@article {96490, title = {Light sheet fluorescence microscopy for the investigation of blood-sucking arthropods dyed via artificial membrane feeding}, volume = {15}, year = {2022}, month = {Feb-12-2022}, pages = {8 pp}, type = {Open Access}, abstract = {

Physical methods to control pest arthropods are increasing in importance, but detailed knowledge of the effects of some of these methods on the target organisms is lacking. The aim of this study was to use light sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) in anatomical studies of blood-sucking arthropods in vivo to assess the suitability of this method to investigate the morphological structures of arthropods and changes in these structures over time, using the human louse Pediculus humanus (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) as sample organism. Plasma treatment was used as an example of a procedure employed to control arthropods. The lice were prepared using an artificial membrane feeding method involving the ingestion of human blood alone and human blood with an added fluorescent dye in vitro. It was shown that such staining leads to a notable enhancement of the imaging contrast with respect to unstained whole lice and internal organs that can normally not be viewed by transmission microscopy but which become visible by this approach. Some lice were subjected to plasma treatment to inflict damage to the organisms, which were then compared to untreated lice. Using LSFM, a change in morphology due to plasma treatment was observed.These results demonstrate that fluorescence staining coupled with LSFM represents a powerful and straightforward method enabling the investigation of the morphology\—including anatomy\—of blood-sucking lice and other arthropods. Graphical Abstract

}, keywords = {Artificial membrane feeding, blood, Haematophagous arthropods, In vivo, Light sheet fluorescence microscopy}, issn = {1756-3305}, doi = {10.1186/s13071-022-05157-2}, url = {https://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13071-022-05157-2}, author = {Lars ten_Bosch and Habedank,Birgit and Alessia Candeo and Andrea Bassi and Gianluca Valentini and Christoph Gerhard} } @article {96144, title = {Ba{\c s} biti enfestasyonlar{\i}n{\i}n etkin kontrol{\"u} i{\c c}in uluslararas{\i} tavsiyeler}, journal = {Turk Hijyen ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi}, volume = {79}, year = {2022}, month = {Jan-01-2022}, pages = {748-761}, abstract = {

Ba{\c s} biti enfestasyonlar{\i}n{\i}n etkin kontrol\ü i\çin uluslararas{\i} tavsiyeler

Ba{\c s} biti enfestasyonlar{\i}, en geli{\c s}mi{\c s} olanlar da d\âhil olmak \üzere \ço{\u g}u \ülkede halk sa{\u g}l{\i}{\u g}{\i}n{\i} ilgilendiren bir sorun olmaya devam etmektedir. Makalede sunulan tavsiyeler, bu parazitin prevalans{\i}n{\i} azaltmak amac{\i}yla ba{\c s} biti kontrol\ünde farkl{\i} otoritelerin, kurumlar{\i}n, end\üstrinin ve kamunun rollerini ve etkilerini vurgulamay{\i} ve bilgilendirmeyi ama\çlamaktad{\i}r. Sa{\u g}l{\i}k yetkililerini, bu t\ür enfestasyonlar{\i}n do{\u g}ru {\c s}ekilde tespit edilmesi; mevcut ve yeni pedik\ülositler, t{\i}bbi cihazlar, repellentler, bit ve yumurta giderici \ür\ünlerin de{\u g}erlendirilmesi amac{\i}yla daha etkili y\öntemler izlemeye te{\c s}vik etmeyi umuyoruz. Pedik\ülositler ve t{\i}bbi cihazlar, kullan{\i}m talimatlar{\i}nda do{\u g}rulanabilir a\ç{\i}klamalara sahip olmal{\i} ayr{\i}ca aktif bile{\c s}enlere ve form\üle \ür\ünlere kar{\c s}{\i} bitlerin diren\ç seviyelerinin mevcut durumunu belgelemek i\çin periyodik olarak test edilmelidir. Bit yayg{\i}nl{\i}{\u g}{\i}n{\i}n salg{\i}n d\üzeyine ula{\c s}t{\i}{\u g}{\i} iddialar{\i} ortaya at{\i}ld{\i}{\u g}{\i}nda, ger\çek yayg{\i}nl{\i}k d\üzeyinin kan{\i}tlanmas{\i} amac{\i}yla \çocuklar periyodik aral{\i}klarla objektif olarak de{\u g}erlendirilmelidir. Sa{\u g}l{\i}k hizmeti sunanlar ve toplum geneli i\çin d\üzenlenen s\ürekli e{\u g}itimlerle bitlerin biyolojisi, \önlenmesi ve kontrol\ü konusundaki yanl{\i}{\c s} bilgilerin d\üzeltilmesi sa{\u g}lanabilir. Ebeveynler, \çocuklar{\i}n{\i} ba{\c s} biti a\ç{\i}s{\i}ndan d\üzenli olarak kontrol etmeli ve gerekti{\u g}inde tedavi etmelidir. Sa{\u g}l{\i}k yetkilileri, vakalar{\i} ve yayg{\i}nl{\i}{\u g}{\i} azaltmada bir ara\ç olarak kullan{\i}lan ancak bilimsel gerek\çesi olmad{\i}{\u g}{\i} gibi \çocuklar{\i}n sa{\u g}l{\i}{\u g}{\i} ve huzuruna da ters etki yapan \“sirkeye ge\çit yok- no-nit politikas{\i}\” tarz{\i}nda \çocuklar{\i} okuldan uzakla{\c s}t{\i}rmaya dayal{\i} politika ve uygulamalar{\i}n ortadan kald{\i}r{\i}lmas{\i} i\çin m\ücadele etmelidir.

