@article {95923, title = {Concurrent anemia and stunting among schoolchildren in Wonago district in southern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional multilevel analysis}, journal = {PeerJ}, volume = {9}, year = {2021}, month = {May-06-2021}, pages = {18 pp}, abstract = {

Background Even if many schoolchildren in Ethiopia are anemic and stunted, few have studied the co-existence of anemia and stunting among schoolchildren in Ethiopia. In addition, multilevel analysis to explore the variation in prevalence of concurrent anemia and stunting (CAS) across schools and classes is rarely applied. Thus, we aimed to assess the prevalence and risk factors of CAS at the individual, household, and school level among schoolchildren in southern Ethiopia.

Methods We recruited 864 students aged 7\–14 years from the Wonago district in southern Ethiopia using a three-stage random sampling, assigning four schools to level one, 24 classes to level two. We then randomly selected 36 children from each class, and recorded their weight, height, haemoglobin, intestinal helminthic infections, hygienic practices, dietary practices, household food insecurity, and socio-demographic information. A multivariate, multilevel logistic regression model was applied to detect potential risk factors for CAS.

Results The prevalence of CAS was 10.5\% (85/810) among schoolchildren, which increased with age in years (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.39 [95\% confidence interval 1.13, 1.71, P\ =\ 0.002]) and among children who always did not wash their hands with soap after use of latrine (aOR 4.30 [1.21, 15.3, P\ =\ 0.02]). Children who walked barefoot (aOR 10.4 [2.77, 39.1, P\ =\ 0.001]), were infected with Trichuris trichiura (aOR 1.74 [1.05, 2.88, P\ =\ 0.03]), or had head lice infestation (aOR 1.71 [1.01, 2.92, P\ =\ 0.04]) had higher CAS prevalence. Prevalence rates of CAS were low in those using treated drinking water (aOR 0.32 [95\% CI 0.11, 0.97, P\ =\ 0.04]). Most of the risk factors for CAS were identified at the individual level. The clustering effect measured by the intra-cluster correlation coefficient was 6.8\% at school level and 19\% at class.

Conclusion CAS prevalence is a moderate public health problem among schoolchildren in southern Ethiopia and varies across classes and schools. After controlling for clustering effects at the school and class levels, we found an association between CAS and increasing age, not always washing hands with soap after using latrine, walking barefoot, and T. trichiura infection. Using treated water for drinking was found to have a protective effect against CAS. Thus, educating children on personal hygiene and provision of safe drinking water could reduce the CAS burden in schoolchildren in rural areas of southern Ethiopia.

