@article {46374,
	title = {Lice of farm animals in Libya},
	journal = {Medical and Veterinary Entomology},
	volume = {7},
	year = {1993},
	month = {1993},
	pages = {138 - 140},
	abstract = {This first report on the lice of farm animals in Libya lists a total of fifteen species, as follows: Haematopinus quadripertusus and Linognathus vituli from cattle, Bovicola ovis, Linognathus pedalis, L. africanus and L. ovillus from sheep, L. stenopsis, L. africanus and Bovicola caprae from goats. Poultry harboured Lipeurus caponis, L. heterographus, Menacanthus stramineus, Menopon gallinae, Goniocotes gallinae, Goniodes gigas and G. dissimilis.},
	keywords = {animals, Animals, Domestic, Camels, cattle, chicken, classification, goats, horses, Libya, lice, Parasitology, sheep},
	author = {Gabaj,M. M. and Beesley,W. N. and Awan,M. A.}
}
@article {46337,
	title = {Pyrethroid resistance in Australian field populations of the sheep body louse, Bovicola (Damalinia) ovis},
	journal = {Medical and veterinary entomology},
	volume = {9},
	year = {1995},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 8708682; 0 (Pyrethrins); 52315-07-8 (cypermethrin); 52820-00-5 (decamethrin); 68085-85-8 (cyhalothrin); ppublish},
	month = {1995},
	pages = {59 - 65},
	address = {ENGLAND},
	abstract = {Synthetic pyrethroid (SP) resistance has developed in Australian field populations of the sheep body louse, Bovicola (Damalinia) ovis. Laboratory bioassays were used to measure the susceptibility of lice to cypermethrin and the other registered SPs. Results of these bioassays indicated resistance to cypermethrin, deltamethrin, cyhalothrin and alphacypermethrin. So far, high-level resistance has been diagnosed in only a few strains. The toxicological responses of these strains were clearly separated from those of the majority of louse strains tested. Furthermore, these strains had survived immersion in commercial SP dips. The level of resistance described in some strains was sufficient to cause pour-on products to fail despite the fact that the LC50s of these strains fell within the normal range of field responses.},
	keywords = {animals, Australia, cattle, Insecticide resistance, Lethal Dose 50, lice, Pyrethrum, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Sheep/parasitology},
	isbn = {0269-283X},
	author = {Levot,G. W. and Johnson,P. W. and Hughes,P. B. and Powis,K. J. and Boray,J. C. and Dawson,K. L.}
}
@article {46322,
	title = {Evaluation of non-conventional treatments for control of the biting louse (Bovicola ovis) on sheep},
	journal = {Medical and veterinary entomology},
	volume = {9},
	year = {1995},
	note = {LR: 20031114; JID: 8708682; ppublish},
	month = {1995},
	pages = {407 - 412},
	address = {ENGLAND},
	abstract = {<p>A variety of non-conventional treatments was applied to biting louse (Bovicola ovis) infested sheep in order to evaluate ways in which farmers could control the louse infestations and still maintain Organic Production Standards. In one trial, louse scores of sheep shorn but kept dry or wetted by water alone or with water plus detergent were compared with unshorn sheep treated similarly. Shearing alone accounted for a 35.7-66.3\% reduction in mean louse scores. Wetting alone either with water or with water and added detergent accounted for a 26.9-35.3\% reduction in mean louse scores. The combined effects on mean louse scores of shearing and wetting, as opposed to shearing alone, were statistically significant on two of the three farms at 32-35 days post-treatment. The effects persisted for the duration of the trial (between 48 and 52 days), at which point shearing and wetting with detergent provided 95.3-99.6\% control of lice. In a second trial, a range of insecticidal substances considered acceptable by Organic Production Standards, azadirachtin (neem), pyrethrum, soap, was applied to louse-infested sheep and their efficacy compared with that of a commercial formulation of cypermethrin. The sheep treated with azadirachtin and pyrethrum had significantly fewer lice than either the control or soap treated sheep over the 48 days of the trial. Neither azadirachtin nor pyrethrum were significantly less effective than cypermethrin. Control (reduction in louse score) of 85.0-100\% was achieved over the period of the trial. It is concluded that most of the non-conventional treatments evaluated had a useful and cost-effective role to play in reducing louse numbers on sheep for at least 40-50 days. The lack of persistence compared with that obtained with conventional insecticides was the only apparent drawback.</p>
},
	keywords = {animals, evaluation, Insect Control, lice, Sheep/parasitology},
	isbn = {0269-283X},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2915.1995.tb00014.x},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2915.1995.tb00014.x},
	author = {A. C. G. Heath and Lampkin,N. and Jowett,J. H.}
}
@article {46249,
	title = {Serum and skin surface antibodies and their associations with sheep biting lice, Bovicola ovis, on experimentally infested sheep},
	journal = {Medical and veterinary entomology},
	volume = {12},
	year = {1998},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 8708682; 0 (Antibodies); ppublish},
	month = {1998},
	pages = {276 - 283},
	address = {ENGLAND},
	abstract = {<p>The sheep biting louse (Bovicola ovis) feeds superficially on the skin of sheep but appears to stimulate an immune response. In this study we examined the association between louse infestation and serum and skin surface antibodies. Louse numbers were monitored on experimentally infested Polypay and Columbia ewes for two years and on their lambs in the second year. Serum and skin wash samples were tested for antibodies to soluble extracts of B. ovis, Stomoxys calcitrans and Musca autumnalis by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In addition, the effects of skin wash extracts on B. ovis were examined in vitro. The titre of anti-B. ovis antibodies in the serum did not differ significantly between infested and naive ewes. However, there was an increase in serum antibody titre which coincided with periods of high louse density in ewes with high louse counts. Infested lambs had higher serum antibody levels than naive lambs. Substantial cross reactivity was evident among extracts of the different insects. Densities of lice on the ewes during population decline were negatively related to the titre of skin surface antibodies. Skin washings collected from sheep during B. ovis population decline reduced the number of louse progeny when incorporated into louse diet. These results indicate that B. ovis stimulates an immune response in sheep and suggest that compounds on the skin surface may play a role in the regulation of louse populations.</p>
},
	keywords = {animals, Antibodies/analysis, Biological Assay, Lice Infestations/parasitology/veterinary, Mallophaga, population density, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, sheep, Sheep Diseases/parasitology, Skin/immunology},
	isbn = {0269-283X},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2915.1998.00110.x},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1365-2915.1998.00110.x},
	author = {Peter J. James and Moon,R. D. and Ragsdale,D. W.}
}