The English version see https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/ijd.15096 Or https://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/node/95099

}, keywords = {Ba{\c s} biti, kontrol, tedavi}, issn = {0377-9777, 1308-2523}, doi = {10.5505/turkhijyen.2022.78872}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.5505/turkhijyen.2022.78872}, author = {Kosta Y. Mumcuoglu and Richard J. Pollack and David L. Reed and Stephen C. Barker and Gordon,S. C. and Toloza,Ariel Ceferino and Picollo,Mar{\'\i}a In{\'e}s and Taylan-Ozkan,Aysegul and Chosidow,Olivier and Habedank,Birgit and Ibarra,Joanna and Meinking,Terri Lynn and Vander Stichele,Robert H.} } @article {95582, title = {Erratum: ten Bosch et al. Cold Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Comb{\textemdash}A Physical Approach for Pediculosis Treatment}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, volume = {17}, year = {2020}, month = {Jan-09-2020}, pages = {450}, type = {Erratum}, abstract = {

Due to an error during production and a corrupted data set, Section 3 [...]

Original article published in nt. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(1), 19., see https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/16/1/19 or https://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/node/94552

}, issn = {1660-4601}, doi = {10.3390/ijerph17020450}, url = {https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/2/450}, author = {Lars ten_Bosch and Habedank,Birgit and Dominik Siebert and Julia Mrotzek and Wolfgang Vi{\"o}l} } @article {95099, title = {International recommendations for an effective control of head louse infestations}, journal = {International Journal of Dermatology}, volume = {60}, year = {2021}, month = {08-2020}, pages = {272-280}, type = {Open access, online version prior to inclusion of issue}, abstract = {

Head louse infestations continue to be a concern of public health in most countries, including the most developed ones. The present recommendations are intended to inform and stress the role and impact of the different authorities, institutions, industry, and the public in the control of head lice in order to reduce the prevalence of this parasite. We encourage health authorities to pursue more effective methods to correctly identify such infestations, and evaluate existing and new pediculicides, medical devices, louse repellents, and louse- and nit-removal remedies. Pediculicides and medical devices must have verifiable claims in the instructions for use and should be tested periodically to document current levels of resistance by lice to the active ingredients and to the formulated products. Where the prevalence of lice is claimed to be epidemic, children should be periodically evaluated objectively to document the actual level of prevalence. Continuing education for health providers and the general population promises to correct misinformation regarding the biology, prevention, and management of lice. Parents should regularly inspect their children for head lice and treat as necessary. Health authorities are encouraged to eliminate policies and practices that rely upon school exclusion as a means to reduce incidence and prevalence, e.g., the \‘no-nit\’ policy which lacks scientific justification, and are counterproductive to the health and welfare of children.