}, keywords = {anemia, Children, Concurrent, Ethiopia, Multilevel, rural, school, southern, Stunting}, issn = {2167-8359}, doi = {10.7717/peerj.11158}, url = {https://peerj.com/articles/11158/}, author = {Hiwot Hailu Amare and Bernt Lindtjorn} } @article {45822, title = {You ought to have your Head Examined: Pediculosis Capitis Redux}, journal = {Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {1996}, month = {1996}, pages = {1056 - 1057}, keywords = {head lice, Pediculosis, school, Survey}, url = {https://journals.lww.com/pidj/Fulltext/1996/11000/You_ought_to_have_your_Head_Examined__Pediculosis.30.aspx}, author = {Adams,Richard M.,Jr.} } @article {45820, title = {Commentary: A school physician{\textquoteright}s thoughts on pediculosis}, journal = {Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal}, volume = {19}, year = {2000}, month = {2000}, pages = {694 - 695}, keywords = {chronic infestation, lice, Pediculosis, school}, url = {https://journals.lww.com/pidj/Fulltext/2000/08000/Commentary__A_school_physician_s_thoughts_on.4.aspx}, author = {Adams,Richard M.,Jr.} } @inbook {45798, title = {Pediculus capitis in school children: Epidemiological trends, risk factors, and recommendations for control}, booktitle = {Cutaneous infestations and insect bites}, year = {1985}, month = {1985}, pages = {199 - 211}, publisher = {Marcel Dekker}, organization = {Marcel Dekker}, address = {New York, NY}, keywords = {Control, epidemiology, Pediculosis, school}, author = {Juranek,D. D.}, editor = {Orkin,M. and Maibach,Howard I.} } @article {45781, title = {Head lice in schools}, journal = {Health at School}, volume = {4}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {147 - 151}, keywords = {Pediculosis, school}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/44510.pdf}, author = {Ibarra,Joanna} } @article {45783, title = {How to detect head lice: the changing emphasis in health education}, journal = {Health at School}, volume = {3}, year = {1988}, month = {1988}, pages = {109 - 112}, keywords = {Pediculosis, school}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/44512.pdf}, author = {Ibarra,Joanna} } @article {45784, title = {Investigation of Pediculus humanus capitis in primary and middle school students in Karsiyaha-Izmir: comparison with the results obtained two years ago}, volume = {18}, year = {1994}, month = {1994}, pages = {485 - 491}, keywords = {Pediculosis, school, Turkey}, author = {Ilhan,F. and Budak,S.} } @article {45785, title = {The incidence and distribution of head lice, Pediculus humanus var capitis (Insecta, Anoplura) in primary and post-primary school pupils in Nsukka, East Central State, Nigeria}, journal = {Nigerian Medical Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {1977}, month = {1977}, pages = {274 - 283}, keywords = {Africa, Nigeria, Pediculosis, school}, url = {http://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/45785.pdf}, author = {Iwuala,M. O. E. and Onyeka,J. O. A.} } @article {45736, title = {Pediculus humanus capitis on children in Mahe, Seychelles}, journal = {Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene}, volume = {74}, year = {1980}, month = {1980}, pages = {296 - 299}, keywords = {Pediculosis, school, Seychelles}, author = {Grainger,C. R.} } @article {45690, title = {Chemotherapy of head louse Pediculus humanus capitis infestation gamma benzene hexachloride (gamma-BHC) among school chldren in Szu-Hu District, Yunlin County, Central West Taiwan}, journal = {Zhonghua yi xue za zhi}, volume = {48}, year = {1991}, month = {1991}, pages = {13 - 19}, type = {Clinical Trial, Controlled Clinical Trial,}, abstract = {

In order to evaluate the effectiveness of 1\% gamma-BHC emulsion against head louse infestation, 1,527 school children were examined using observation by ocular and combing methods were used and infested children were treated with three regimes of 1\% gamma-BHC emulsion. An overall infestation rate of 40\% was found. The infestation rate was highest in Tung-Kuang Primary School (59\%) and lowest in Chien-Hua Primary Schools (7\%). The rate was highest among school children grade 2 (45\%) and lowest in grade 3 (35\%). The rate of girls (65\%) was much higher than that of boys (9\%). A total of 443 lice were collected from 78 infested school girls: 56 males, 59 females, and 328 nymph. The average number of head lice in each infested girl was 5.7. Follow-up examination was conducted one week after treatment. The cure rates for dosages of 10.0 ml, 5.0 ml, and 2.5 ml 1\% gamma-BHC emulsion were 96\%, 88\%, 68\% for girls and 100\%, 92\%, and 33\% for boys, respectively. Only mild and transient itching and burn sensation of scalp were reported by a few children. The overall infestation rate 5 months (April-September 1981) after treatment was 23\% (286/1,245). The rate of girls decreased from 65\% to 40\% and that of boys from 9\% to 3\%. Results of the present study indicates that 1\% gamma-BHC emulsion is an effective pediculicide at a dosage of 5 ml or 10 ml. However, the overall infestation rate remained high (23\%) 5 months after treatment. These findings suggest that treatment of head louse infestation must be conducted continuously.

