@article {96144, title = {Ba{\c s} biti enfestasyonlar{\i}n{\i}n etkin kontrol{\"u} i{\c c}in uluslararas{\i} tavsiyeler}, journal = {Turk Hijyen ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi}, volume = {79}, year = {2022}, month = {Jan-01-2022}, pages = {748-761}, abstract = {

Ba{\c s} biti enfestasyonlar{\i}n{\i}n etkin kontrol\ü i\çin uluslararas{\i} tavsiyeler

Ba{\c s} biti enfestasyonlar{\i}, en geli{\c s}mi{\c s} olanlar da d\âhil olmak \üzere \ço{\u g}u \ülkede halk sa{\u g}l{\i}{\u g}{\i}n{\i} ilgilendiren bir sorun olmaya devam etmektedir. Makalede sunulan tavsiyeler, bu parazitin prevalans{\i}n{\i} azaltmak amac{\i}yla ba{\c s} biti kontrol\ünde farkl{\i} otoritelerin, kurumlar{\i}n, end\üstrinin ve kamunun rollerini ve etkilerini vurgulamay{\i} ve bilgilendirmeyi ama\çlamaktad{\i}r. Sa{\u g}l{\i}k yetkililerini, bu t\ür enfestasyonlar{\i}n do{\u g}ru {\c s}ekilde tespit edilmesi; mevcut ve yeni pedik\ülositler, t{\i}bbi cihazlar, repellentler, bit ve yumurta giderici \ür\ünlerin de{\u g}erlendirilmesi amac{\i}yla daha etkili y\öntemler izlemeye te{\c s}vik etmeyi umuyoruz. Pedik\ülositler ve t{\i}bbi cihazlar, kullan{\i}m talimatlar{\i}nda do{\u g}rulanabilir a\ç{\i}klamalara sahip olmal{\i} ayr{\i}ca aktif bile{\c s}enlere ve form\üle \ür\ünlere kar{\c s}{\i} bitlerin diren\ç seviyelerinin mevcut durumunu belgelemek i\çin periyodik olarak test edilmelidir. Bit yayg{\i}nl{\i}{\u g}{\i}n{\i}n salg{\i}n d\üzeyine ula{\c s}t{\i}{\u g}{\i} iddialar{\i} ortaya at{\i}ld{\i}{\u g}{\i}nda, ger\çek yayg{\i}nl{\i}k d\üzeyinin kan{\i}tlanmas{\i} amac{\i}yla \çocuklar periyodik aral{\i}klarla objektif olarak de{\u g}erlendirilmelidir. Sa{\u g}l{\i}k hizmeti sunanlar ve toplum geneli i\çin d\üzenlenen s\ürekli e{\u g}itimlerle bitlerin biyolojisi, \önlenmesi ve kontrol\ü konusundaki yanl{\i}{\c s} bilgilerin d\üzeltilmesi sa{\u g}lanabilir. Ebeveynler, \çocuklar{\i}n{\i} ba{\c s} biti a\ç{\i}s{\i}ndan d\üzenli olarak kontrol etmeli ve gerekti{\u g}inde tedavi etmelidir. Sa{\u g}l{\i}k yetkilileri, vakalar{\i} ve yayg{\i}nl{\i}{\u g}{\i} azaltmada bir ara\ç olarak kullan{\i}lan ancak bilimsel gerek\çesi olmad{\i}{\u g}{\i} gibi \çocuklar{\i}n sa{\u g}l{\i}{\u g}{\i} ve huzuruna da ters etki yapan \“sirkeye ge\çit yok- no-nit politikas{\i}\” tarz{\i}nda \çocuklar{\i} okuldan uzakla{\c s}t{\i}rmaya dayal{\i} politika ve uygulamalar{\i}n ortadan kald{\i}r{\i}lmas{\i} i\çin m\ücadele etmelidir.