Attachment 95099.pdf -online version published 2020

The published version in Turkish, see Mumcuo{\u g}lu KY, Pollack RJ, Reed D, Barker S, Gordon S, Toloza AC, Picollo MI, Taylan \Özkan A, Chosidow O, Habedank B, Ibarra J, Meinking TL, Vander Stichele R. Ba{\c s} biti enfestasyonlar{\i}n{\i}n etkin kontrol\ü i\çin uluslararas{\i} tavsiyeler Turk Hijyen ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi 2021; 79(4): 748\–761. doi: 10.5505/TurkHijyen.2022.78872 https://www.turkhijyen.org/jvi.aspx?pdir=turkhijyen\&plng=tur\&un=THDBD-78872\&look4= OR DOI: 10.5505/TurkHijyen.2022.78872 OR https://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/node/96144

}, keywords = {head louse infestation, head louse treatment, Pediculicides}, issn = {0011-9059}, doi = {10.1111/ijd.15096}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ijd.15096}, author = {Kosta Y. Mumcuoglu and Richard J. Pollack and David L. Reed and Stephen C. Barker and Gordon,S. C. and Toloza,Ariel Ceferino and Picollo,Mar{\'\i}a In{\'e}s and Taylan-Ozkan,Aysegul and Chosidow,Olivier and Habedank,Birgit and Ibarra,Joanna and Meinking,Terri Lynn and Vander Stichele,Robert H.} } @article {94552, title = {Cold Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Comb{\textemdash}A Physical Approach for Pediculosis Treatment}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, volume = {16}, year = {2019}, month = {21-Dec-2018}, pages = {19 pp}, abstract = {

Abstract: Pediculosis, that is the infestation of humans with Pediculus humanus capitis (head lice), poses a worldwide problem that is as old as mankind itself. Over the centuries, man has developed a variety of remedies, all of which have ultimately culminated in the use of chemical agents. Some of these remedies are known to produce successful results. A large portion of the effective remedies used to kill lice and their eggs contain insecticides, but there is an increasing number of reports of head lice populations revealing an increased resistance. This study presents an alternative treatment approach, the efficacy of which is based on physical effects. Cold atmospheric pressure plasmas have successfully shown their formidably wide application range within the field of plasma medicine. This study presents a plasma device in its current stage of development that is engineered as a consumer product to enable an alternative physical and insecticide-free option for the treatment of pediculosis. An efficacy study concerning different developmental stages of P. humanus humanus is presented. P. humanus humanus was chosen as a substitute test organism for P. humanus capitis due to possible laboratory rearing and high anatomic similarity. The study shows how a single stroke of the plasma device over a hair strand (approximately 22 cm in length with a weight of 1.5 g) led to mortality rates of 68.3\% (50.0; 79.7) (95\% CI) in the juvenile test group, a mortality rate of approx. 67.7\% (54.9; 78.8) (95\% CI) in the female test group, and approx. 46.7\% (28.3; 65.7) (95\% CI) in the male test group. When single eggs were introduced directly into the plasma for approx. 1 s, younger eggs (0\–2 d) showed a higher mortality of 66.7\% (42.7; 82.7) than the older (4\–6 d) eggs, with 16.7\% (5.6; 34.7) (CI). Furthermore, the results of a risk assessment of the device are described. The article concludes with necessary handling instructions as well as further developmental steps, derived from the results of the efficacy and the risk assessment study.

Erratum to the article published in 2020 see: https://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/node/95582 or https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/2/450

}, keywords = {body lice, CAPP, head lice, Pediculosis, physical treatment, plasma comb, plasma-based pest management}, doi = {10.3390/ijerph16010019}, url = {http://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/16/1/19}, author = {Lars ten_Bosch and Habedank,Birgit and Dominik Siebert and Julia Mrotzek and Wolfgang Vi{\"o}l} } @article {94446, title = {M{\"o}gliche Auswirkungen von Klimaver{\"a}nderungen auf die Ausbreitung von prim{\"a}r humanmedizinisch relevanten Krankheitserregern {\"u}ber tierische Vektoren sowie auf die wichtigen Humanparasiten in Deutschland}, number = {UBA-FB 000454}, year = {2003}, pages = {386 pp}, institution = {Institut f{\"u}r Medizinische Parasitologie der Universit{\"a}t Bonn}, address = {Bonn}, abstract = {

