@article {96211, title = {Second-generation sequencing of entire mitochondrial coding-regions (\~{}15.4 kb) holds promise for study of the phylogeny and taxonomy of human body lice and head lice}, journal = {Medical and Veterinary Entomology}, volume = {28}, year = {2014}, month = {Aug-01-2014}, pages = {40-50}, abstract = {

The Illumina Hiseq platform was used to sequence the entire mitochondrial coding-regions of 20 body lice, Pediculus humanus Linnaeus, and head lice, P. capitis De Geer (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae), from eight towns and cities in five countries: Ethiopia, France, China, Australia and the U.S.A. These data (\∼310\ kb) were used to see how much more informative entire mitochondrial coding-region sequences were than partial mitochondrial coding-region sequences, and thus to guide the design of future studies of the phylogeny, origin, evolution and taxonomy of body lice and head lice. Phylogenies were compared from entire coding-region sequences (\∼15.4\ kb), entire cox1 (\∼1.5\ kb), partial cox1 (\∼700\ bp) and partial cytb (\∼600\ bp) sequences. On the one hand, phylogenies from entire mitochondrial coding-region sequences (\∼15.4\ kb) were much more informative than phylogenies from entire cox1 sequences (\∼1.5\ kb) and partial gene sequences (\∼600 to \∼700\ bp). For example, 19 branches had \>\ 95\% bootstrap support in our maximum likelihood tree from the entire mitochondrial coding-regions (\∼15.4\ kb) whereas the tree from 700\ bp cox1 had only two branches with bootstrap support \>\ 95\%. Yet, by contrast, partial cytb (\∼600\ bp) and partial cox1 (\∼486\ bp) sequences were sufficient to genotype lice to Clade A, B or C. The sequences of the mitochondrial genomes of the P. humanus, P. capitis and P. schaeffi Fahrenholz studied are in NCBI GenBank under the accession numbers KC660761-800, KC685631-6330, KC241882-97, EU219988-95, HM241895-8 and JX080388-407.

}, keywords = {evolutionary genetics, mitochon- drial coding-region}, issn = {0269-283X}, doi = {10.1111/mve.12076}, url = {https://resjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mve.12076}, author = {H. Xiong and D. Campelo and Richard J. Pollack and Didier Raoult and Renfu Shao and M. Alem and J. Ali and K. Bilcha and Stephen C. Barker} } @article {96144, title = {Ba{\c s} biti enfestasyonlar{\i}n{\i}n etkin kontrol{\"u} i{\c c}in uluslararas{\i} tavsiyeler}, journal = {Turk Hijyen ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi}, volume = {79}, year = {2022}, month = {Jan-01-2022}, pages = {748-761}, abstract = {

Ba{\c s} biti enfestasyonlar{\i}n{\i}n etkin kontrol\ü i\çin uluslararas{\i} tavsiyeler

Ba{\c s} biti enfestasyonlar{\i}, en geli{\c s}mi{\c s} olanlar da d\âhil olmak \üzere \ço{\u g}u \ülkede halk sa{\u g}l{\i}{\u g}{\i}n{\i} ilgilendiren bir sorun olmaya devam etmektedir. Makalede sunulan tavsiyeler, bu parazitin prevalans{\i}n{\i} azaltmak amac{\i}yla ba{\c s} biti kontrol\ünde farkl{\i} otoritelerin, kurumlar{\i}n, end\üstrinin ve kamunun rollerini ve etkilerini vurgulamay{\i} ve bilgilendirmeyi ama\çlamaktad{\i}r. Sa{\u g}l{\i}k yetkililerini, bu t\ür enfestasyonlar{\i}n do{\u g}ru {\c s}ekilde tespit edilmesi; mevcut ve yeni pedik\ülositler, t{\i}bbi cihazlar, repellentler, bit ve yumurta giderici \ür\ünlerin de{\u g}erlendirilmesi amac{\i}yla daha etkili y\öntemler izlemeye te{\c s}vik etmeyi umuyoruz. Pedik\ülositler ve t{\i}bbi cihazlar, kullan{\i}m talimatlar{\i}nda do{\u g}rulanabilir a\ç{\i}klamalara sahip olmal{\i} ayr{\i}ca aktif bile{\c s}enlere ve form\üle \ür\ünlere kar{\c s}{\i} bitlerin diren\ç seviyelerinin mevcut durumunu belgelemek i\çin periyodik olarak test edilmelidir. Bit yayg{\i}nl{\i}{\u g}{\i}n{\i}n salg{\i}n d\üzeyine ula{\c s}t{\i}{\u g}{\i} iddialar{\i} ortaya at{\i}ld{\i}{\u g}{\i}nda, ger\çek yayg{\i}nl{\i}k d\üzeyinin kan{\i}tlanmas{\i} amac{\i}yla \çocuklar periyodik aral{\i}klarla objektif olarak de{\u g}erlendirilmelidir. Sa{\u g}l{\i}k hizmeti sunanlar ve toplum geneli i\çin d\üzenlenen s\ürekli e{\u g}itimlerle bitlerin biyolojisi, \önlenmesi ve kontrol\ü konusundaki yanl{\i}{\c s} bilgilerin d\üzeltilmesi sa{\u g}lanabilir. Ebeveynler, \çocuklar{\i}n{\i} ba{\c s} biti a\ç{\i}s{\i}ndan d\üzenli olarak kontrol etmeli ve gerekti{\u g}inde tedavi etmelidir. Sa{\u g}l{\i}k yetkilileri, vakalar{\i} ve yayg{\i}nl{\i}{\u g}{\i} azaltmada bir ara\ç olarak kullan{\i}lan ancak bilimsel gerek\çesi olmad{\i}{\u g}{\i} gibi \çocuklar{\i}n sa{\u g}l{\i}{\u g}{\i} ve huzuruna da ters etki yapan \“sirkeye ge\çit yok- no-nit politikas{\i}\” tarz{\i}nda \çocuklar{\i} okuldan uzakla{\c s}t{\i}rmaya dayal{\i} politika ve uygulamalar{\i}n ortadan kald{\i}r{\i}lmas{\i} i\çin m\ücadele etmelidir.