The English version see https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/ijd.15096 Or https://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/node/95099

}, keywords = {Ba{\c s} biti, kontrol, tedavi}, issn = {0377-9777, 1308-2523}, doi = {10.5505/turkhijyen.2022.78872}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.5505/turkhijyen.2022.78872}, author = {Kosta Y. Mumcuoglu and Richard J. Pollack and David L. Reed and Stephen C. Barker and Gordon,S. C. and Toloza,Ariel Ceferino and Picollo,Mar{\'\i}a In{\'e}s and Taylan-Ozkan,Aysegul and Chosidow,Olivier and Habedank,Birgit and Ibarra,Joanna and Meinking,Terri Lynn and Vander Stichele,Robert H.} } @article {95099, title = {International recommendations for an effective control of head louse infestations}, journal = {International Journal of Dermatology}, volume = {60}, year = {2021}, month = {08-2020}, pages = {272-280}, type = {Open access, online version prior to inclusion of issue}, abstract = {

Head louse infestations continue to be a concern of public health in most countries, including the most developed ones. The present recommendations are intended to inform and stress the role and impact of the different authorities, institutions, industry, and the public in the control of head lice in order to reduce the prevalence of this parasite. We encourage health authorities to pursue more effective methods to correctly identify such infestations, and evaluate existing and new pediculicides, medical devices, louse repellents, and louse- and nit-removal remedies. Pediculicides and medical devices must have verifiable claims in the instructions for use and should be tested periodically to document current levels of resistance by lice to the active ingredients and to the formulated products. Where the prevalence of lice is claimed to be epidemic, children should be periodically evaluated objectively to document the actual level of prevalence. Continuing education for health providers and the general population promises to correct misinformation regarding the biology, prevention, and management of lice. Parents should regularly inspect their children for head lice and treat as necessary. Health authorities are encouraged to eliminate policies and practices that rely upon school exclusion as a means to reduce incidence and prevalence, e.g., the \‘no-nit\’ policy which lacks scientific justification, and are counterproductive to the health and welfare of children.

Attachment 95099.pdf -online version published 2020

The published version in Turkish, see Mumcuo{\u g}lu KY, Pollack RJ, Reed D, Barker S, Gordon S, Toloza AC, Picollo MI, Taylan \Özkan A, Chosidow O, Habedank B, Ibarra J, Meinking TL, Vander Stichele R. Ba{\c s} biti enfestasyonlar{\i}n{\i}n etkin kontrol\ü i\çin uluslararas{\i} tavsiyeler Turk Hijyen ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi 2021; 79(4): 748\–761. doi: 10.5505/TurkHijyen.2022.78872 https://www.turkhijyen.org/jvi.aspx?pdir=turkhijyen\&plng=tur\&un=THDBD-78872\&look4= OR DOI: 10.5505/TurkHijyen.2022.78872 OR https://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/node/96144

}, keywords = {head louse infestation, head louse treatment, Pediculicides}, issn = {0011-9059}, doi = {10.1111/ijd.15096}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ijd.15096}, author = {Kosta Y. Mumcuoglu and Richard J. Pollack and David L. Reed and Stephen C. Barker and Gordon,S. C. and Toloza,Ariel Ceferino and Picollo,Mar{\'\i}a In{\'e}s and Taylan-Ozkan,Aysegul and Chosidow,Olivier and Habedank,Birgit and Ibarra,Joanna and Meinking,Terri Lynn and Vander Stichele,Robert H.} } @article {47769, title = {Increased frequency of the T929I and L932F mutations associated with knockdown resistance in permethrin-resistant populations of human head louse, Pediculus capitus, from California, Florida, and Texas}, journal = {Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology}, volume = {77}, year = {2003}, month = {2003}, pages = {115 - 124}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2003.08.003}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048357503001160}, author = {Gao,Jian-Rong and Kyong Sup Yoon and Si Hyeock Lee and Takano-Lee,Miwa and Edman,John D. and Meinking,Terri Lynn and Taplin,David and Clark,J. Marshall} } @article {47420, title = {Infestations}, journal = {Current Problems in Dermatology, Basel}, volume = {11}, year = {1999}, month = {1999}, pages = {73 - 120}, abstract = {

