@article {61010, title = {Immunization of rabbits with faecal extract of Pediculus humanus, the human body louse: effects on louse development and reproduction}, journal = {Medical and Veterinary Entomology}, volume = {11}, year = {1997}, pages = {315-318}, chapter = {315}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/38690.pdf}, author = {Kosta Y. Mumcuoglu and Ben-Yakir,David and Ochanda,James O. and Miller,Jacqueline and Galun,Rachel} } @article {47716, title = {International guidelines for effective control of head louse infestations}, journal = {Journal of Drugs in Dermatology}, volume = {6}, year = {2007}, month = {2007}, pages = {409 - 414}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/46843.pdf}, author = {Kosta Y. Mumcuoglu and Stephen C. Barker and Burgess,Ian F. and Combescot-Lang,Catherine and Robert Campbell Dalgleish and Larsen,Kim S. and Miller,Jacqueline and Richard J. Roberts and Taylan-Ozkan,Aysegul} } @article {46403, title = {Clinical observations related to head lice infestation}, journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology}, volume = {25}, year = {1991}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 7907132; ppublish}, month = {1991}, pages = {248 - 251}, abstract = {

Living lice and eggs were found in 19\% of 2643 children examined in Israel. Boys and girls were equally infested. Bite reactions, pruritus, excoriations, lymphadenopathy, and conjunctivitis were the most common signs and symptoms. Bite reactions, pruritus, excoriations, and conjunctivitis were found more frequently in infested children than in noninfested children. Lymphadenopathy, eczema, influenza, herpes, crusts behind ears, blepharitis, seborrhea, psoriasis, erythema, vitiligo, secondary infections, and scars were equally common in both groups. The sequence of the skin reactions of a volunteer to continuous exposure to lice bites was as follow: phase I, no clinical symptoms; phase II, papules accompanied by pruritus of medium intensity; phase III, wheal formation immediately after the bite, followed by a delayed papular reaction and intense itching; phase IV, papular reaction with diminished reactivity of the skin and mild pruritus. Healed bite reactions reappeared when other parts of the skin were again exposed to the lice.

}, keywords = {child, Insect Bites, stings, pdf, Pediculosis, Pediculus, Physical Examination, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, scalp, Skin Diseases}, isbn = {0190-9622}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/45305.pdf}, author = {Kosta Y. Mumcuoglu and Klaus,Sidney and Kafka,Dorothy and Teiler,Mike and Miller,Jacqueline} } @article {46121, title = {Louse comb versus direct visual examination for the diagnosis of head louse infestations}, journal = {Pediatric dermatology}, volume = {18}, year = {2001}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 8406799; ppublish}, month = {2001}, pages = {9 - 12}, abstract = {

The techniques used for diagnosis of head louse (Pediculosis capitis) infestation are a source of controversy. Most epidemiologic and diagnostic studies have been done using direct visual examination. The main objective of this study is to compare the efficacy of direct visual examination versus the louse comb method. The hair of each child was examined twice; one team used a screening stick and another team used a louse comb. Seventy-nine boys and 201 girls, 7-10 years old were examined. Examination with a louse comb found that 25.4\% of the children were infested with both lice and nits, while another 31.3\% had nits only. Boys were significantly less infested with lice and nits than girls (lice: 15.2 and 29.6\%; nits: 21.5 and 35.4\%, respectively). The infestation rate with lice and nits was significantly higher in children with long (68.9\%) and medium-length (63.9\%) hair than in children with short hair (44.0\%) (p \< 0.01). Direct visual examination found that 5.7\% of the children were infested with both lice and nits, and another 49.0\% with nits only. The average time until detection of the first louse was 57.0 seconds with the comb as compared to 116.4 seconds by direct visual examination. Diagnosis of louse infestation using a louse comb is four times more efficient than direct visual examination and twice as fast. The direct visual examination technique underestimates active infestation and detects past, nonactive infestations.