The English version see https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/ijd.15096 Or https://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/node/95099

}, keywords = {Ba{\c s} biti, kontrol, tedavi}, issn = {0377-9777, 1308-2523}, doi = {10.5505/turkhijyen.2022.78872}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.5505/turkhijyen.2022.78872}, author = {Kosta Y. Mumcuoglu and Richard J. Pollack and David L. Reed and Stephen C. Barker and Gordon,S. C. and Toloza,Ariel Ceferino and Picollo,Mar{\'\i}a In{\'e}s and Taylan-Ozkan,Aysegul and Chosidow,Olivier and Habedank,Birgit and Ibarra,Joanna and Meinking,Terri Lynn and Vander Stichele,Robert H.} } @article {95159, title = {Killing Clothes Lice by Holding Infested Clothes Away from Hosts for 10 Days to Control Louseborne Relapsing Fever, Bahir Dah, Ethiopia}, journal = {Emerging Infectious Diseases}, volume = {25}, year = {2019}, month = {02-2019}, pages = {304 - 310}, type = {Historical Review}, abstract = {

Louseborne relapsing fever (LBRF) was once a cosmopolitan disease, but it now occurs only in the Horn of Africa. Recent cases in refugees to Europe made LBRF topical again. Crowded boarding houses and church dwellings in Ethiopia are analogous to the crowded air-raid shelters of World War II. Thus, we might learn from experiments the London School of Tropical Hygiene and Medicine conducted during World War II. When the vector of Borrelia recurrentis (Pediculus humanus lice) was held away from the host for 10 days, 100\% of nymphal and adult lice starved to death and 100\% of eggs did not hatch. We hypothesize that holding infested clothes away from hosts in plastic shopping bags will kill enough lice to control LBRF in Ethiopia. Owning 2 sets of clothes might be useful; 1 set might be held in a plastic shopping bag for 10 days to kill lice and their eggs.

}, issn = {1080-6040}, doi = {10.3201/eid2502.181226}, url = {http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/25/2/18-1226_article.htm}, author = {Stephen C. Barker and Dayana Barker} } @article {95099, title = {International recommendations for an effective control of head louse infestations}, journal = {International Journal of Dermatology}, volume = {60}, year = {2021}, month = {08-2020}, pages = {272-280}, type = {Open access, online version prior to inclusion of issue}, abstract = {

Head louse infestations continue to be a concern of public health in most countries, including the most developed ones. The present recommendations are intended to inform and stress the role and impact of the different authorities, institutions, industry, and the public in the control of head lice in order to reduce the prevalence of this parasite. We encourage health authorities to pursue more effective methods to correctly identify such infestations, and evaluate existing and new pediculicides, medical devices, louse repellents, and louse- and nit-removal remedies. Pediculicides and medical devices must have verifiable claims in the instructions for use and should be tested periodically to document current levels of resistance by lice to the active ingredients and to the formulated products. Where the prevalence of lice is claimed to be epidemic, children should be periodically evaluated objectively to document the actual level of prevalence. Continuing education for health providers and the general population promises to correct misinformation regarding the biology, prevention, and management of lice. Parents should regularly inspect their children for head lice and treat as necessary. Health authorities are encouraged to eliminate policies and practices that rely upon school exclusion as a means to reduce incidence and prevalence, e.g., the \‘no-nit\’ policy which lacks scientific justification, and are counterproductive to the health and welfare of children.

Attachment 95099.pdf -online version published 2020

The published version in Turkish, see Mumcuo{\u g}lu KY, Pollack RJ, Reed D, Barker S, Gordon S, Toloza AC, Picollo MI, Taylan \Özkan A, Chosidow O, Habedank B, Ibarra J, Meinking TL, Vander Stichele R. Ba{\c s} biti enfestasyonlar{\i}n{\i}n etkin kontrol\ü i\çin uluslararas{\i} tavsiyeler Turk Hijyen ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisi 2021; 79(4): 748\–761. doi: 10.5505/TurkHijyen.2022.78872 https://www.turkhijyen.org/jvi.aspx?pdir=turkhijyen\&plng=tur\&un=THDBD-78872\&look4= OR DOI: 10.5505/TurkHijyen.2022.78872 OR https://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/node/96144

}, keywords = {head louse infestation, head louse treatment, Pediculicides}, issn = {0011-9059}, doi = {10.1111/ijd.15096}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ijd.15096}, author = {Kosta Y. Mumcuoglu and Richard J. Pollack and David L. Reed and Stephen C. Barker and Gordon,S. C. and Toloza,Ariel Ceferino and Picollo,Mar{\'\i}a In{\'e}s and Taylan-Ozkan,Aysegul and Chosidow,Olivier and Habedank,Birgit and Ibarra,Joanna and Meinking,Terri Lynn and Vander Stichele,Robert H.} } @article {94794, title = {Fragmented mitochondrial genomes are present in both major clades of the blood-sucking lice (suborder Anoplura): evidence from two Hoplopleura rodent lice (family Hoplopleuridae)}, journal = {BMC Genomics}, volume = {15}, year = {2014}, month = {Sept-2014}, pages = {13 pp}, abstract = {

Background: The suborder Anoplura contains 540 species of blood-sucking lice that parasitize over 840 species of eutherian mammals. Fragmented mitochondrial (mt) genomes have been found in the lice of humans, pigs, horses and rats from four families: Pediculidae, Pthiridae, Haematopinidae and Polyplacidae. These lice, eight species in total, are from the same major clade of the Anoplura. The mt genomes of these lice consist of 9\–20 minichromosomes; each minichromosome is 1.5\–4 kb in size and has 1\–8 genes. To understand mt genome fragmentation in the other major clade of the Anoplura, we sequenced the mt genomes of two species of rodent lice in the genus Hoplopleura (family Hoplopleuridae).
Results: We identified 28 mt genes on 10 minichromosomes in the mouse louse, Ho. akanezumi; each minichromosome is 1.7\–2.7 kb long and has 1\–6 genes. We identified 34 mt genes on 11 minichromosomes in the rat louse, Ho. kitti; each minichromosome is 1.8\–2.8 kb long and has 1\–5 genes. Ho. akanezumi also has a chimeric minichromosome with parts of two rRNA genes and a full-length tRNA gene for tyrosine. These two rodent lice share the same pattern for the distribution of all of the protein-coding and rRNA genes but differ in tRNA gene content and gene arrangement in four minichromosomes. Like the four genera of blood-sucking lice that have been investigated in previous studies, the Hoplopleura species have four minichromosomes that are only found in this genus.
Conclusions: Our results indicate that fragmented mt genomes were present in the most recent common ancestor of the two major clades of the blood-sucking lice, which lived ~75 million years ago. Intra-genus variation in the pattern of mt genome fragmentation is common in the blood-sucking lice (suborder Anoplura) and genus- specific minichromosomes are potential synapomorphies. Future studies should expand into more species, genera and families of blood-sucking lice to explore further the phylogenetic utility of the novel features associated with fragmented mt genomes.