Despite all the available pediculicides and scabicides that have been developed in this century we still find ourselves facing a treatment dilemma. Although body lice are not abundant in the United States, they are still found in the homeless populations of our major cities. With the development of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) in the early 1940s there was no longer a reason to pursue the basic biology of lice. Cheap and effective treatments such as DDT reduced the lice supply and with them the louse-borne diseases that went with the body louse. These diseases, such as trench fever caused by Bartonella quintana, are re-emerging in the United States and in other countries. Head lice and crab lice have never been studied as possible vectors of disease, because they were not usually found in the same population and because, unlike body lice, no laboratory model for head or crab lice exists. Body lice have given all lice a bad reputation, and the stigma from infestations with lice make education in this area difficult. Much of the older lice studies in the literature were conducted in the cold climate of England, which is quite different from climactic conditions in the United States. Body lice, not head or crab lice, were used because they were hardier and can go longer without a blood meal. Pediculosis capitis infestations are in epidemic proportions in some parts of the United States and the world. The development of lice resistant to DDT, lindane, malathion, and permethrin and with a reduced efficacy with natural pyrethrins has resulted in the highest prevalence of head lice in the last 50 years. Parents are spending hundreds of dollars on head lice products that do not meet their purported claims. Some children in Florida have missed more than 2 months of school because of head lice or nits. Parents and even dermatologists are prescribing anything from petroleum gel to olive oil and mayonnaise in an effort to get children back in school. Oral ivermectin is a promising candidate for resistant lice, but future studies will be needed to determine the optimum dosing regimens. Oral ivermectin has been effective even against crusted cases of scabies in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. In this monograph the diagnosis and treatments for body, head, and crab lice and scabies are discussed, including issues of resistance and treatment in immunocompromised individuals.

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S1040-0486(99)90005-4}, url = {https://www.academia.edu/33314674/Infestations}, author = {Meinking,Terri Lynn} } @inbook {47198, title = {Infestations}, booktitle = {Pediatric Dermatology}, volume = {3rd.}, year = {2003}, month = {2003}, pages = {1141 - 1180}, publisher = {Mosby Inc.}, organization = {Mosby Inc.}, address = {New York, N.Y.}, author = {Meinking,Terri Lynn and Taplin,David}, editor = {Schachner,L. A. and Ronald C. Hansen} } @article {47199, title = {Ectoparasitic diseases in dermatology: reassessment of scabies and pediculosis}, journal = {Advances in DermatologyAdvances in Dermatology}, volume = {15}, year = {1999}, pages = {67 - 108}, author = {Meinking,Terri Lynn and Craig G. Burkhart and Burkhart,Craig N.} } @article {47196, title = {Pyrethrin and pyrethroids for the treatment of scabies and pediculosis}, journal = {Seminars in Dermatology}, volume = {6}, year = {1987}, month = {1987}, pages = {125 - 135}, author = {Taplin,David and Meinking,Terri Lynn} } @article {46992, title = {Comparative efficacy of treatments for pediculosis capitis infestations}, journal = {Journal of Dermatology}, volume = {122}, year = {1986}, month = {1986}, pages = {267 - 271}, abstract = {

Ovicidal activity and killing times were evaluated for six pediculicides, using viable eggs and recently fed head lice from infested children. Lice were continuously exposed to the products until death, and elapsed time was recorded. Eggs were immersed for ten minutes, rinsed, and dried. Four synergized pyrethrin products (RID, R\&C Shampoo, A-200 Pyrinate Shampoo, A-200 Pyrinate Liquid) killed all lice in ten to 23 minutes, and 23\% to 32\% of treated eggs hatched; 0.5\% malathion lotion (Prioderm Lotion) killed lice within five minutes and was highly ovicidal, with only 5\% of eggs hatching. One percent lindane shampoo (Kwell Shampoo) was the slowest-acting pediculicide, requiring approximately three hours to kill all lice; 30\% of the eggs hatched after treatment. The in vitro results for RID, Prioderm Lotion, and K well Shampoo were validated by clinical trials.

An Update can ben found in \&$\#$39;Comparative efficacy of treatments for pediculosis capitis infestations: Update 2000\&$\#$39;

http://phthiraptera.info/content/comparative-efficacy-treatments-pediculosis-capitis-infestations-update-2000

}, keywords = {Pediculosis}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/46077.pdf}, author = {Meinking,Terri Lynn and Taplin,David and Kalter,Debra Chester and Eberle,Mark W.} } @article {46345, title = {Identification of host DNA by amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis: preliminary analysis of human crab louse (Anoplura: Pediculidae) excreta}, journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology}, volume = {31}, year = {1994}, month = {1994}, pages = {686 - 690}, abstract = {

The ability to identify individual hosts of hematophagous arthropods via bloodmeal analyses is a continuing pursuit in both medical and forensic entomology. Characterization of human DNA from blood-feeding arthropods has been advanced substantially by preparation techniques, such as the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Successful application of amplified fragment length polymorphism (AMP-FLP) analysis to excreta obtained from adult crab lice, Pthirus pubis (L.), fed on human volunteers is reported herein. Human DNA derived from crab louse excreta was typed successfully for two human DNA genetic markers, D1S80 and HUMTH01. Although preliminary, these results illustrate the ability of AMP-FLP analyses to provide individual human locus characterizations from desiccated arthropod excrement.