}, keywords = {capitis, Control, humanus, Pediculosis, Pediculus, school}, author = {Fan,P. C. and Chao,D. and Lee, K.M. and Liu,H. Y.} } @article {45691, title = {Present status of head louse Pediculus capitis infestation among school children in Yanlin County, Taiwan}, journal = {Kao Hsiung I Hsueth Ko Hsueh Tsa Chih}, volume = {7}, year = {1990}, month = {1990}, pages = {151 - 159}, keywords = {capitis, Pediculosis, Pediculus, school}, author = {Fan,P. C. and Chung,W. C. and Kao,C. L. and Hsu,H. M. and Chow,C. Y.} } @article {45670, title = {Evidence of transmission of Pediculus humanus capitis deGeer, 1778 during school activities}, journal = {Research and Reviews in Parasitology}, volume = {59}, year = {1999}, month = {1999}, pages = {53 - 55}, keywords = {Pediculosis, school, transmission}, author = {de Doucet,M. M. A. and Miranda,M. B. and Jalil,A. M.} } @article {40376, title = {Head lice in schoolchildren}, journal = {Archives of Disease in Childhood}, volume = {78}, year = {1998}, month = {1998}, pages = {288 - 289}, keywords = {Children, Pediculosis, school}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/38748.pdf}, author = {Ibarra,Joanna and Hall,David M. B.} } @article {40292, title = {Model for the control of Pediculus humanus capitis}, journal = {Public Health}, volume = {110}, year = {1996}, month = {1996}, pages = {283 - 288}, abstract = {This study outlines a strategy for the control of head lice infestation in school children; supported by up to date epidemiological data collected over an 8 year period illustrating the benefits of such a strategy.}, keywords = {capitis, Children, head, humanus, Infestation, lice, notification, Pediculus, school, Treatment}, author = {Vermaak,Z.} } @article {40280, title = {Prevalence of head louse infestation among Russeifa school children}, journal = {Saudi Medical Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {1996}, month = {1996}, pages = {604 - 607}, abstract = {

Objective: This study is aimed at studying the prevalence and contributing factors of head lice among schoolchildren. Methods: To calculate the prevalence, all students (3440) in the study area in Al Russeifa were screened for head lice infestation. To study the contributing factors, structured questionaires were filled out by the researchers for 484 students (232 who were infested and the rest were free from head lice). Results: The overall prevalence of head lice was 6.7\%\% (232 of 3440). The prevalence of pediculosis capitis was significantly (p \< 0.05) higher among secondary school children, aged 15-18 years, 7.4\% (166 of 2240) than primary school children, 6-14 years, 5.5\% (66 of 1200) and among the secondary school boys 11\% (126 of 1140) than secondary school girls 3.6\% (40 of 1100). The prevalence was influenced by age, sex, family size, house occupancy and father\&$\#$39;s employment. Conclusions: Head lice is a serious public health problem among school children in Jordan. Control measures are badly needed.

}, keywords = {capitis, Children, epidemiology, humanus, Infestation, Jordan, lice, Pediculosis, Pediculus, school, var}, author = {Rabi,Atallah and Al-Khateeb,Nimr and Abo-Shehada,Mahmoud N.} } @article {40136, title = {Relationship of sociodemographic variables and head lice infestation among elementary school children in Bet Shemesh}, journal = {Israel Journal of Zoology}, volume = {39}, year = {1993}, month = {1993}, pages = {177 - 183}, abstract = {

Fifty-seven children infested with live lice and eggs and 57 noninfested controls, ages 6-11, attending an elementary school in Bet Shemesh, a medium-sized community near Jerusalem, were compared. Children of fathers with fewer years of schooling, children whose fathers were born in Israel, and children of younger mothers were all at higher risk of infestation. However, head-lice infestation was not significantly associated with gender of the child, father\&$\#$39;s and mother\&$\#$39;s occupations, mother\&$\#$39;s years of schooling, size of the family, or number of siblings under age 14.

}, keywords = {Children, Israel, pdf, Pediculosis, school}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/38441.pdf}, author = {Rosenfeld,Judith and Manor,Orly and Kosta Y. Mumcuoglu} } @article {40073, title = {Head lice in drawings of kindergarten children}, journal = {Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences}, volume = {28}, year = {1991}, month = {1991}, pages = {25 - 32}, keywords = {Children, pdf, Pediculosis, school}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/38346.pdf}, author = {Kosta Y. Mumcuoglu} } @article {40037, title = {Epidemiologic studies on head lice infestation in Israel .1. parasitological examination of children}, journal = {International Journal of Dermatology}, volume = {29}, year = {1990}, month = {1990}, pages = {502 - 506}, keywords = {Children, epidemiology, pdf, Pediculosis, Pediculus humanus capitis, school}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/38304.pdf}, author = {Kosta Y. Mumcuoglu and Miller,Jacqueline and Gofin,Rosa and Adler,Bella and Ben-Ishai,Fiameta and Almog,Ruth and Kafka,Dorothy and Klaus,Sidney} }