}, keywords = {Chromosome evolution, genome fragmentation, minichromosome, Mitochondrial genome, sucking lice}, issn = {1471-2164}, doi = {10.1186/1471-2164-15-751}, url = {http://bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2164-15-751}, author = {Dong,Wen-ge and Simon Song and Guo,Xian-guo and Dao-chao Jin and Qianqian Yang and Stephen C. Barker and Renfu Shao} } @article {94793, title = {Understanding mitochondrial genome fragmentation in parasitic lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera)}, journal = {Hereditas (Beijing)}, volume = {35}, year = {2013}, pages = {847 - 855}, abstract = {

Paper written in Chinese, Title:\ 虱 目裂 化 线 粒 体 基 因组 研 究 进 展

Abstract: Lice are obligateectoparasites of mammals and birds. Extensiver fagmentation of mitochondrial genomes has been found in some louse \ species in the families Pediculidae,Pthiridae,Philopteridae and Trichodectidae. For example, the\ mt genomes of human body louse ( Pediculus humanus), head louse (Pediculus humanus capitis), and pubic louse (Pthirus pubis) have 20, 20 and 14 mini-chromosomes,respectively.These mini-chromosomes might be the results of deletion and\ recombination of mt genes .The factors and mechanism s of mitochondrial genome fragmentation are currently unknown. The fragmentation might be the results of evolutionary selection or random genetic drift or it is probably related to the lack of mtSSB (mitochondrial single-strand DNA binding protein).Understanding the fragmentation of mitochondrial genomes is \ of significance for understanding the origin and evolution of mitochondria. This paper reviews the recent advances in the studies of mitochondrial genome fragmentation in lice, including the phenomena of mitochrondrial genome fragmentation, characteristics of fragmentated mitochondrial genomes, and some factors and mechanism possibly leading to the mitochondrial genome fragmentation of lice.Perspectives for future studies on fragmented mt genomes arealso discussed.

}, keywords = {Chromosome evolution, genome fragmentation, Mitochondrial genome}, issn = {0253-9772}, doi = {10.3724/SP.J.1005.2013.00847}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249321853_Understanding_mitochondrial_genome_fragmentation_in_parasitic_lice_Insecta_Phthiraptera}, author = {Dong,Wen-ge and Guo,Xian-guo and Dao-chao Jin and Shi-peng Xue and Simon Song and Stephen C. Barker and Renfu Shao} } @article {94422, title = {Ovicidal Efficacy of Abametapir Against Eggs of Human Head and Body Lice (Anoplura: Pediculidae)}, journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology}, volume = {54}, year = {2017}, pages = {167 - 172}, abstract = {

Studies were undertaken to determine the ovicidal efficacy of 5,50-dimethyl-2,20-bipyridyl (abametapir) against eggs of both human head and body lice. Head lice eggs of different ages (0\–2, 3\–5, and 6\–8-d-old eggs) were exposed to varying concentrations of abametapir in isopropanol and concentration-dependent response rela- tionships established based on egg hatch. One hundred percent of all abametapir-treated eggs failed to hatch at the 0.74 and 0.55\% concentrations, whereas 100\% of 6\–8-d-old head louse eggs failed to hatch only at the 0.74\% concentration. The LC50 value for abametapir varied, depending on the age of the head lice eggs, from ?0.10\% recorded for 0\–2-d-old eggs and increasing to ?0.15\% for 6\–8-d-old eggs. Abametapir was also evaluated once formulated into a lotion referred to as Xeglyze (0.74\% abametapir) and serial dilutions made. Ovicidal efficacies were determined against head lice eggs 0\–8-d-old. Results indicated 100\% ovicidal activity at the 0.74, 0.55, 0.37, and 0.18\% concentrations. Additional studies undertaken using body lice eggs also demonstrated that aba- metapir was 100\% ovicidal against eggs of all ages when evaluated at a concentration of 0.37 and 0.55\%. Given that ovicidal activity is a critical component of any effective treatment regime for louse control, the data pre- sented in this study clearly demonstrate the ability of abametapir to inhibit hatching of both head and body louse eggs as assessed in vitro.

}, keywords = {abametapir, body louse, Head louse, voiced}, issn = {0022-2585}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjw132}, url = {https://academic.oup.com/jme/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/jme/tjw132}, author = {Bowles,V. M. and Kyong Sup Yoon and Stephen C. Barker and Christopher Tran and Christopher Rhodes and Clark,J. Marshall} } @article {94401, title = {The Mitochondrial Genome of the Guanaco Louse, Microthoracius praelongiceps: Insights into the Ancestral Mitochondrial Karyotype of Sucking Lice (Anoplura, Insecta)}, journal = {Genome Biology and Evolution}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {Mar-23-2017}, pages = {431 - 445}, abstract = {

Fragmented mitochondrial (mt) genomes have been reported in 11 species of sucking lice (suborder Anoplura) that infest humans, chimpanzees, pigs, horses, and rodents. There is substantial variation among these lice in mt karyotype: the number of minichromosomes of a species ranges from 9 to 20; the number of genes in a minichromosome ranges from 1 to 8; gene arrangement in a minichromosome differs between species, even in the same genus. We sequenced the mt genome of the guanaco louse, Microthoracius praelongiceps, to help establish the ancestral mt karyotype for sucking lice and understand how fragmented mt genomes evolved. The guanaco louse has 12 mt minichromosomes; each minichromosome has 2\–5 genes and a non-coding region. The guanaco louse shares many features with rodent lice in mt karyotype, more than with other sucking lice. The guanaco louse, however, is more closely related phylogenetically to human lice, chimpanzee lice, pig lice, and horse lice than to rodent lice. By parsimony analysis of shared features in mt karyotype, we infer that the most recent common ancestor of sucking lice, which lived ~75 Ma, had 11 minichromosomes; each minichromosome had 1\–6 genes and a non-coding region. As sucking lice diverged, split of mt minichromosomes occurred many times in the lineages leading to the lice of humans, chimpanzees, and rodents whereas merger of minichromosomes occurred in the lineage leading to the lice of pigs and horses. Together, splits and mergers of minichromosomes created a very complex and dynamic mt genome organization in the sucking lice.

}, keywords = {genome fragmentation, guanaco, minichromosome, Mitochondrial genome, sucking lice.}, doi = {10.1093/gbe/evx007}, url = {https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/gbe/evx007}, author = {Renfu Shao and Hu Li and Stephen C. Barker and Simon Song} } @article {94363, title = {Host switching of human lice to new world monkeys in South America}, journal = {Infection, Genetics and Evolution}, volume = {39}, year = {2016}, month = {Jan-04-2016}, pages = {225 - 231}, abstract = {

The coevolution between a host and its obligate parasite is exemplified in the sucking lice that infest primates. In the context of close lice\–host partnerships and cospeciation, Pediculus mjobergi, the louse of New World primates, has long been puzzling because its morphology resembles that of human lice. To investigate the possibility that P. mjobergi was transmitted to monkeys from the first humans who set foot on the American continent thousands of years ago, we obtained and compared P. mjobergi lice collected from howler monkeys from Argentina to human lice gathered from a remote and isolated village in Amazonia that has escaped globalization. Morphological examinations were first conducted and verified the similarity between the monkey and human lice. The molecular characterization of several nuclear and mitochondrial genetic markers in the two types of lice revealed that one of the P. mjobergi specimens had a unique haplotype that clustered with the haplotypes of Amazonian head lice that are prevalent in tropical regions in the Americas, a natural habitat of New World monkeys. Because this phylogenetic group forms a separate branch within the clade of lice from humans that were of American origin, this finding indicates that human lice have transferred to New World monkeys.