}, keywords = {animals, Anoplura, Arthropod Vectors, Base Sequence, dna, Feces/chemistry, humans, Molecular Sequence Data, polymerase, polymorphism}, doi = { https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/31.5.686}, url = {https://academic.oup.com/jme/article-abstract/31/5/686/879788?redirectedFrom=PDF}, author = {Replogle,J. and Lord,W. D. and Budowle,B. and Meinking,Terri Lynn and Taplin,David} } @article {46312, title = {Infestations: pediculosis}, journal = {Current Problems in Dermatology}, volume = {24}, year = {1996}, month = {1996}, pages = {157 - 163}, keywords = {animals, humans, lice, Lice Infestations/diagnosis/drug therapy}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1159/000424896}, url = {https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/424896}, author = {Meinking,Terri Lynn and Taplin,David} } @article {46251, title = {Isolation, amplification, and sequencing of human mitochondrial DNA obtained from human crab louse, Pthirus pubis (L.), blood meals}, journal = {Journal of Forensic Sciences}, volume = {43}, year = {1998}, month = {1998}, pages = {1097 - 1100}, abstract = {

The ability to identify individual human hosts based on analyses of blood recovered from the digestive tract of hematophagous arthropods has been a long-term pursuit in both medical and forensic entomology. Blood meal individualization techniques can bring important advancements to studies of vector-borne disease epidemiology. Forensically, these analyses may aid in assailant identification in violent crime cases where blood-feeding insects or their excreta are recovered from victims or at crime scenes. Successful isolation, amplification, and sequencing of human mitochondrial DNA obtained from adult human crab lice fed on human volunteers are reported. Adult lice were removed from recruited volunteers frequenting inner city health clinics. Live lice were killed by freezing and subsequently air dried at ambient temperature. A saliva sample was obtained from each volunteer and served as a DNA reference sample. Volunteers were afforded free, approved pediculosis treatment. Individual lice were subsequently processed using procedures developed for the extraction of mitochondrial DNA from human hair, teeth, and bone. The resulting DNA was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction and sequenced. Our results point to valuable avenues for future entomological research.

}, keywords = {animals, dna, entomology, Feeding Behavior, genes, lice, Lice Infestations/blood, polymerase, polymorphism, Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S., Sensitivity and Specificity}, url = {https://www.astm.org/DIGITAL_LIBRARY/JOURNALS/FORENSIC/PAGES/JFS14367J.htm}, author = {Lord,W. D. and DiZinno,J. A. and Wilson,M. R. and Budowle,B. and Taplin,David and Meinking,Terri Lynn} } @article {46104, title = {Comparative efficacy of treatments for pediculosis capitis infestations: update 2000}, journal = {Archives of Dermatology}, volume = {137}, year = {2001}, month = {2001}, pages = {287 - 292}, abstract = {

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the pediculicidal and ovicidal activity of 5 head lice products.DESIGN: In vitro pediculicidal and ovicidal product comparison. SETTING: Tropical field station in Panama. PARTICIPANTS: Head lice and eggs were harvested from healthy children infested with Pediculus capitis. INTERVENTION: Within 2 hours of capture, lice were placed in continuous, direct contact with the pediculicide products and observed at regular intervals. Fresh, viable eggs were immersed in the pediculicides for 10 minutes, rinsed, air-dried, and incubated for 2 weeks. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Percentage of lice dead at regular observation intervals between 5 minutes and 3 hours of continuous exposure to the pediculicide and percentage of eggs not hatched after 2 weeks. RESULTS: All lice treated with Ovide lotion (0.5\% malathion) were dead within 10 minutes and none of the eggs hatched. There was no significant change in the effectiveness of 0.5\% malathion lotion or A-200 shampoo compared with the results of an earlier study (1986). There were significant declines in the pediculicidal activity of RID and the ovicidal activity of lindane. Nix (1\% permethrin), which was not on the market at the time of the original study, killed lice in less than 30 minutes, and ovicidal activity ranged from 73\% to 90\% (diluted and undiluted, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Ovide lotion (0.5\% malathion) was the fastest-killing pediculicide and the most effective ovicide. One percent lindane shampoo was the slowest-acting pediculicide and least effective ovicide. Nix was highly effective in both undiluted and diluted forms.