Kurzfassung (2.7 L\äuse (Phthiraptera) page 83-84)
Wiederkehrende und neue Infektionskrankheiten, die von Vektoren \übertragen werden, scheinen vor allem im\ Zusammenhang mit Umweltver\änderungen weltweit zum Problem zu werden. Deutschland schien davon nicht betroffen. Um sicher zu stellen, dass nicht etwa mangelnde Information wegen fehlender Fachleute diesen Eindruck erzeugte, sollte in diesem Bericht alle tats\ächlich oder vermuteten vektorassoziierten Krankheiten und Vektoren erfasst werden. Hierzu wurde im Rahmen des Arbeitskreises Medizinische Arachno- Entomologie eine Arbeitsgruppe gebildet, deren Mitglieder sich u.a. bereits durch praktische Erfahrungen auf dem Gebiet der Stech- m\ücken, Sandm\ücken, Zecken sowie der von ihnen \übertragenen Krankheiten ausgezeichnet haben.
Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass eine gro\ße Zahl von Pathogenen bereits in Deutschland vorhanden ist und auch, dass f\ür andere geeignete Vektoren zur Verf\ügung stehen, so dass bei Einschleppung durch Reservoirwirte oder erkrankte Reisende autochthone F\älle zu erwarten sind.
Die Beziehung zwischen Vektor, Wirt und Pathogen stellt ein au\ßerordentlich komplexes System dar, in dem vor allem der Vektor und die Entwicklung der Pathogene im Vektor umweltabh\ängig sind und auch vom Klima beein- flusst werden. Zahlreiche Vektoren und Pathogene scheinen, bedingt durch die vergangene W\ärmeperiode eine Ausweitungstendenz nach Norden zu haben. Das gilt z. B. f\ür Zecken und die von ihnen \übertragenen Krankheiten wie FSME und Borreliose. Aber auch Sandm\ücken und Leishmaniosen h\ätte man in Deutschland nicht vermutet. Die Studie macht sehr deutlich, dass wissenschaftliche Daten, die diesen Trend als gesichert erscheinen lie\ßen, aber noch weitgehend fehlen. Unter solchen Voraussetzungen kann man Ausbr\üche von Krankheiten, Endemien oder gar Epidemien nicht voraussagen. In der Europ\äischen Union (European Network for Research in Global Change, ENRICH) wurde das Thema \"Climate and Vektor Borne Diseases\" ebenfalls diskutiert und empfohlen, den Umfang und die Verbreitung vektorassoziierter Erkrankungen auf europ\äischer Ebene zu registrieren u.a. mit dem Ziel einer Kartierung der Vektoren und der \"hot spots\" der Erreger- \Übertragung.

English title:\ Possible effects of climatic changes on the distribution of arthropode (vector)- borne infectious diseases and human parasites in Germany

Abstract: (Chapter 2.7 Louse (Phthiraptera) page 83 - 84)

Emerging and reemerging vector- borne diseases, seem especially in respect to climatic changes, to become a world-wide problem. Until recently Germany seemed not to be affected.To be sure that not insufficient information due to missing experts led to this impression, this report is supposed to give a detailed description of all actuel and assumed vector-borne diseases and their vectors. Therefore a group of experts in the field of arachno- entomology got together. The members of the group were selected among other criterias due to their practical experiences with special groups of insects and ticks as well as the diseases they transmit.

It was shown that a great number of pathogens already exist in Germany and that suitable vectors for other pathogens have been found, which means that when pathogens are imported by reservoir hosts or infected\ travelers autochthonous cases are to be expected.

The relationship between vector host and pathogen is a rather complex system in which especially the vector and the development of the pathogen in the vector are dependent upon their environment and climate. Numerous vectors and pathogens seem to display due to the recent warm periods an expansion tendency towards the north. \< This is for example the case for ticks and diseases transmitted by these vectors, such as TBE and Lyme disease. Also sandflies and leishmaniasis one would have not expected in Germany. On the other hand this project made it apparent that scientific data which seemed to emphasize that trend still appears to be missing to a large extend. Under such given criteria one cannot predict the outbreak of diseases, endemics or even epidemics.
In the European Union (European Network for Ressearch in Global Change, ENRICH) the topic \"Climate and Vector Borne Diseases\" was already discussed and recomended to register the extent and spread of vector-borne\ diseases on a europen basis and among other goals to map vectors and \"hot spots\" of pathogen transmission.