}, keywords = {Amazonian head louse, co-speciation, host-switching}, issn = {15671348}, doi = {10.1016/j.meegid.2016.02.008}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1567134816300399}, author = {Rezak Drali and Abi-Rached, Laurent and BOUTELLIS, A. and F{\'e}lix Djossou and Stephen C. Barker and Didier Raoult} } @article {94284, title = {Fragmented mitochondrial genomes in two suborders of parasitic lice of eutherian mammals (Anoplura and Rhynchophthirina, Insecta)}, journal = {Scientific Reports}, volume = {5}, year = {2015}, month = {Jun-15-2015}, pages = {11pp}, abstract = {

Parasitic lice (order Phthiraptera) infest birds and mammals. The typical animal mitochondrial (mt) genome organization, which consists of a single chromosome with 37 genes, was found in chewing lice in the suborders Amblycera and Ischnocera. The sucking lice (suborder Anoplura) known, however, have fragmented mt genomes with 9\–20 minichromosomes. We sequenced the mt genome of the elephant louse, Haematomyzus elephantis \– the first species of chewing lice investigated from the suborder Rhynchophthirina. We identified 33 mt genes in the elephant louse, which were on
10 minichromosomes. Each minichromosome is 3.5\–4.2 kb in size and has 2\–6 genes. Phylogenetic analyses of mt genome sequences confirm that the elephant louse is more closely related to sucking lice than to the chewing lice in the Amblycera and Ischnocera. Our results indicate that mt genome fragmentation is shared by the suborders Anoplura and Rhynchophthirina. Nine of the 10 mt minichromosomes of the elephant louse differ from those of the sucking lice (Anoplura) known in gene content and gene arrangement, indicating that distinct mt karyotypes have evolved in Anoplura and Rhynchophthirina since they diverged ~92 million years ago.

}, doi = {10.1038/srep17389}, url = {http://www.nature.com/articles/srep17389}, author = {Renfu Shao and Stephen C. Barker and Hu Li and Simon Song and Shree Kanta S. Poudel and Yuan Su} } @article {68837, title = {A new Brueelia species (Insecta, Phthiraptera, Ischnocera, Philopteridae) living on Fairy-bluebirds (Irenidae), with remarks on the genus Brueelia K{\'e}ler, 1936 sensu lato}, journal = {Rudolst{\"a}dter naturhistorische Schriften}, volume = {19}, year = {2014}, month = {06/2014}, pages = {73 - 14}, abstract = {

The paper is written in German

Abstract: The newly described species Brueelia wallacei n. sp. lives on Fairy-bluebirds (Irenidae) in the Oriental region:\ B. wallacei on the Asian Fairy-bluebird, Irena puella crinigera (northern Pagai, Mentawai Islands, Sumatra) and\ B. wallacei ssp. on the Philippine Fairy-bluebird Irena cyanogastra\ melanochlamys (Basilan, Sulu Archipelago,\ Philippines). This first part of the paper is followed by comments on questions of nomenclature, taxonomy,\ morphology, faunistics, and ecology, as well as the history of collection and of research on the genus Brueelia.\ Our comments are concerned with Brueelia sensu lato and the Brueelia complex as presented in \»The chewing\ lice \– world checklist and biological overview\« (Price et al 2003). The genus Brueelia sensu lato, with currently\ almost 300 monoxerous species (doubtless a fraction of the anticipated total), is found world-wide, mainly on\ the Passeriformes (on 61.5\% of the 96 families) but also on some non-passeriform families (Cuculidae, Trogonidae,\ Momotidae, Meropidae, Ramphastidae, and Picidae). Brueelia s. l. belongs to the nirmid ecotype, whose
representatives (at least those found so far) inhabit and lay their eggs on the body feathers, predominantly\ breast, belly, and flanks. It is not yet possible to say whether members of Brueelia can be called generalists.\ These lice have a variety of niches. For example, the genus Turdinirmus is regularly found on the secondary\ feathers whereas Osculonirmus prefers the scapulars and Meropsiella lays its eggs on the wing coverts, although\ Meropsiella otherwise inhabits body feathers. Brueelia s. l. is likely polyphyletic, at least this is clearly suggested\ not only by morphological and ecological data, but also by molecular-genetic findings. Around 20 other genera\ (brought together in the Brueelia complex) appear to be more or less closely related to Brueelia s. str. The following\ taxa in the Brueelia s. l. conglomerate can be isolated: Motmotnirmus nov. gen. pro Nirmus marginellus\ Nitzsch in Giebel, 1866 ex Momotus momota from South America and Nitzschinirmus nov. gen. pro Nitzschinirmus\ menuraelyrae (Coinde, 1859) ssp. ex Menura alberti from Australia. A neotype is designated for Nirmus\ marginellus Nitzsch in Giebel, 1866. The genus Maculinirmus Z{\l}otorzycka, 1964, which is also close\ to Brueelia, is revalidated and a neotype is established for its generotype, Nirmus mundus Nitzsch in Giebel,\ 1866 ex Oriolus oriolus. The true host of 16 Brueelia species is unknown.\ 