}, keywords = {animals, child, Comparative Study, hair, humans, In Vitro, insecticide, Lice Infestations/drug therapy, Malathion, Pediculus, Pyrethrum, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, scalp dermatoses}, doi = {10-1001/pubs.Arch Dermatol.-ISSN-0003-987x-137-3-dst00109}, url = {https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/fullarticle/478258}, author = {Meinking,Terri Lynn and Entzel,P. and Villar,M. E. and Vicaria,M. and Lemard,G. A. and Porcelain,S. L.} } @article {46065, title = {Comparative in vitro pediculicidal efficacy of treatments in a resistant head lice population in the United States}, journal = {Archives of Dermatology}, volume = {138}, year = {2002}, month = {2002}, pages = {220 - 224}, abstract = {

OBJECTIVE: To compare the pediculicidal activity of 5 head lice products available in the United States on head lice from south Florida.

DESIGN: In vitro pediculicidal product comparison.

SETTING: Lice Source Services, Inc, located in Plantation, Fla, a clinic for the treatment and grooming of individuals with pediculosis capitis.

PARTICIPANTS: Head lice were collected from healthy clients with Pediculus capitis that came to Lice Source Services, Inc, to seek their services.

INTERVENTIONS: Within 2 to 6 hours of capture, lice were placed in continuous direct contact with the pediculicide products and observed at regular intervals. Results were compared with findings of a recent study of a treatment-sensitive population of head lice conducted in Panama.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Percentage of lice dead at regular observation intervals between 5 minutes and 3 hours of continuous exposure to the pediculicides.

RESULTS: Two prescription products, Ovide lotion (0.5\% malathion) and 1\% lindane shampoo, were ranked in the same order as in 2 previous studies (first and last, respectively). The order of effectiveness from most to least effective was as follows: Ovide lotion, A-200 shampoo (a natural pyrethrin product synergized with piperonyl butoxide), undiluted Nix (1\% permethrin), diluted Nix, RID (a natural pyrethrin product synergized with piperonyl butoxide), and 1\% lindane shampoo.

CONCLUSIONS: There were statistically significant differences in the efficacy of all the products when compared with the results found in the recent study in Panama, except for Ovide lotion. Of those tested, Ovide was the only pediculicide in the United States that had not become less effective. The difference in efficacy of 1\% lindane, Nix, and pyrethrins between the Panama and Florida studies supports the argument that some head lice in the United States have become resistant to these treatments.

}, keywords = {adult, animals, child, Comparative Study, hair, humans, In Vitro, insecticide, Insecticide resistance, Kerosene, Lice Infestations/drug therapy, Lindane/pharmacology, Malathion, Pediculus, Piperonyl Butoxide, Pyrethrum, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, scalp dermatoses}, doi = {10.1001/archderm.138.2.220}, url = {https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/fullarticle/478698}, author = {Meinking,Terri Lynn and Serrano,L. and Hard,B. and Entzel,P. and Lemard,G. and Rivera,E. and Villar,M. E.} } @article {46035, title = {Head lice}, journal = {New England Journal of Medicine}, volume = {347}, year = {2002}, month = {2002}, pages = {1381 - 1382}, keywords = {animals, humans, insecticide, Lice Infestations/drug therapy/transmission, Malathion, Pediculus, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, scalp dermatoses, U.S.A.}, author = {Meinking,Terri Lynn and Craig G. Burkhart and Burkhart,Craig N.} } @article {46034, title = {An observer-blinded study of 1\% permethrin creme rinse with and without adjunctive combing in patients with head lice}, journal = {Journal of Pediatrics}, volume = {141}, year = {2002}, month = {2002}, pages = {665 - 670}, abstract = {

OBJECTIVES: To determine if NIX (Warner Lambert Healthcare, Morris Plains, NJ) 1\% Permethrin Creme Rinse Lice Treatment (1\% PLT) without combing will effectively treat \>/=95\% of patients on day 2 or on day 15; to determine whether combing influences efficacy. STUDY DESIGN: A randomized, observer-blinded study enrolled 95 infested adults and children. All patients were treated with 1\% PLT on day 1 and, if still infested, on day 8. One third of households were randomized to the combing group and two thirds to the no-combing group. Efficacy was assessed by: (1) visual inspection on days 1, 2, 8, 9, and 15 and, (2) shampooing/straining on days 2, 9, and 15. The target efficacy was 95\%. RESULTS: In the no-combing group, the lice-free rate was 83.1\% on day 2 (95\% CI, 71.0-91.6), 45.8\% on day 8 (before second treatment) (95\% CI, 32.7-59.2), 77.6\% on day 9 (95\% CI, 64.7-87.5), and 78.3\% on day 15 (95\% CI, 65.8-87.9). Adjunctive combing did not improve efficacy on any day. CONCLUSIONS: In this population, 1\% PLT was significantly less than 95\% effective and suggests resistance to 1\% PLT. The failure of nit removal combing by nonprofessional caregivers to improve efficacy demonstrates the unreliability of combing as adjunctive treatment in this setting.

}, keywords = {adolescent, animals, child, Child, Preschool, Comparative Study, humans, hygiene, insecticide, Lice Infestations/drug therapy/therapy, Pediculus, Permethrin, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, scalp dermatoses, Single-Blind Method, Treatment Failure}, isbn = {0022-3476}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1067/mpd.2002.129031}, url = {https://www.jpeds.com/article/S0022-3476(02)00182-8/fulltext}, author = {Meinking,Terri Lynn and Clineschmidt,C. M. and Chen,C. and Kolber,M. A. and Tipping,R. W. and Furtek,C. I. and Villar,M. E. and Guzzo,C. A.} } @article {45910, title = {Faculty discussion: definitive management of head lice in the era of pediculicide resistance}, journal = {American Journal of Managed Care}, volume = {10}, year = {2004}, note = {LR: 20050726; JID: 9613960; ppublish}, month = {2004}, pages = {S283 - 6}, address = {United States}, keywords = {animals, humans, Insecticide resistance, Lice Infestations/drug therapy/physiopathology, Pediculus, U.S.A.}, isbn = {1088-0224}, url = {https://www.ajmc.com/view/sep04-1896ps283-s287}, author = {Ellis,E. F. and Frankowski,B. L. and Schoessler,S. Z. and West,D. P. and Ronald C. Hansen and Meinking,Terri Lynn} } @article {45912, title = {Clinical update on resistance and treatment of Pediculosis capitis}, journal = {American Journal of Managed Care}, volume = {10}, year = {2004}, note = {LR: 20050726; JID: 9613960; 0 (Insecticides); RF: 7; ppublish}, month = {2004}, pages = {S264 - 8}, address = {United States}, abstract = {

The anatomy and physiology of head lice make them extremely adaptable to their human hosts but also difficult to eradicate. Their coloring and small size make them difficult to see, and the larvae, or nymphs, have multiple exoskeletons for protection. When exposed to pediculicides, a nymph can shed its outer exoskeleton and receive only a sublethal dose. Through natural selection, head lice have developed resistance to commonly used pediculicides, making it increasingly difficult to eliminate infestations. Other contributors to resistance include changes in formulations of pediculicides and improper use. Over the last 20 years, the efficacy of pyrethrins has declined because of necessary safety changes in formulations and unintentional effects of new packaging on chemical components of these products. Pediculicides designed to be applied to wet hair may become too diluted to produce the desired effect. Patients also may use too little product to conserve costs. The combination of decreased product efficacy and exposure of head lice to diluted or insufficient amounts of pediculicides has reduced their effectiveness substantially. Studies comparing the current efficacy of several over-the-counter and prescription pediculicides with effectiveness in the 1980s has shown that OVIDE (malathion) Lotion, 0.5\% is the only product that has retained its efficacy over time. The efficacy of over-the-counter pyrethrin products had declined significantly, and lindane, another prescription product, was least effective of all products tested both in the 1980s and in more recent studies. In addition to retaining its efficacy, malathion 0.5\% also is effective when applied for only 20 minutes. The shorter application time is safer for children and also decreases the likelihood that residual product remains in the hair, further contributing to resistance.