}, keywords = {animals, child, Comparative Study, humans, Lice Infestations/diagnosis, pdf, Pediculosis, Pediculus, Physical Examination, scalp}, isbn = {0736-8046}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/44950.pdf}, author = {Kosta Y. Mumcuoglu and Michael Friger and Ioffe-Uspensky,Inna and Ben-Ishai,Fiameta and Miller,Jacqueline} } @article {46037, title = {The in vivo pediculicidal efficacy of a natural remedy}, journal = {Israel Medical Association Journal}, volume = {4}, year = {2002}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 100930740; 0 (Drug Combinations); 0 (Insecticides); 0 (Pesticide Synergists); 0 (Plant Oils); 121-75-5 (Malathion); 51-03-6 (Piperonyl Butoxide); 52645-53-1 (Permethrin); 8001-31-8 (coconut oil); ppublish}, month = {2002}, pages = {790 - 793}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: Head louse infestations are prevalent worldwide. Over the past 20-25 years, 15-20\% of all children in Israel between 4 and 13 years of age have been infested with head lice. This is mainly due to the existence of ineffective pediculicides on the market. OBJECTIVE: To examine the pediculicidal efficacy and safety of a natural remedy (\"Chick-Chack\") and to compare it in an open clinical study with a known pesticide spray. METHODS: The natural remedy, which contains coconut oil, anise oil and ylang ylang oil, was applied to the hair of infested children three times at 5 day intervals. Each treatment lasted for 15 minutes. The control pediculicide was a spray formulation containing permethrin, malathion, piperonyl butoxide, isododecane and propellant gas, which was applied twice for 10 minutes with a 10 day interval between applications. RESULTS: Of 940 children, aged 6-14 years, from six schools in Jerusalem who were examined for head louse infestation, 199 (21.2\%) were infested with lice and eggs, while 164 (17.4\%) were infested only with nits. Altogether, 119 children were randomly treated with either the natural remedy or the control product. Treatment was successful with the natural remedy in 60 children (92.3\%) and with the control pediculicide in 59 children (92.2\%). There were no significant side effects associated with either formulation. CONCLUSIONS: The natural remedy was very effective in controlling louse infestations under clinical conditions and caused no serious side effects.

}, keywords = {adolescent, animals, child, Comparative Study, Drug Combinations, Follow-Up Studies, humans, insecticide, Lice Infestations/diagnosis/drug therapy, Malathion, Pediculus, Permethrin, pesticide, Piperonyl Butoxide, Plant Extracts, scalp dermatoses, Time Factors}, isbn = {1565-1088}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/44846.pdf}, author = {Kosta Y. Mumcuoglu and Miller,Jacqueline and Zamir,Chen and Zentner,Gary and Helbin,Valery and Ingber,Arieh} } @article {45899, title = {Repellency of citronella for head lice: double-blind randomized trial of efficacy and safety}, journal = {Israel Medical Association Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2004}, note = {JID: 100930740; 0 (Insect Repellents); 0 (Plant Oils); ppublish}, month = {2004}, pages = {756 - 759}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: Head lice move easily from head to head. The lack of safe, effective repellents leads to reinfestation. OBJECTIVES: To test the efficacy of a slow-release citronella formulation as a repellent against the head louse. METHODS: During 4 months in 2003 a randomized, placebo-controlled double-blind clinical study was conducted in four elementary schools; 103 children were treated with the test formulation and 95 with a placebo. RESULTS: A significant difference was observed during the second examination 2 months later, when 12.0\% of the children treated with the test repellent and 50.5\% of those treated with placebo were infested with lice. A significant difference was also observed at the third examination 2 months later, when 12.4\% of the children treated with the test repellent and 33.7\% treated with placebo were infested. Overall, there were significant differences between those treated with the repellent and those treated with the placebo (15.4\% and 55.1\% respectively, P \< 0.0001). Side effects were observed in 4.4\% of children who disliked the odor of the formulation, and an additional 1.0\% who complained of a slight itching and burning sensation. CONCLUSIONS: Use of an effective repellent could significantly lower the incidence of reinfestations, which would lower expenditure on lice control, including pediculicides, combs and products for nit removal, and the time spent on treatment and removal of the nits.

}, keywords = {adolescent, Age Distribution, animals, child, Cymbopogon, Double Blind, humans, Insect repellents, Israel/epidemiology, Lice Infestations/drug therapy/epidemiology/prevention \& control, pdf, Pediculus, Phytotherapy, Plant Extracts, Recurrence, scalp dermatoses, Sex Distribution, Treatment Outcome}, isbn = {1565-1088}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/44670.pdf}, author = {Kosta Y. Mumcuoglu and Magdassi,Shlomo and Miller,Jacqueline and Ben-Ishai,Fiameta and Zentner,Gary and Helbin,Valery and Michael Friger and Kahana,Frigita and Ingber,Arieh} } @article {45828, title = {The relevance of head louse comb and nits to head louse infestations}, journal = {Trends in Entomology}, volume = {3}, year = {2004}, month = {2004}, pages = {113 - 117}, keywords = {comb, Pediculosis, Survey}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/44567.pdf}, author = {Kosta Y. Mumcuoglu and Miller,Jacqueline} } @article {45824, title = {Head lice in Israeli children: Parent{\textquoteright}s answers to epidemiological questionnairs}, journal = {Public Health Reviews (Tel Aviv)}, volume = {18}, year = {1992}, month = {1992}, pages = {333 - 344}, keywords = {Children, Israel, pdf, Pediculosis, Survey}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/44562.pdf}, author = {Kosta Y. Mumcuoglu and Miller,Jacqueline and Gofin,Rosa and Adler,Bella and Ben-Ishai,Fiameta and Almog,Ruth and Kafka,Dorothy and Klaus,Sidney} } @article {45764, title = {Pyrethroid resistance mechanisms in the head louse Pediculus capitis from Israel: implications for control}, journal = {Medical and Veterinary Entomology}, volume = {13}, year = {1999}, month = {1999}, pages = {89 - 96}, keywords = {Control, Israel, pdf, Pediculosis, resistance}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/44491.pdf}, author = {Hemingway,Janet and Miller,Jacqueline and Kosta Y. Mumcuoglu} } @article {40265, title = {Repellency of essential oils and their components to the human body louse, Pediculus humanus humanus}, journal = {Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata}, volume = {78}, year = {1996}, month = {1996}, pages = {309 - 314}, abstract = {

Five essential oils and nine of their components were compared to diethyl toluamide (DEET) for their repellent activity against the human body louse, Pediculus humanus humanus. The absolute or intrinsic repellency of the compounds was tested by applying the repellent to corduroy patches and comparing them with untreated patches. It was found that the most effective repellents were DEET and citronella, whose activity lasted at least 29 days. The activity of rosemary lasted at least 18 days and that of eucalyptus more than 8 days. The repellent activity of the oil components such as citronellal and geraniol lasted more than 15 and 8 days, respectively. DEET remained effective at a dilution of 1:32, geraniol at 1:8, citronella at 1:4 and rosemary and citronellal at 1:1. The comparative or standard repellency of the candidate repellents was examined with the aid of a new screening technique using hairs treated with ammonium bicarbonate which is attractive to lice. Using this technique it could be shown that the repellent activity of citronella and geraniol lasted 2 days and that of rosemary and citronellal for only one day. DEET was active for less than one day. Serial dilutions of these substances also revealed that citronella was the most potent repellent for lice, followed by citronellal, rosemary, geraniol and DEET. The differences however, were not significant.

}, keywords = {Anoplura, body louse, human, oils, pdf, Pediculidae, Pediculosis, Pediculus humanus, repellent}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/38614.pdf}, author = {Kosta Y. Mumcuoglu and Galun,Rachel and Bach,Uri and Miller,Jacqueline and Magdassi,Shlomo} } @article {40221, title = {Permethrin resistance in the head louse Pediculus capitis from Israel}, journal = {Medical and Veterinary Entomology}, volume = {9}, year = {1995}, month = {1995}, pages = {427 - 432}, abstract = {

Head lice, Pediculus capitis, were collected from children aged 3-12 years in Maale Adumin, a town near Jerusalem, after reports of control failure with the pyrethroid insecticide permethrin. A total of 1516 children were examined: living lice and eggs were found on 12.1\% of the children; or another 22.8\% of the children only nits were found. Twice as many girls as boys (8.1\% v 4\%) were infested with lice and or nits. Head lice collected from infested children were exposed to permethrin impregnated filter-papers. Log time probit mortality (Itp) regression lines were calculated for mortality data and compared to Itp lines for a similar collection of head lice made in 1989. The regression lines for the two years were significantly different, with a 4-fold decrease in susceptibility at the LT(50) level between 1989 and 1994. The slopes of the lines also suggested that the 1994 population was more heterogenous in its response to permethrin than the 1989 population. In contrast, a laboratory population of body lice (Pediculus humanus) tested with the same batch of permethrin- impregnated papers showed a slight but nonsignificant increase in susceptibility between 1989 and 1994. The results suggest that resistance to pyrethroids has developed rapidly among head lice since permethrin was introduced in 1991 as a pediculicide in Israel.

}, keywords = {body, capitis, Children, Control, DDT, Diptera, head, humanus, insecticide, Israel, lindane, locus, louse, mechanism, musca domestica l, pdf, Pediculosis, Pediculus, Permethrin, Pyrethrum, resistance, rinse, shampoo}, url = {http://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/40221.pdf}, author = {Kosta Y. Mumcuoglu and Hemingway,Janet and Miller,Jacqueline and Ioffe-Uspensky,Inna and Klaus,Sidney and Ben-Ishai,Fiameta and Galun,Rachel} } @article {40131, title = {The prevalence of ectoparasites in Ethiopian immigrants}, journal = {Israel Journal of Medical Sciences}, volume = {29}, year = {1993}, month = {1993}, pages = {371 - 373}, abstract = {

Newly arrived Ethiopian immigrants in Israel were screened for ectoparasitic insects and mites. Of 304 individuals examined 65.1\% were infested with the head louse (Pediculus humanus capitis). The infestation rate among children varied between 65 and 100\%. Children aged 6-11 years were the most infested group and no differences between girls and boys were found. The infestation rate in children was significantly higher than that found in adults. Approximately 39\% of those examined were infested with the body louse (Pediculus humanus humanus). The rate of infestation with this parasite was higher in adults than in children and higher in females than males. Ten percent of the immigrants examined were infested with the scabies mite (Sarcoptes scabiei) and 4.3\% with the human flea (Pulex irritans).

}, keywords = {Ethiopia, humanus humanus, Pediculus, Pediculus humanus capitis, Pulex irritans, Sarcoptes scabiei, Scabies}, url = {http://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/40131.pdf}, author = {Kosta Y. Mumcuoglu and Miller,Jacqueline and Manor,Orly and Benyshai,F. and Klaus,Sidney} } @article {40072, title = {The efficacy of pediculicides in Israel}, journal = {Israel Journal of Medical Sciences}, volume = {27}, year = {1991}, month = {1991}, pages = {562 - 565}, abstract = {

Fourteen pediculicides currently available in Israel were evaluated for their killing effect on the eggs, nymphs and adults from a laboratory-grown colony of body lice (Pediculus humanus humanus). The efficacy of all pediculicides was determined after a single treatment. The exposure time of the lice to the preparations was according to the manufacturers\&$\#$39; instructions. The shampoo formulations HAFIF(R) (Abic, Israel), PYRACIDE(R) (Fischer, Israel), A-200 PYRINATE(R) (Norcliff Thayer, USA) and T-PAL(R) (Fischer, Israel) killed 27-78\% of the lice and 7-26\% of the eggs. PRIODERM(R) (Rafa, Israel) shampoo caused 100\% mortality of lice and 13\% mortality of eggs. The gel formulation (A-200 Pyrinate) resulted in 100\% mortality of lice and 42\% mortality of eggs. The liquid formulation (PYRINYL(R), Barre, USA) gave poor results with only 65\% killing of lice and 26\% of the eggs. The spray formulations (KIN-X(R) and KIN-SOFF(R), Milchan, France; and RICIDE(R), Fischer) killed all the lice and 77-95\% of the eggs. Lotion and solution formulations (Hafif; MONOCIDE(R), Fischer; and NOURYL(R), Chefaro, Holland) caused 100\% mortality of lice and 36-85\% mortality of eggs. Mortality with control solutions varied between 4 and 16\% for both lice and eggs.

}, keywords = {body, lice, Pediculus humanus humanus}, url = {http://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/40072.pdf}, author = {Kosta Y. Mumcuoglu and Miller,Jacqueline} } @article {40036, title = {Susceptibility of the human head and body louse, Pediculus humanus (Anoplura, Pediculidae) to insecticides}, journal = {Insect Science and Its Application}, volume = {11}, year = {1990}, month = {1990}, pages = {223 - 226}, abstract = {

The susceptibility of head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis collected from children in Isreal and that of a laboratory colony of body lice, Pediculus humanus humanus to the insecticides malathion, deltamethrin, permethrin, fenitrothion and dieldrin has been evaluated using standard WHO papers. The LT50 and LT95 were established using different exposure times. Deltamethrin had the highest \"knock-down\" effect, followed by permethrin and malathion. All insecticides except dieldrin gave higher mortality for body lice than for head lice. No differences in the susceptibility between adult and nymph lice could be observed.

}, keywords = {base line, human, insecticide, lice, pdf, Pediculus humanus, susceptibility}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/38303.pdf}, author = {Kosta Y. Mumcuoglu and Miller,Jacqueline and Galun,Rachel} } @article {40037, title = {Epidemiologic studies on head lice infestation in Israel .1. parasitological examination of children}, journal = {International Journal of Dermatology}, volume = {29}, year = {1990}, month = {1990}, pages = {502 - 506}, keywords = {Children, epidemiology, pdf, Pediculosis, Pediculus humanus capitis, school}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/38304.pdf}, author = {Kosta Y. Mumcuoglu and Miller,Jacqueline and Gofin,Rosa and Adler,Bella and Ben-Ishai,Fiameta and Almog,Ruth and Kafka,Dorothy and Klaus,Sidney} } @article {40038, title = {Systemic activity of ivermectin on the human body louse (Anoplura, Pediculidae)}, journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology}, volume = {27}, year = {1990}, month = {1990}, pages = {72 - 75}, keywords = {Control, invermectin, pdf, Pediculosis}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/38305.pdf}, author = {Kosta Y. Mumcuoglu and Miller,Jacqueline and Rosen,Laura J. and Galun,Rachel} }