Zusammenfassung:\ Die neu beschriebene Art Brueelia wallacei n. sp. lebt in der Orientalis auf Feenv\ögeln (Irenidae): B. wallacei\ auf dem T\ürkisfeenvogel Irena puella crinigera (Nord-Pagai,\ Mentawai Inseln, Sumatra) und B. wallacei ssp. auf\ dem Kobaltfeenvogel Irena cyanogastra\ melanochlamys (Basilan, Sulu-Archipel, Philippinen). An diesen ersten\ Teil der Arbeit schlie\ßen sich Kommentare \über offene Fragen in Nomenklatur, Taxonomie, Morphologie,\ Faunistik und \Ökologie sowie Sammlungs- und Erforschungsgeschichte an. Sie betreffen Brueelia sensu lato\ und den Brueelia-Komplex, wie sie sich in \»The chewing lice - world checklist and biological overview\« (Price\ et al. 2003) widergespiegelt finden. Die weltweit haupts\ächlich auf Passeriformes (61,5 \% der 96 Familien) und\ ferner auf einigen nonpasseriformen Familien (Cuculidae, Trogonidae, Momotidae, Meropidae,\ Ramphastidae\ und Picidae) vorkommende Gattung Brueelia sensu lato z\ählt inzwischen fast 300 vorwiegend monoxene Arten.\ Das ist ein Bruchteil des tats\ächlich zu erwartenden Artenbestandes. Brueelia s. l. geh\ört zum nirmiden\ \Ökotyp, deren Vertreter (soweit bisher nachgewiesen) im Rumpfgefieder, vor allem Brust, Bauch und Flanken,\ leben und auch dort ihre Eier ablegen. Es ist nicht m\öglich, Brueelia als Generalisten zu bezeichnen. Einige\ Gruppen haben sich in anderer Weise eingenischt. Turdinirmus wird regelm\ä\ßig auch auf Armschwingen\ festgestellt, Osculonirmus bevorzugt Schulterfittiche und Meropsiella legt ihre Eier auf Fl\ügeldecken ab, lebt\ aber ansonsten im Rumpfgefieder. Ohne Zweifel ist Brueelia s. l. polyphyletisch, was nicht nur morphologische\ und \ökologische Daten, sondern auch molekulargenetische Befunde deutlich aufzeigen. Etwa 20 andere Genera\ (zusammengefasst als Brueelia-Komplex) scheinen ihr mehr oder weniger nahezustehen. Aus dem Konglomerat\ von Brueelia s. l. werden herausgel\öst: Motmotnirmus nov. gen. pro Nirmus marginellus Nitzsch in Giebel,\ 1866 ex Momotus momota aus S\üdamerika und Nitzschinirmus nov. gen. pro Nitzschinirmus menuraelyrae\ (Coinde, 1859) ssp. ex Menura alberti aus Australien. F\ür \»Nirmus marginellus Nitzsch in Giebel, 1866\« wird\ ein Neotypus designiert. Die ebenfalls Brueelia nahestehende Gattung Maculinirmus Z{\l}otorzycka, 1964 wird\ revalidiert und f\ür ihren Generotypus, Nirmus mundus Nitzsch in Giebel, 1866 ex Oriolus oriolus, ein Neotypus\ festgelegt. Von 16 Brueelia-Arten ist der tats\ächliche Wirt unbekannt.\ 

}, keywords = {Brueelia complex, Brueelia sensu lato, Brueelia wallacei n. sp., Chewing lice, Diversity, ecology, hospitalic distribution, Motmotnirmus nov. gen., Nitzschinirmus nov. gen., taxonomy}, url = {http://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/68837.pdf}, author = {Eberhard Mey and Stephen C. Barker} } @article {68760, title = {Chimeric mitochondrial minichromosomes of the human body louse, Pediculus humanus: Evidence for homologous and non-homologous recombination}, journal = {Gene}, volume = {473}, year = {2011}, month = {Jan-02-2011}, pages = {36 - 43}, abstract = {

The mitochondrial (mt) genome of the human body louse, Pediculus humanus, consists of 18 minichromo-
somes. Each minichromosome is 3 to 4 kb long and has 1 to 3 genes. There is unequivocal evidence for
recombination between different mt minichromosomes in P. humanus. It is not known, however, how these
minichromosomes recombine. Here, we report the discovery of eight chimeric mt minichromosomes in P.
humanus. We classify these chimeric mt minichromosomes into two groups: Group I and Group II. Group I
chimeric minichromosomes contain parts of two different protein-coding genes that are from different
minichromosomes. The two parts of protein-coding genes in each Group I chimeric minichromosome are
joined at a microhomologous nucleotide sequence; microhomologous nucleotide sequences are hallmarks of
non-homologous recombination. Group II chimeric minichromosomes contain all of the genes and the non-
coding regions of two different minichromosomes. The conserved sequence blocks in the non-coding regions
of Group II chimeric minichromosomes resemble the \“recombination repeats\” in the non-coding regions of
the mt genomes of higher plants. These repeats are essential to homologous recombination in higher plants.
Our analyses of the nucleotide sequences of chimeric mt minichromosomes indicate both homologous and
non-homologous recombination between minichromosomes in the mitochondria of the human body louse.

\© 2010 Elsevier B.V. All right

}, keywords = {Chimeric molecule, Chromosome evolution, Human body louse, Microhomology, Mitochondrial genome, mtDNA recombination}, issn = {03781119}, doi = {10.1016/j.gene.2010.11.002}, url = {http://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/68760.pdf}, author = {Renfu Shao and Stephen C. Barker} } @article {61640, title = {International guidelines for clinical trials with pediculicides}, journal = { Intnl. J. Dermatol. }, volume = {51}, year = {2012}, pages = {858}, chapter = {853}, keywords = {Clinical Trials, Guidelines, Pediculicide}, url = {http://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/219.\%20GuidelinesClinicalTrials.pdf}, author = {Stephen C. Barker and Burgess,Ian F. and Meinking,Terri A. and Kosta Y. Mumcuoglu} } @article {48446, title = {The single mitochondrial chromosome typical of animals has evolved into 18 minichromosomes in the human body louse, Pediculus humanus}, journal = {Genome Research}, volume = {19}, year = {2009}, month = {2009}, pages = {904 - 912}, abstract = {The mitochondrial (mt) genomes of animals typically consist of a single circular chromosome that is \~{}16-kb long and has 37 genes. Our analyses of the sequence reads from the Human Body Louse Genome Project and the patterns of gel electrophoresis and Southern hybridization revealed a novel type of mt genome in the sucking louse, Pediculus humanus. Instead of having all mt genes on a single chromosome, the 37 mt genes of this louse are on 18 minicircular chromosomes. Each minicircular chromosome is 3{\textendash}4 kb long and has one to three genes. Minicircular mt chromosomes are also present in the four other species of sucking lice that we investigated, but not in chewing lice nor in the Psocoptera, to which sucking lice are most closely related. We also report unequivocal evidence for recombination between minicircular mt chromosomes in P. humanus and for sequence variation in mt genes generated by recombination. The advantages of a fragmented mt genome, if any, are currently unknown. Fragmentation of mt genome, however, has coevolved with blood feeding in the sucking lice. It will be of interest to explore whether or not life history features are associated with the evolution of fragmented chromosomes.}, author = {Renfu Shao and Kirkness,Ewen F. and Stephen C. Barker} } @article {48127, title = {Metalloproteases and egg-hatching in Pediculus humanus, the body (clothes) louse of humans (Phthiraptera: Insecta)}, journal = {Parasitology}, volume = {135}, year = {2008}, month = {2008}, pages = {125 - 130}, abstract = {To investigate the biochemical components of egg-hatch in the body louse, Pediculus humanus, egg-shell-washings (ESW) were collected during the first 2 h post-hatching and analysed by gelatin SDS-PAGE. These ESW contained proteases with molecular mass in the range of 25{\textendash}100 kDa; the most abundant proteases were ~25 kDa. The 3 main regions of protease activity in the one-dimensional gelatin SDS-PAGE gels resolved to at least 23 distinct regions of protease activity when analysed by two-dimensional gelatin SDS-PAGE, with iso-electric points spread over the entire 3 to 10 pH range. Mechanistic characterization indicated that the ESW contained proteases of the metallo-class, inhibited by both 1,10-phenanthroline and EDTA. Several protease inhibitors were tested for their ability to inhibit louse egg-hatch in vitro. The metalloprotease inhibitor 1,10-phenanthroline and the aminopeptidase inhibitor bestatin significantly inhibited (P<0{\textperiodcentered}05) louse egg-hatch (100\% and 58\%, respectively). The presence of metalloproteases at the time of egg-hatch and the inhibition of egg-hatch in P. humanus by metalloprotease inhibitors suggests a crucial role for these proteases in the hatching of this medically important parasite.}, author = {Bowles,V. M. and Young,A. R. and Stephen C. Barker} } @article {47716, title = {International guidelines for effective control of head louse infestations}, journal = {Journal of Drugs in Dermatology}, volume = {6}, year = {2007}, month = {2007}, pages = {409 - 414}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/46843.pdf}, author = {Kosta Y. Mumcuoglu and Stephen C. Barker and Burgess,Ian F. and Combescot-Lang,Catherine and Robert Campbell Dalgleish and Larsen,Kim S. and Miller,Jacqueline and Richard J. Roberts and Taylan-Ozkan,Aysegul} } @article {47462, title = {Supergroup F Wolbachia bacteria parasitise lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera)}, journal = {Parasitological Research}, volume = {100}, year = {2007}, month = {2007}, pages = {479 - 485}, abstract = {