}, keywords = {animals, humans, insecticide, Insecticide resistance, Lice Infestations/drug therapy/parasitology, Pediculus, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t}, isbn = {1088-0224}, url = {https://www.ajmc.com/view/sep04-1897ps264-s268}, author = {Meinking,Terri Lynn} } @article {45907, title = {Efficacy of a reduced application time of Ovide lotion (0.5\% malathion) compared to Nix creme rinse (1\% permethrin) for the treatment of head lice}, journal = {Pediatric dermatology}, volume = {21}, year = {2004}, note = {JID: 8406799; 0 (Insecticides); 121-75-5 (Malathion); 52645-53-1 (Permethrin); ppublish}, month = {2004}, pages = {670 - 674}, address = {United States}, abstract = {

Our objective was to conduct a randomized, investigator-blinded evaluation of the pediculicidal and ovicidal activity of a reduced application time (20 minutes) of Ovide (0.5\% malathion) compared to Nix (1\% permethrin) in a south Florida population infested with Pediculus humanus capitis. Either Ovide or Nix was applied according to the label instructions. However, Ovide application time was reduced to 20 minutes. At day 8, subjects with live lice were re-treated with the same product and procedure as on day 1. Ovicidal and pediculicidal efficacy were evaluated at days 8 and 15. A subject free of lice and viable eggs at day 15 was considered to be a treatment success. Percent efficacy was calculated using the number of subjects free of lice and viable eggs per total number of subjects treated. We found that a 20-minute application of Ovide was significantly more pediculicidal and ovicidal (98\%) compared to Nix (55\%) at day 15 (p \< 0.0001). The percentage of Ovide subjects who required treatment at day 8 was half that of the Nix group. The reinfestation rate was 0\% with Ovide and 33\% with Nix. In conclusion, a 20-minute treatment with Ovide, instead of the approved 8- to 12-hour application, cured 40 of 41 subjects (98\%), demonstrating superior efficacy to Nix. The poor efficacy of Nix confirms the resistance of head lice to permethrin in south Florida.

}, keywords = {adolescent, adult, Aged, animals, child, Comparative Study, Dose-Response, Florida, humans, insecticide, Lice Infestations/drug therapy, Malathion, Middle Aged, Pediculus, Permethrin, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, scalp dermatoses, Single-Blind Method, Treatment Outcome}, isbn = {0736-8046}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0736-8046.2004.21613.x}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.0736-8046.2004.21613.x}, author = {Meinking,Terri Lynn and Vicaria,M. and Eyerdam,D. H. and Villar,M. E. and Reyna,S. and Suarez,G.} } @book {45352, title = {Head lice infestation. Biology, diagnosis, management}, year = {1987}, month = {1987}, pages = {31}, publisher = {Burroughs Wellcome Co}, organization = {Burroughs Wellcome Co}, address = {Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, U.S.A.}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/8897.pdf}, author = {Taplin,David and Meinking,Terri Lynn} } @article {40329, title = {Treatment resistant head lice: alternative therapeutic approaches - commentary}, journal = {Pediatric Dermatology}, volume = {14}, year = {1997}, month = {1997}, pages = {410 - 410}, author = {Meinking,Terri Lynn} } @article {40017, title = {Scabies, lice, and fungal infections}, journal = {Primary Care}, volume = {16}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {551 - 568}, abstract = {

Scabies and pediculosis capitis are frequent and often unrecognized causes of multiple streptococcal and staphylococcal pyodermas. Permethrin 1 per cent creme rinse (NIX) for head lice, and permethrin 5 per cent topical cream for scabies are new, highly effective, safe, and cosmetically elegant treatments which have shown superiority over older remedies. In populations in which pediculosis and scabies have resisted traditional lindane therapy, patients promptly responded to these permethrin products. Scabies in nursing homes is a persistent and expanding problem which demands a high level of diagnostic suspicion and an integrated approach to management. For fungal infections, several new broad-spectrum oral and topical agents have been introduced. Their successful use is enhanced by appropriate diagnostic tests which can be performed in the office setting. Recommendations and references are given to assist the physician in diagnosis and choice of therapy.

}, author = {Taplin,David and Meinking,Terri Lynn} }