}, keywords = {bacteria, Climate, environment, global change, mosquitos, parasites, Pathogen, reservoir host, sand flies, ticks, vector, virus, zoonoses}, url = {https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/publikation/long/2291.pdf}, author = {W. A. Maier and J{\"o}rg Grunewald and Habedank,Birgit and Kathrin Hartelt and Helge Kampen and Kimmig,P. and Torsten Naucke and Reiner Oehme and Andreas Vollmer and Arne Sch{\"o}ler and Christine Schmitt} } @conference {94445, title = {Kopflausbefall: Welche Mittel wirken?}, booktitle = {Fortbildungsveranstaltung f{\"u}r den {\"O}ffentlichen Gesundheitsdienst. Berlin, 22.-24.3.2006.}, year = {2006}, publisher = {Bundesinstitut f{\"u}r Risikobewertung Pressestelle Thielallee 88-92 14195 Berlin}, organization = {Bundesinstitut f{\"u}r Risikobewertung Pressestelle Thielallee 88-92 14195 Berlin}, address = {Berlin, Germany}, abstract = {

Kopflausbefall ist ein weltweites Problem. Besonders betroffen sind Kinder und zwar insbe- sondere dann, wenn sie Gemeinschaftseinrichtungen besuchen. Ein Zusammenhang zwi- schen dem Kopflausbefall und der Zugeh\örigkeit zu einer sozialen Schicht besteht nicht. In Deutschland sind gem\ä\ß \§ 34 (6) Inefktionsschutzgesetz (IfSG) Leiter von Gemeinschafts- einrichtungen zur Meldung von Kopflausbefall an das zust\ändige Gesundheitsamt verpflich- tet. Gesetzlich ist aber keine zentrale Sammlung dieser Meldungen im Robert Koch-Institut vorgesehen. Daraus und aus der hohen \„Dunkelziffer\“ resultiert ein sehr l\ückenhaftes Bild \über die tats\ächliche Inzidenz von Kopflausbefall in Deutschland.


Zur Kopflausbek\ämpfung werden in Deutschland zahlreiche Produkte angeboten. Es handelt sich dabei im wesentlichen um Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte. Auch einige kosmetische Haarpflegemittel sollen vor Kopflausbefall sch\ützen. Aber nicht alle Mittel wirken gleich gut. In den Gebrauchsinformationen fehlen Hinweise auf die Folgen einer Unterdosierung und einer Unterschreitung der notwendigen Einwirkzeit. Beide k\önnen dazu f\ühren, dass Kopf- l\äuse die Behandlung \überleben. Wiederholungsbehandlungen werden von einigen Arznei- mittelherstellern nur dann empfohlen, wenn einige Tage nach der Erstbehandlung noch le- bende L\äuse gefunden werden. Einzeln nachschl\üpfende Larven zu finden, erweist sich in der Praxis aber oft als schwer.


Das Umweltbundesamt pr\üft im Rahmen der Wirksamkeits- und Anwendungspr\üfungen von Sch\ädlingsbek\ämpfungsmitteln gem\ä\ß \§18 Infektionsschutzgesetz Kopflausmittel auf ihre Wirksamkeit. Mittel, die den Kopflausbefall bei sachgerechter Anwendung tilgen, sind in der Liste der gepr\üften und anerkannten Mittel und Verfahren zur Bek\ämpfung von Gliedertieren nach \§18 Infektionsschutzgesetz (\„Entwesungsmittelliste\“) aufgef\ührt.


Der gegen Kopfl\äuse hochwirksame Wirkstoff Lindan darf ab 2008 gem\ä\ß einer EU- Regelung nicht mehr eingesetzt werden. Die anderen Arzneimittel zur Kopflausbek\ämpfung enthalten Pyrethroide (Pyrethrum, Bioallethrin, Permethrin \– Neuaufnahme 2006). Pyrethrum ist hoch und schnell wirksam gegen alle Entwicklungsstadien der L\äuse und zerf\ällt relativ schnell. Bioallethrin ist ebenso hoch und schnell wirksam. Permethrin f\ührt zu einer irrever- siblen Sch\ädigung der L\äuse, die aber relativ langsam sterben. Die Wirkung h\ält zwar \über mindestens 11 Tage an, l\ässt aber schon nach wenigen Tagen nach und damit zu einem Zeitpunkt, an dem noch Larven nachschl\üpfen k\önnen. Auch ein Medizinprodukt auf der Ba- sis von Kokosnuss\ölderivaten wurde gepr\üft und wird 2006 in die Entwesungsmittelliste auf- genommen. Es zeigte unter Laborbedingungen eine auffallend schnell abt\ötende Wirkung auf alle L\äusestadien. Um dies zu erreichen, m\üssen die Haare mit dem Mittel sehr gut durchtr\änkt werden.