We studied six species of lice from three of the four suborders of lice. These lice were infected with Wolbachia bacteria from supergroups A and F. This is the first report of an infection of supergroup F Wolbachia in lice. To date, Wolbachia from supergroup F have been found in filarial nematodes, Mansonella spp., and, rarely, in insects. We inferred the phylogeny of the Wolbachia from lice and representatives of all Wolbachia supergroups, with nucleotide sequences from the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (SSU rRNA). There was no evidence of congruence between the taxon of louse and the Wolbachia bacteria that infect lice. There is no evidence that Wolbachia and their louse hosts co-evolved at least at the level of Wolbachia supergroups. We propose a novel mechanism for the horizontal transfer of Wolbachia between different species of lice from birds: transfer of Wolbachia during phoresis by hippoboscid flies.

}, doi = {10.1007/s00436-006-0309-6}, url = {http://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/47462.pdf}, author = {Covacin,Catherine and Stephen C. Barker} } @article {47092, title = {Extraordinary number of gene rearrangements in the mitochondrial genomes of lice (Phthiraptera: Insecta)}, journal = {Insect Molecular Biology}, volume = {15}, year = {2006}, month = {2006}, pages = {63 - 68}, publisher = {Blackwell Publishing}, abstract = {

The arrangement of genes in the mitochondrial (mt) genomes of most insects is the same, or near-identical, to that inferred to be ancestral for insects. We sequenced the entire mt genome of the small pigeon louse, Campanulotes bidentatus compar, and part of the mt genomes of nine other species of lice. These species were from six families and the three main suborders of the order Phthiraptera. There was no variation in gene arrangement among species within a family but there was much variation in gene arrangement among the three suborders of lice. There has been an extraordinary number of gene rearrangements in the mitochondrial genomes of lice!

}, keywords = {Amblycera, Anoplura, Campanulotes, mtDNA}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/46197.pdf}, author = {Covacin,C. and Renfu Shao and Stephen L. Cameron and Stephen C. Barker} } @article {47068, title = {Synonymy of Boophilus Curtice, 1891 and Rhipicephalus Koch, 1844; Boophilus is a derived group within Rhipicephalus}, journal = {Systematic Parasitology}, volume = {56}, year = {2003}, month = {2003}, pages = {169 - 172}, abstract = {

Recent molecular and morphological studies of the genera Rhipicephalus Koch, 1844 and Boophilus Curtice, 1891 revealed that the five species of Boophilus make the genus Rhipicephalus paraphyletic. Thus, Rhipicephalus Koch, 1844 is not a monophyletic (natural) lineage and some species of Rhipicephalus are more closely related to the species of Boophilus than to other species of Rhipicephalus. Here, we revise these genera: Boophilus is synonymised with Rhipicephalus, and Rhipicephalus (sensu lato) (including Boophilus) is redefined. By synonymising Boophilus with Rhipicephalus, we have changed the nomenclature so that it reflects our understanding of the phylogeny of these ticks. Boophilus is retained as a subgenus of Rhipicephalus, so the synonymy of Boophilus with Rhipicephalus does not result in the loss of the name Boophilus. In addition, Rhipicephalus is a well-known genus and the change proposed is simple -- all five species of Boophilus become members of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus).

}, author = {Murrell,Anna and Stephen C. Barker} } @article {46402, title = {Evolution of host-parasite associations among species of lice and rock-wallabies: coevolution? (J. F. A. Sprent Prize lecture, August 1990)}, journal = {International journal for parasitology}, volume = {21}, year = {1991}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0314024; ppublish}, month = {1991}, pages = {497 - 501}, address = {ENGLAND}, keywords = {animals, Australia, Awards and Prizes, Evolution, host parasite, Lice Infestations/parasitology/veterinary, Lice/physiology, Macropodidae, Parasitology, Phylogeny, Societies, Scientific}, isbn = {0020-7519}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/002075199190053A/part/first-page-pdf}, author = {Stephen C. Barker} } @article {46045, title = {Evidence from mitochondrial DNA that head lice and body lice of humans (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) are conspecific}, journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology}, volume = {39}, year = {2002}, month = {2002}, pages = {662 - 666}, abstract = {

The specific status of the head and body lice of humans has been debated for more than 200 yr. To clarify the specific status of head and body lice, we sequenced 524 base pairs (bp) of the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene of 28 head and 28 body lice from nine countries. Ten haplotypes that differed by 1-5 bp at 11 nucleotide positions were identified. A phylogeny of these sequences indicates that these head and body lice are not from reciprocally monophyletic lineages. Indeed, head and body lice share three of the 10 haplotypes we found. F(ST) values and exact tests of haplotype frequencies showed significant differences between head and body lice. However, the same tests also showed significant differences among lice from different countries. Indeed, more of the variation in haplotype frequencies was explained by differences among lice from different countries than by differences between head and body lice. Our results indicate the following: (1) head and body lice do not represent reciprocally monophyletic lineages and are conspecific; (2) gene flow among populations of lice from different countries is limited; and (3) frequencies of COI haplotypes can be used to study maternal gene flow among populations of head and body lice and thus transmission of lice among their human hosts.

