@article {94278,
	title = {Size matters for lice on birds: Coevolutionary allometry of host and parasite body size},
	journal = {Evolution},
	volume = {71},
	year = {2017},
	month = {Jan-02-2017},
	pages = {421 - 431},
	abstract = {<p>Body size is one of the most fundamental characteristics of all organisms. It influences physiology, morphology, behavior, and even interspecific interactions such as those between parasites and their hosts. Host body size influences the magnitude and variability of parasite size according to Harrison\&rsquo;s rule (HR: positive relationship between host and parasite body sizes) and Poulin\&rsquo;s Increasing Variance Hypothesis (PIVH: positive relationship between host body size and the variability of parasite body size). We analyzed parasite\&ndash;host body size allometry for 581 species of avian lice ($\#$15\% of known diversity) and their hosts. We applied phylogenetic generalized least squares (PGLS) methods to account for phylogenetic nonindependence controlling for host and parasite phylogenies separately and variance heterogeneity. We tested HR and PIVH for the major families of avian lice (Ricinidae, Menoponidae, Philopteridae), and for distinct ecological guilds within Philopteridae. Our data indicate that most fami- lies and guilds of avian lice follow both HR and PIVH; however, ricinids did not follow PIVH and the \&ldquo;body lice\&rdquo; guild of philopterid lice did not follow HR or PIVH. We discuss mathematical and ecological factors that may be responsible for these patterns, and we discuss the potential pervasiveness of these relationships among all parasites on Earth.</p>
},
	keywords = {Harrison{\textquoteright}s rule, phylogenetic generalized least squares models, Poulin{\textquoteright}s increasing variance hypothesis},
	doi = {10.1111/evo.2017.71.issue-210.1111/evo.13147},
	url = {https://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/94278.pdf},
	author = {Andrea Harnos and Zsolt Lang and Petr{\'a}s, D{\'o}ra and Sarah E. Bush and Szab{\'o}, Kriszti{\'a}n and Lajos R{\'o}zsa}
}
@article {47487,
	title = {The role of body size in host specificity: reciprocal transfer experiments with feather lice},
	journal = {Evolution},
	volume = {60},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006},
	pages = {2158 - 2167},
	abstract = {<p>Although most parasites show at least some degree of host specificity, factors governing the evolution of specificity remain poorly understood. Many different groups of host-specific parasites show a striking correlation between parasite and host body size, suggesting that size reinforces specificity. We tested this hypothesis by measuring the relative fitness of host-specific feather lice transferred to pigeons and doves that differ in size by an order of magnitude. To test the general influence of size, we transferred unrelated groups of wing and body lice, which are specialized for different regions of the host. Lice were transferred in both directions, from a large native host species, the rock pigeon (Columba livia), to several progressively smaller hosts, and from a small native host species, the common ground dove (Columbina passerina), to several larger hosts. We measured the relative fitness (population size) of lice transferred to these novel host species after two louse generations. Neither wing lice nor body lice could survive on novel host species that were smaller in size than the native host. However, when host defense (preening behavior) was blocked, both groups survived and reproduced on all novel hosts tested. Thus, host defense interacted with host size to govern the ability of lice to establish on small hosts. Neither wing lice nor body lice could survive on larger hosts, even when preening was blocked. In summary, host size influenced the fitness of both types of feather lice, but through different mechanisms, depending on the direction of the transfer. Our results indicate that host switching is most likely between hosts of similar body size. This finding has important implications for studies of host-parasite coevolution at both the micro- and macroevolutionary scales.</p>
},
	url = {https://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/46611.pdf},
	author = {Sarah E. Bush and Clayton,Dale H.}
}
@article {47078,
	title = {Correlated evolution of host and parasite body size: Tests of Harrison{\textquoteright}s Rule using birds and lice},
	journal = {Evolution},
	volume = {59},
	year = {2005},
	month = {2005},
	pages = {1744 - 1753},
	url = {https://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/46181.pdf},
	author = {Kevin P. Johnson and Sarah E. Bush and Clayton,Dale H.}
}