Auch wenn Hersteller dies nicht ausdr\ücklich empfehlen, sollte die Anwendung 8-10 Tage nach der Erstbehandlung wiederholt werden. Dies hat besonders vor dem Hintergrund dro- hender Resistenzentwicklungen gegen Pyrethroide nachhaltige Bedeutung. Entscheidend f\ür den Erfolg einer Kopflausbek\ämpfung ist die Wahl eines hochwirksamen Mittels und dessen konsequente Anwendung bis zur Tilgung des Kopflausbefalls.

}, url = {https://www.bfr.bund.de/cm/343/kopflausbefall_welche_mittel_wirken.pdf}, author = {Habedank,Birgit and Jutta Klasen} } @article {94444, title = {Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte zur Bek{\"a}mpfung von Kopflausbefall}, journal = {Umwelt und Mensch Informationsdienst (UMID) - Umwelt \& Gesundheit, Umweltmedizin, Verbraucherschutz,}, year = {2010}, pages = {9 - 11}, abstract = {

English title:\ Medicinal products and medical devices for the control of head lice infestations

Abstract: Infestation caused by the human head louse (Pediculus humanus capitis) is one of the most im- portant infestations of childhood, especially after the detection of head lice strains that are resistant to one or more of the insecticides used in recent decades. Medicinal products as well as medical devices are available on the market for the control of head lice infestations. The efficacy of the different products varies and is not proven for many medical devices. For the effectiveness of treatment, the correct use of each product accor- ding to the label claim and according to the common principles of head louse control are decisive.

}, issn = {2190-1120 ??rint?? ???? 2190-11?7 ??nternet?}, url = {https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/515/publikationen/umid0210.pdf}, author = {Carola Kuhn and Habedank,Birgit and Jutta Klasen} } @inbook {94443, title = {L{\"a}use {\textendash} Biologie, medizinische Bedeutung und Bek{\"a}mpfung}, booktitle = {Krank durch Arthropoden - Denisia}, volume = {30}, year = {2010}, pages = {191-212}, publisher = {Biologiezentrum der Ober{\"o}sterreichischen Landesmuseen}, organization = {Biologiezentrum der Ober{\"o}sterreichischen Landesmuseen}, address = {Linz, Austria}, abstract = {

English title:\ Lice \– Biology, medical importance and control.

Abstract: All species of Phthiraptera are strongly stenoxenous ectoparasites on birds and mammals. They spend their entire life cycle on the host. Many species are of veterinary importance, but only three are ec- toparasites of humans \– the head louse Pediculus humanus capitis, the clothing louse Pediculus humanus humanus and the crab louse Pthirus pubis. The clothing louse is important as the main vector of Rickettsia prowazekii, Borrelia recurrentis and Bartonella quintana. Its preferred habitat is clothing. Long-term survival of the clothing louse is only possible when infested clothes are worn for long pe- riods of time in the absence of sufficient disinsection measures such as washing or storage. The head louse infests scalp hair. It is wide- spread the world over, among all social groups and especially among children. The crab louse Pthirus pubis is mainly found in pubic hair. It is usually transmitted by close bodily contact, such as during sexual intercourse, and occurs more rarely.
Head and crab lice, as well as animal lice, can be eradicated only by efficient and repeated lice control measures that include re- peated applications of pediculicid medications having a high anti-lice efficacy. To treat human lice, various pediculicids are avail- able with classical and alternative modes of action. Additional steps to effectively control lice and to guard against lice-borne dis- eases are information, attention, early diagnosis, contact tracing and hygienic measures.