}, keywords = {animals, dna, humans, Pediculus}, isbn = {0022-2585}, url = {https://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/44856.pdf}, author = {Leo,Natalie P. and Campbell,N. J. and Yang,X. and Kosta Y. Mumcuoglu and Stephen C. Barker} } @article {46032, title = {Intragenomic variation in ITS2 rDNA in the louse of humans, Pediculus humanus: ITS2 is not a suitable marker for population studies in this species}, journal = {Insect Molecular Biology}, volume = {11}, year = {2002}, month = {2002}, pages = {651 - 657}, abstract = {

The two internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of ribosomal DNA are often used as markers of populations of insects. We studied the ITS2 of the head lice and body lice of humans, to determine whether this gene is a suitable marker of populations of these insects. ITS2 sequences were amplified by PCR from lice from four different countries: Australia, China, Japan and the USA. Direct cycle-sequencing of some of these PCR products gave equivocal nucleotide chromatograms. This indicated that some lice had more than one ITS2 sequence, so we cloned PCR products from these lice. Temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE) revealed that 50 of the 67 clones we screened had different nucleotide sequences. All lice had several ITS2 types, including those with unequivocal chromatograms. A phylogenetic tree of 15 different ITS2 sequences showed that the sequences from individual lice were not monophyletic. We conclude that the ITS2 is not a useful marker of populations for Pediculus humanus.

}, keywords = {animals, Australia, Base Sequence, China, dna, geography, humans, Introns, Japan, Lice Infestations/parasitology, Molecular Sequence Data, Pediculus, Phylogeny, polymerase, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, sequence, U.S.A., variation}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/44841.pdf}, author = {Leo,Natalie P. and Stephen C. Barker} } @article {46000, title = {Potential role of head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis, as vectors of Rickettsia prowazekii}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {90}, year = {2003}, month = {2003}, pages = {209 - 211}, abstract = {

Since the pioneering work of Charles Nicolle in 1909 [see Gross (1996) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:10539-10540] most medical officers and scientists have assumed that body lice are the sole vectors of Rickettsia prowazekii, the aetiological agent of louse-borne epidemic typhus (LBET). Here we review the evidence for the axiom that head lice are not involved in epidemics of LBET. Laboratory experiments demonstrate the ability of head lice to transmit R. prowazekii, but evidence for this in the field has not been reported. However, the assumption that head lice do not transmit R. prowazekii has meant that head lice have not been examined for R. prowazekii during epidemics of LBET. The strong association between obvious (high) infestations of body lice and LBET has contributed to this perception, but this association does not preclude head lice as vectors of R. prowazekii. Indeed, where the prevalence and intensity of body louse infections may be high (e.g. during epidemics of LBET), the prevalence and intensity of head louse infestations is generally high as well. This review of the epidemiology of head louse and body louse infestations, and of LBET, indicates that head lice are potential vectors of R. prowazekii in the field. Simple observations in the field would reveal whether or not head lice are natural vectors of this major human pathogen.

}, keywords = {animals, humans, Insect vectors, Lice Infestations/epidemiology, Pediculus, Rickettsia prowazekii/physiology, typhus}, isbn = {0932-0113}, doi = {10.1007/s00436-003-0842-5}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007\%2Fs00436-003-0842-5}, author = {Robinson,D. and Leo,Natalie P. and Prociv,P. and Stephen C. Barker} } @article {45937, title = {Infestation of people with lice in Kathmandu and Pokhara, Nepal}, journal = {Medical and Veterinary Entomology}, volume = {18}, year = {2004}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 8708682; ppublish}, month = {2004}, pages = {212 - 213}, address = {England}, abstract = {

The prevalence of infestation with head lice and body lice, Pediculus spp. (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) and pubic (crab) lice Pthirus pubis (L.) (Phthiraptera: Pthiridae), was recorded from 484 people in Nepal. The prevalence of head lice varied from 16\% in a sample of people aged 10-39 years of age, to 59\% in street children. Simultaneous infestations with head and body lice (double infestations) varied from 18\% in slum children to 59\% in street children.

}, keywords = {adolescent, adult, animals, child, Child, Preschool, homeless, humans, Lice Infestations/epidemiology, Nepal/epidemiology, Pediculus, Prevalence, Pthirus, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t}, isbn = {0269-283X}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/44717.pdf}, author = {Shree Kanta S. Poudel and Stephen C. Barker} } @article {45877, title = {The head and body lice of humans are genetically distinct (Insecta: Phthiraptera, Pediculidae): evidence from double infestations}, journal = {Heredity}, volume = {95}, year = {2005}, month = {2005}, pages = {34 - 40}, abstract = {

Little is known about the population genetics of the louse infestations of humans. We used microsatellite DNA to study 11 double infestations, that is, hosts infested with head lice and body lice simultaneously. We tested for population structure on a host, and for population structure among seven hosts that shared sleeping quarters. We also sought evidence of migration among louse populations. Our results showed that: (i) the head and body lice on these individual hosts were two genetically distinct populations; (ii) each host had their own populations of head and body lice that were genetically distinct to those on other hosts; and (iii) lice had migrated from head to head, and from body to body, but not between heads and bodies. Our results indicate that head and body lice are separate species.

}, keywords = {animals, dna, head, humans, lice infestations, Microsatellite Repeats/genetics, movement, Pediculus, polymerase}, isbn = {0018-067X}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/44646.pdf}, author = {Leo,Natalie P. and Hughes,J. M. and Yang,X. and Shree Kanta S. Poudel and Brogdon,William G. and Stephen C. Barker} } @article {45865, title = {Multiple origins of parasitism in lice: phylogenetic analysis of SSU rDNA indicates that the Phthiraptera and Psocoptera are not monophyletic}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {97}, year = {2005}, month = {2005}, pages = {274 - 280}, abstract = {

The Paraneoptera (Hemipteroid Assemblage) comprises the orders Thysanoptera (thrips), Hemiptera (bugs), Phthiraptera (lice) and Psocoptera (booklice and barklice). The phylogenetic relationships among the Psocodea (Phthiraptera and Psocoptera), Thysanoptera and Hemiptera are unresolved, as are some relationships within the Psocodea. Here, we present phylogenetic hypotheses inferred from SSU rDNA sequences; the most controversial of which is the apparent paraphyly of the Phthiraptera, which are parasites of birds and mammals, with respect to one family of Psocoptera, the Liposcelididae. The order Psocoptera and the suborder that contains the Liposcelididae, the Troctomorpha, are also paraphyletic. The two remaining psocopteran suborders, the Psocomorpha and the Trogiomorpha, are apparently monophyletic. The Liposcelididae is most closely related to lice from the suborder Amblycera. These results suggest that the taxonomy of the Psocodea needs revision. In addition, there are implications for the evolution of parasitism in insects; parasitism may have evolved twice in lice or have evolved once and been subsequently lost in the Liposcelididae.

}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/44634.pdf}, author = {Murrell,Anna and Stephen C. Barker} } @article {45847, title = {Transmission ratio distortion in the human body louse, Pediculus humanus (Insecta: Phthiraptera)}, journal = {Heredity}, volume = {96}, year = {2006}, note = {DEP: 20050921; JID: 0373007; aheadofprint}, month = {2006}, pages = {63 - 68}, abstract = {

We studied inheritance at three microsatellite loci in eight F(1) and two F(2) families of the body (clothes) louse of humans, Pediculus humanus. The alleles of heterozygous female-parents were always inherited in a Mendelian fashion in these families. Alleles from heterozygous male-parents, however, were inherited in two different ways: (i) in a Mendelian fashion and (ii) in a non-Mendelian fashion, where males passed to their offspring only one of their two alleles, that is, 100\% nonrandom transmission. In male body lice, where there was non-Mendelian inheritance, the paternally inherited set of alleles was eliminated. We interpret this pattern of inheritance as evidence for extreme transmission ratio distortion of paternal alleles in this species.Heredity advance online publication, 21 September 2005; doi:10.1038/sj.hdy.6800760.

}, isbn = {0018-067X}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/44614.pdf}, author = {McMeniman,C. J. and Stephen C. Barker} } @article {45689, title = {Unravelling the evolution of the head lice and body lice of humans}, journal = {Parasitological Research}, volume = {98}, year = {2005}, month = {2005}, pages = {44 - 47}, keywords = {capitis, humanus, Pediculus, Phthiraptera, Phylogeny, RNA, ssr}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/9200.pdf}, author = {Leo,Natalie P. and Stephen C. Barker} } @inbook {44202, title = {Boopiidae}, booktitle = {Zoological catalogue of Australia}, volume = {26}, year = {1996}, month = {1996}, pages = {91 - 104}, publisher = {CSIRO Publishing}, organization = {CSIRO Publishing}, address = {Melbourne}, author = {Stephen C. Barker}, editor = {Wells,A.} } @article {44203, title = {Phylogeny of the lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) inferred from small subunit rRNA}, journal = {Zoologica Scripta}, volume = {32}, year = {2003}, month = {2003}, pages = {407 - 414}, abstract = {

There has been much argument about the phylogenetic relationships of the four suborders of lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera). Lyal\&$\#$39;s study of the morphology of lice indicated that chewing/biting lice (Mallophaga) are paraphyletic with respect to sucking lice (Anoplura). To test this hypothesis we inferred the phylogeny of 33 species of lice from small subunit (SSU) rRNA sequences (18S rRNA). Liposcelis sp. from the Liposcelididae (Psocoptera) was used for outgroup reference. Phylogenetic relationships among the four suborders of lice inferred from these sequences were the same as those inferred from morphology. The Amblycera is apparently the sister-group to all other lice whereas the Rhynchophthirina is apparently sister to the Anoplura; these two suborders are sister to the Ischnocera, i.e. (Amblycera (Ischnocera (Anoplura, Rhynchophthirina))). Thus, the Mallophaga (Amblycera, Ischnocera, Rhynchophthirina) is apparently paraphyletic with respect to the Anoplura. Our analyses also provide evidence that: (i) each of the three suborders of lice that are well represented in our study (the Amblycera, Ischnocera, and Anoplura) are monophyletic; (ii) the Boopiidae is monophyletic; (iii) the genera Heterodoxus and Latumcephalum (Boopiidae) are more closely related to one another than either is to the genus Boopia (also Boopiidae); (iv) the Ricinidae and Laemobothridae may be sister-taxa; (v) the Philopteridae may be paraphyletic with respect to the Trichodectidae; (vi) the genera Pediculus and Pthirus are more closely related to each other than either is to the genus Pedicinus; and (vii) in contrast to published data for mitochondrial genes, the rates of nucleotide substitution in the SSU rRNA of lice are not higher than those of other insects, nor do substitution rates in the suborders differ substantially from one another.

}, url = {http://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/42823pdf.pdf}, author = {Stephen C. Barker and Michael F. Whiting and Kevin P. Johnson and Murrell,Anna} } @article {43285, title = {Susceptibility of head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) to pediculicides in Australia}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {90}, year = {2003}, month = {2003}, pages = {476 - 478}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/6651.pdf}, author = {Hunter,J. A. and Stephen C. Barker} } @article {43286, title = {A survey of bacterial diversity in ticks, lice and fleas from Australia}, journal = {Parasitology Research}, volume = {89}, year = {2003}, month = {2003}, pages = {326 - 334}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/6652.pdf}, author = {Murrell,Anna and Dobson,Susan J. and Yang,Xiaoye and Lacey,Ernest and Stephen C. Barker} } @article {40477, title = {An unprecedented major rearrangement in an arthropod mitochondrial genome}, journal = {Molecular Biology and Evolution}, volume = {15}, year = {1998}, month = {1998}, pages = {1786 - 1787}, keywords = {amplification, arachnida, Arthropoda, Boophilus, dna, Evolution, genes, genome, Ixodida, microplus, mitochondrial}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/3264.pdf}, author = {Campbell,N. J. H. and Stephen C. Barker} } @article {40420, title = {Increased rate of gene rearrangement in the mitochondrial genomes of three orders of hemipteroid insects}, journal = {Molecular Biology and Evolution}, volume = {18}, year = {2001}, note = {466DU MOL BIOL EVOL}, month = {2001}, pages = {1828 - 1832}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/3199.pdf}, author = {Renfu Shao and Campbell,N. J. H. and Schmidt,E. R. and Stephen C. Barker} } @article {40235, title = {Lice, cospeciation and parasitism}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {26}, year = {1996}, month = {1996}, pages = {219 - 222}, keywords = {associations, Boopiidae, coevolution, Evolution, group, Heterodoxus, marsupialia, Petrogale, Phthiraptera, Phylogeny, rock wallabies}, url = {http://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/40235.pdf}, author = {Stephen C. Barker} } @article {40048, title = {Phylogeny of the Heterodoxus octoseriatus group (Phthiraptera, Boopiidae) from rock wallabies (Marsupialia, Petrogale)}, journal = {Systematic Parasitology}, volume = {19}, year = {1991}, month = {1991}, pages = {17 - 24}, abstract = {

The phylogenetic position of the Heterodoxus octoseriatus group is inferred from morphological characters. Two character states support monophyly of this group. Another indicates that its sister-group is a group of 11 other Heterodoxus species (here called the H. calabyi group), that infest at least seven other genera of macropodid marsupials. Fourteen potential apomorphies, associated with the male and female genitalia, are identified. Evident rapid and divergent evolution of the genitalia, however, precludes determination of their polarity by comparison with an out-group (the sister-group). Consequently, phylogeny in the H. octoseriatus group is inferred from the close similarity of morphological characters. In light of the phylogenetic analysis and a phenogram, speciation and the evolution of morphological characters in the H. octoseriatus group is discussed.

}, keywords = {Amblycera, taxonomy}, issn = {0165-5752(print),1573-5192(online)}, doi = {10.1007/BF00010298}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00010298}, author = {Stephen C. