (21\%), Epidermoptes bilobatus (8\%), y piojos como Menopon gallinae (89\%), Goniocotes gallinae (58\%), Lipeurus caponis (45\%), Menacanthus stramineus (34\%), Goniodes dissimilis (21\%). En los hallazgos de necropsia se encontraron formas adultas de Heterakis gallinarum (50\%), Ascaris galli (40\%), Capillaria spp (30\%), Choanotaenia infundibulum (20\%), Hymenolepis spp (20\%) y Railletina spp (10\%). Finalmente, no fueron encontradas formas compatibles con hemoparasitos. Entonces, se concluye que existe una relaci\ón directa entre la presencia de agentes parasitarios con deficientes condiciones sanitarias y alimenticias, as\í como ausencia de adecuadas estrategias de\  desparasitaci\ón.

Palabras clave: enfermedad parasitaria, infecciones oportunistas, gallinas, traspatio

Parasites in domestic poultry (Gallus domesticus) in Northwestern Colombia

ABSTRACT: This study determined the main parasites that affect the domestic hen Gallus gallus domesticus in Villamar\ía Caldas (Colombia). The study was developed in eighty-six properties from twelve municipal rural settlements assessing a total of 2,046 poultry, 28\% of which\  corresponded to the indigenous poultry Gallus gallus domesticus. Through a coprological flotation examination with ZnSo4 and indirect modified Sloss technique, the identification of endoparasites was carried out, as well as a post-mortem examination by a strict random method to 11\% of the animals. The hemoparasites diagnosis was done through the microscopic examination of Giemsa-stained blood smears. For the exterior parasites diagnosis, skin scraping with glycerin and the recollection of poultry\’s feathers in 44\% of the cases was employed, determining the sanitary\  conditions and practices employed by the producers. Different Eimeria ssp species were identified at a high frequency (67,4\%), at the same time, nematodes such as Heterakis gallinarum (34,9\%), followed by Ascaridia galli (30,2\%), Capillaria spp (25.6\%). Among cestodes, Hymenolepis spp was presented in 18.6\% of the cases. The most common mites include Ornithonyssus sylvarium (24\%), Cnemidocoptes mutans (21\%), Epidermoptes bilobatus (8\%) and louse such as Menopon gallinae (89\%), Goniocotes gallinae (58\%), Lipeurus caponis (45\%), Menacanthus stramineus (34\%) and Goniodes dissimilis (21\%). The post-mortem examination findings include adult forms of Heterakis gallinarum (50\%), Ascaris galli (40\%), Capillaria spp (30\%), Choanotaenia infundibulum (20\%), Hymenolepis spp (20\%) and Railletina spp (10\%). Finally, compatible structures with hemoparasites were not found. Therefore, it can be concluded that there is a direct relation between the presence of parasitic agents and deficient sanitary conditions and nourishment practices, as well as the absence of antiparasitic strategies.

}, keywords = {hens, opportunist infections, Parasitic disease, small-scale poultry production}, url = {http://vetzootec.ucaldas.edu.co/downloads/v1n2a05.pdf}, author = {Sandra Yulieth Mar{\'\i}n-G{\'o}mez and Javier Antonio Benavides-Monta{\~n}o} } @article {94862, title = {A study of ecto and endo parasites of domestic birds in Etsako Municipality, Edo North of Nigeria}, journal = {NISEB JOURNAL}, volume = {11}, year = {2011}, pages = {209 - 216}, abstract = {

Three hundred faecal samples from 300 domestic birds representing 100 from each of the 3 Local Government
Areas (LGA\’s) were examined for helminth parasites, while 18 live domestic birds comprising of 10 fowls (Gallus domestica), 4
ducks (Anas sparsa), and 4 pigeons (Columbia livie) were also investigated for ecto-and helminth parasites in the three (3) Local
Government Area in Etsako, Edo state, Nigeria.
Two hundred and thirteen (213) 71\% of the 300 faecal samples investigated were found to have parasite eggs. They include: 10
(46.7\%) species of nematodes, Ascaridia galli, Syngamus trachae, Capillaria annulata, Heterakis gallinae, Cappillaria
longicollis, Syngamus bronchiali, Amidostomum anseris, Subulura brumpti, Capillaria retusa and Echinuria uncinate, 4 (8.9\%)
species of cestodes, Choanotaenia infundibulum, Raillietina species, Amoebotaenia sphenoides and Davainea proglothina.
All 10 live fowls (55.5\%) and 2 pigeons (11.1\%) were found to be infected with helminth parasites. The parasites include: 8
species of cestodes, Amoebotrienia cuneata, Choanotaenia infundibulum, Hymenolepis species, Raillietina species, Raillietina
cesticillus, Mesocestoides species, Davainea proglottina and Raillietina echinobothridia, which was the only helminth parasite
found in pigeon in this study. 2 species of nematode; Ascaridia galli and Strongyloides avium. 1 species of trematode,
Echinostoma species.
Ten species of ectoparasites (Mallophaga-lice), were also found on the birds, they include; Lipeurus caponis (83.3\%),
Columbicola columbae (38.8\%), Coclutogaster heterographus (22.2\%), Chelopistes meleagridis (38.8\%), Gonoides dissimilis
(77.7\%), Gonoides gallinae (38.8\%), Gonoides hologaster (16.6), Menopon gallinae (27.7\%), Mencanthus stramineus (66.6\%)
and Gonoides gigas (27.7\%).

}, keywords = {Anas sparsa, Coclutogaster heterographus, Domestic birds, ectoparasites, Endoparasites, Etsako Municipality, Nigeria}, issn = {1595-6938/2011 }, url = {http://ojs.klobexjournals.com/index.php/nisebj/article/view/131}, author = {E.U. Edosomwan and E.R. Olumese and E.J. Igetei} } @article {44288, title = {Fauna de Mallophaga (Insecta: Aptera) de ectoparasitos em Gallus gallus L. e Columba livia L. amostrados no Rio de Janeiro - Brasil}, journal = {Entomolog{\'\i}a y Vectores, Rio de Janeiro}, volume = {6}, year = {1999}, month = {1999}, pages = {509 - 515}, abstract = {

Samples of Mallophaga were sent to the Laboratory of Izodides to be identified. The purpose of this work was to identify the species of lices collected from Columba livia (L., 1758) and Gallus gallus (L., 1758). The samples were collected from May/94 to August/96 in the municipal district of Serop\édica and suburb of Campo Grande, Rio de Janeiro. The samples were processed accordding to PINTO (1938). The most common specie in Columba livia was Columbicola columbae (L., 1758) followed by Colpocephalum turbinatum Denny, 1842. In Gallus gallus the species identified were Menopon gallinae (L., 1758), Gonocotes gallinae (DeGeer, 1778), Goniodes dissimilis Denny, 1842, Colpocephalum turbinatum, Cuclotogaster heterographus (Nitzsch, 1866) and Menacanthus pallidulus (Neumann, 1912)

}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/42912.pdf}, author = {Oliveira,Heloiza Helena de and Ferreira,Ildemar and Serra-Freire,Nicolau Mau{\'e}s da} } @article {43556, title = {Haematophagous nature of an amblyceran phthirapteran, Menacanthus cornutus Schommer, infesting poultry bird Gallus domesticus L. in India}, journal = {Journal of Applied Entomology}, volume = {110}, year = {1990}, month = {1990}, pages = {107 - 111}, abstract = {

The order of abundance of different mallophagan species on poultry birds in Dehradun (India) has been found to be Menopon gallinae \> Menacanthus cornutus \> Menacanthus stramineus \> Goniocotes gallinae \> Goniodes dissimilis \> Lipeurus caponis \> Lipeurus lawrensis tropicalis \> Goniodes gigas. The intensity of the species upon 1249 birds has been recorded by coding system. The correlation between the monthly incidence of different species and environmental temperature as well as R.H. has been recorded. The degree of association between four most commonly occuring combinations has also been analysed.

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0418.1990.tb00102.x}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1439-0418.1990.tb00102.x}, author = {Trivedi,M. C. and Sharma,S. and Rawat,B. S. and Arun Kumar Saxena} } @article {40084, title = {The distribution of lice (Phthiraptera) on poultry (Gallus domesticus)}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {21}, year = {1991}, month = {1991}, pages = {247 - 249}, abstract = {The distribution of three amblyceran (Menacanthus stramineus, Menacanthus cornutus, Menopon gallinae) and five ischnoceran species (Lipeurus lawrensis tropicalis, Lipeurus caponis, Goniocotes gallinae, Goniodes gigas, Goniodes dissimilis) on poultry was determined. The preferred sites of these species on the host body were recorded.}, keywords = {Amblycera, avian, Gallus, goniocotes, Goniodes, Ischnocera, lice, lipeurus, Mallophaga, Menacanthus, menopon, Phthiraptera, poultry}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/2660.pdf}, author = {Trivedi,M. C. and Rawat,B. S. and Arun Kumar Saxena} } @article {39086, title = {Synoptic table for the determination of Mallophaga infesting the domestic fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus)}, journal = {Indian Journal of Entomology}, volume = {17}, year = {1955}, note = {An account of the Mallophagan lice infesting the domestic chicken. The paper also contains notes on their feeding habits, host specificity. In addition a tentative key to the species infesting the chicken is given. Taxa descirbed are as follows: Menacanthus cornutus Menacanthus pallidulus Menacanthus stramineus Menopon gallinae Cuclotogaster heterographus Goniocotes gallinae Goniocotes maculatus Goniodes dissimilis Goniodes gigas Lagopoecus sinensis Lipeurus caponis Lipeurus tropicalis Oxylipeurus dentatus In addition the growth principles (Dyar{\textquoteright}s and Przibram - Megusar{\textquoteright}s as modified by Bodenheimer) of various Mallophagan instars are discussed and in the case of Cuclotogaster heterographus descriptions of the nymphal morphologies from N 1 to adult are given.}, month = {1955}, pages = {245 - 270}, keywords = {Amblycera, domestic, Ischnocera, Survey}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/0465.pdf}, author = {Muhammad Atiqur Rah Ansari} }