}, keywords = {Bartonella quintana., Borrelia recurrentis, clothing lice, crab lice, head lice, Pediculosis, rickettsia prowazekii}, url = {https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/DENISIA_0030_0191-0212.pdf}, author = {Habedank,Birgit}, editor = {Horst Asp{\"o}ck} } @article {94442, title = {Kopflausmittel mit Tilgungswirkung f{\"u}r den Infektionsschutz}, journal = {Umwelt und Mensch Informationsdienst (UMID) - Umwelt \& Gesundheit, Umweltmedizin, Verbraucherschutz,}, year = {2017}, pages = {31 - 35}, abstract = {

Zusammenfassung
Zur wirksamen Bek\ämpfung von Kopflausbefall mit Kopflausmitteln ist die Auswahl und Anwendung wirk- samer Kopflausmittel sowie deren Wirkungs\überpr\üfung mittels gr\ündlichem K\ämmverfahren erforderlich. Allerdings enthalten viele Gebrauchsanweisungen von Kopflausmitteln ungenaue Angaben zu den erfor- derlichen Dosierungen, teils sind auch Packungsgr\ö\ßen zur Erf\üllung von Vorgaben sehr klein. Dies kann zu gro\ßen Dosierungsunterschieden in der Praxis f\ühren. Die Wirkung unterschiedlicher Dosierungen wird bei Wirksamkeitspr\üfungen von Kopflausmitteln f\ür \§18 Infektionsschutzgesetz am Umweltbundesamt (UBA) ber\ücksichtigt. In der aktuellen Bekanntmachung der gepr\üften und anerkannten Mittel und Verfah- ren zur Bek\ämpfung von tierischen Sch\ädlingen nach \§ 18 Infektionsschutzgesetz sind zwei Arzneimittel mit Pyrethroiden und zwei Medizinprodukte mit Dimeticonen in hohen Konzentrationen gelistet, f\ür die eine Tilgungswirkung gegen juvenile und adulte L\äuse bei unterschiedlichen Dosierungen ermittelt wurde.

English title:\ Products to eradicate head lice infestations according to the German Infection Protection Act

Abstract
Successful treatment of head lice infestation requires selection and application of effective products to control head lice as well as proving of their efficacy by thorough combing procedures. However, many instructions for use of head lice products include imprecise dosing declarations, and some package sizes are too small to meet the self-declared specifications. This may evoke great differences of dosing in praxi. The efficacy of head lice products in consideration of different dosages is tested at the German Environ- ment Agency (UBA) according to \§18 of Infection Control Act. The official announcement of proven and accredited products and procedures for the treatment of public health pests specifies drugs and medi- cal devices that have been evaluated by the UBA. The recent issue lists two medical drugs containing pyrethroids and two medical devices containing high concentrated dimeticones. Their eradication effect against juvenile and adult lice was confirmed for different dosages.

}, issn = {2190-1120 (Print), ISSN 2190-1147 (Internet)}, url = {https://www.biozid.info/uploads/media/029-17_umid_01_2017-Habedank.pdf}, author = {Habedank,Birgit} } @article {45949, title = {Cloning and characterization of a trypsin-encoding cDNA of the human body louse Pediculus humanus}, journal = {Insect Molecular Biology}, volume = {13}, year = {2004}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 9303579; 0 (DNA Primers); EC 3.4.21.4 (Trypsin); ppublish}, month = {2004}, pages = {9 - 18}, address = {England}, abstract = {

From a cDNA library of the whole insect, a trypsin gene of Pediculus humanus has been cloned and sequenced. The 908 bp clone has an open reading frame of 759 bp, which encodes a pre-proenzyme with 253 amino acid residues. A sixteen-residue N-terminal signal peptide is followed by a twelve-residue activation peptide with putative cleavage sites at Gly16 and Tyr28. The deduced amino acid sequence has several features typical of trypsin proteases and an overall identity of 35-43\% with the trypsins of several haematophagous Diptera. The 1.0 kb genomic trypsin gene contains three introns of 102, 79 and 80 nucleotides following the codons for Gly16, Gln74 and Ala155, respectively. Only a single gene seems to be present. In Northern blot analysis, unfed first instar larvae have an identical or slightly lower level of trypsin mRNA than fed adult lice, and in adults 2-24 h after the bloodmeal this gene shows a constitutive expression. After in vitro transcription and translation, the activation peptide is cleaved by chymotrypsin, a so far unreported phenomenon in trypsin activation.

