@article {46690,
	title = {Cattle biting louse, Bovicola bovis (Mallophaga: trichodectidae), phoretic on the horn fly, Haematobia irritans (Diptera: Muscidae)},
	journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology},
	volume = {13},
	year = {1977},
	note = {LR: 20031114; JID: 0375400; ppublish},
	month = {1977},
	pages = {628},
	address = {UNITED STATES},
	abstract = {<p>Adult horn flies, Haematobia irritans (Linnaeus), were collected from purebred Angus and Hereford cattle in the vicinity of College Station, Texas, during the spring and summer of 1975 to supplement laboratory production of ova needed for routine bioassay procedures. During the subsequent separation of horn flies from other fly species, 3 individuals were observed bearing phoretic cattle biting lice, Bovicola bovis (Linnaeus). One adult female louse and 1 nymph were attached by their mandibles to the abdominal integuments of a male and a female horn fly, respectively. A 3rd specimen, also an adult female, was observed unattached on the thorax of a female horn fly. Although peak population densities of these 2 bovine parasites occur on the host at different times of the year and only 3 such associations were observed among several thousand horn flies examined, this previously unrecorded mallophagan phoretic relationship (Keirans, 1975, J. Med. Ent. 12: 476) may allow the cattle biting louse a secondary, although minor, mode of dispersal</p>
},
	keywords = {animals, cattle, Diptera, Lice/isolation \& purification},
	isbn = {0022-2585},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/13.4-5.628},
	url = {https://academic.oup.com/jme/article-abstract/13/4-5/628/2219367?redirectedFrom=fulltext},
	author = {Bay,D. E.}
}
@article {46338,
	title = {Prevalence of botfly larvae and lice in studs of North Caucasus (Stawropol County, Russia)},
	journal = {Acta Veterinaria Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae},
	volume = {43},
	year = {1995},
	note = {LR: 20031114; JID: 8406376; 0 (Antiprotozoal Agents); ppublish},
	month = {1995},
	pages = {287 - 289},
	address = {HUNGARY},
	abstract = {From 14 to 17 April 1990 and from 12 to 21 May 1993 a total of 136 Caucasian (Donish, Karabakh, Kabardin, local halfbred) and 26 thoroughbred stud-horses were examined for ectoparasites in studs of Stawropol County, Russia. A total of 4054 botfly larvae were identified from 9700 faecal samples collected during a period of 3-4 days after oral treatment with Eqvalan (MSD), Strongid Plus (Pfizer) and Vermitan Plus (Sanofi-Chinoin). The species distribution was: Gasterophilus intestinalis 84.53\%, G. nasalis 10.41\%, G. haemorrhoidalis 3.62\%, G. inermis 1.41\%. Gasterophilus nasalis and G. inermis had not been recorded in the North Caucasian region previously. One hundred and fourteen (of the 136) halfbred and 26 thoroughbred horses were examined for ectoparasites, and all were found to be infested with biting lice (Werneckiella equi equi) and sucking lice (Haematopinus asini).},
	keywords = {animals, Antiprotozoal Agents/therapeutic use, Diptera, Feces/parasitology, Horse Diseases, horses, lice, Lice Infestations/drug therapy/epidemiology/veterinary, Myiasis/drug therapy/epidemiology/veterinary, parasite, Prevalence, Russia/epidemiology},
	isbn = {0236-6290},
	author = {Egri,B. and Sarkozy,P. and Banhidy,G.}
}
@article {46319,
	title = {Resistance and the control of sheep ectoparasites},
	journal = {International journal for parasitology},
	volume = {25},
	year = {1995},
	note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0314024; 0 (Insecticides); 0 (Pesticide Residues); 60-57-1 (Dieldrin); RF: 35; ppublish},
	month = {1995},
	pages = {1355 - 1362},
	address = {ENGLAND},
	abstract = {For about 100 years Australian woolgrowers have used a variety of chemicals to control blowflies, lice and other ectoparasites of sheep. While the chemicals have changed considerably the application technology has not changed very much at all. Chemicals registered for use on sheep have paralleled the evolution of synthetic insecticides with the unfortunate consequence of the development of resistance in the Australian sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina, following closely behind. Organochlorine (dieldrin) resistance peaked at about 70\% in 1958 when unacceptable residues in meat and wool forced their withdrawal. Organophosphate (OP) resistance appeared in 1965. With no alternative insecticide classes until 1979, OP resistance reached near fixation levels by the early 1970s and has remained unchanged. OP resistance has reduced the protection period from over 16 weeks to about 6 weeks. Moreover, resistance has decreased the effectiveness of many flystrike dressings to unacceptably low levels. OPs are still very effective against sheep body lice, Bovicola ovis but control is hampered by inadequate application via plunge or shower dipping. Synthetic pyrethroid (SP) pour-on products were released in 1981 but resistance developed by 1985 and many woolgrowers were unable to eradicate lice with pour-on products. Highest Resistance Factors at this time were only about 26 x but this was sufficient to prevent pour-ons working efficiently. By 1991 a population from Hartley in NSW was found to be 642 x resistant to cypermethrin with side-resistance conferred to the other SPs. SP resistance was partially suppresible by piperonyl butoxide but field trials suggested that the resulting improvement in efficacy was not sufficient to be commercially attractive. OPs remain very effective if applied correctly and the release of ivermectin and 2 benzoylphenyl urea products significantly improves the prospects for resistance management. However the increasing environmental concern about the persistence of chemical residues in wool has stimulated interest in biological control of sheep lice by Bacillus thuringiensis.},
	keywords = {animals, Dieldrin, Diptera, ectoparasite, insecticide, Insecticide resistance, lice, meat, pesticide, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, sheep, Sheep Diseases, wool},
	isbn = {0020-7519},
	author = {Levot,G. W.}
}
@article {40168,
	title = {Pyrethroid synergism by piperonyl butoxide in Bovicola ovis (Schrank) (Phthiraptera, Trichodectidae)},
	journal = {Journal of the Australian Entomological Society},
	volume = {33},
	year = {1994},
	month = {1994},
	pages = {123 - 126},
	abstract = {Piperonyl butoxide (PBO) synergised the synthetic pyrethroids (SPs) cypermethrin, deltamethrin, cyhalothrin and alpha- cypermethrin in a concentration-dependent manner in susceptible and both low- and high- SP-resistant strains of the sheep body louse Bovicola ovis. Synergism ratios as high as 23 x were recorded when 200 mg/L PBO was mixed with deltamethrin in bioassays with the highly resistant Hartley strain. High PBO synergism implicates mono-oxygenase detoxification of SPs as a major cause of SP resistance in B. ovis. The possibility of mixing PBO with existing SP lousicide products to control pyrethroid resistant lice is discussed.},
	keywords = {Australia, body, Damalinia ovis, Diptera, flies, Helicoverpa, insecticide, lepidoptera, louse, metabolism, Pyrethrum, sheep, toxicity},
	author = {Levot,G. W.}
}