}, keywords = {Amino Acids, animals, Base Sequence, Blotting, Northern, Comparative Study, dna, electrophoresis, genes, Molecular Sequence Data, Pediculus, polymerase, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, sequence, Transition Temperature, Trypsin/genetics}, isbn = {0962-1075}, doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2583.2004.00453.x}, url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2583.2004.00453.x/epdf}, author = {Kollien,A. H. and Waniek,P. J. and Pr{\"o}ls,F. and Habedank,Birgit and Schaub,G. A.} } @inbook {44357, title = {Lice}, booktitle = {Am{\"o}ben, Bandw{\"u}rmer, Zecken... - Parasiten und parasit{\"a}re Erkrankungen des Menschen in Mitteleuropa [Amoebas, tapeworms, ticks... - parasites and parasitic illnesses of humans in Central Europe]}, volume = {6}, year = {2002}, month = {2002}, pages = {497 - 506}, publisher = {Biologiezentrum und Ober{\"o}sterreichisches Landesmuseum Linz. Denisia}, organization = {Biologiezentrum und Ober{\"o}sterreichisches Landesmuseum Linz. Denisia}, address = {Bluestone, Vienna}, abstract = {

In former times clothing lice were very important mainly as vectors of disease. As a consequence of the bionomics, mainly the egg deposition on clothing, they were abundant under ti- mes of war and social deprivation. Nowadays head lice and crab lice are more important. These lice species are independent of the social status and may be acquired even under very clean conditions.

Biggest hindrance to eradication seems to be entomophobia and parent\&$\#$39;s and children\&$\#$39;s concern following identification to be of social stigma. Eradication is possible with a combined effort of appropriate control measures using effective pedicu- licides and contact tracing.

}, keywords = {clothing lice, crab lice, head lice, Pediculosis}, url = {http://www.zobodat.at/pdf/DENISIA_0006_0497-0506.pdf}, author = {W. A. Maier and Habedank,Birgit}, editor = {Horst Asp{\"o}ck} } @conference {44358, title = {Maintenance of Pediculus humanus corporis by feeding in vitro as an alternative model for the body louse feeding on rabbits - preliminary results of validation}, booktitle = {Joint Annual Meeting of the German and Dutch Societies for Parasitology (DGP, NVP)}, volume = {L{\"u}beck-Travem{\"u}nde, Germany}, year = {2003}, month = {2003}, pages = {Abstracts: 103}, author = {Habedank,Birgit and Bartmann,T. and Schramm,K. and Schein,E.} } @article {44359, title = {Evaluation of nutrition media derived from human blood transfusion units DFP, EC and BC for the in vitro feeding of Pediculus humanus corporis (Anoplura: Pediculidae)}, journal = {Altex}, volume = {18}, year = {2001}, month = {2001}, pages = {170}, url = {http://www.altex.ch/resources/altex_2001_3_170_Poster.pdf}, author = {Habedank,Birgit and Schrader,G.} } @inbook {44360, title = {Investigations on the in vitro feeding and in vitro breeding of the human body louse Pediculus humanus corporis (Anoplura: Pediculidae)}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Urban Pests}, year = {1999}, month = {1999}, pages = {241 - 248}, abstract = {

Abstract - The human body louse Pediculus humanus corporis - the main vector of both human spotted fever (rick- ettsiosis) and relapsing fever (borreliosis) - is maintained for insecticide efficacy tests and is commonly reared on rabbits as substitute hosts. A membrane feeding technique may offer a return to the natural nutrition medium of body lice - human blood - for feeding and reproducing these host specific human parasites. P. humanus corporis, derived from a rabbit adapted strain, were offered preserved human blood through a Parafilm M\® membrane (American National Can, Chicago) at 38 \°C. The superimposed blood, stemming from a blood bank, contained a CPD stabi- lizer. Subsequent to initial experiments on nutrition media and storage condition, P. humanus corporis were reared continuously for a nine-month period until adults of the 9th generation emerged. Lice regularly showed a feeding rate of more than 90\% and a low mortality rate on day one after nutrition. Engorging time became shorter, from about 90 min (generation 1) to 15-30 min (generation 5), similar to the engorging time of P. humanus corporis on rabbits. To conclude, preliminary results indicate that in vitro feeding could be an alternative method of breeding the human body louse. Membrane feeding saves laboratory animals and is therefore considered to be a contribution to animal welfare. Further studies are required to optimize the composition of the nutrition medium.

}, keywords = {alternative rearing, lice, membrane feeding, Parafilm M, porcine blood}, url = {http://www.icup.org.uk/reports\%5CICUP423.pdf}, author = {Habedank,Birgit and Schrader,G. and Scheurer,S. and Schein,E.}, editor = {Robinson,W. H. and Rettich,F. and Rambo,G. W.} }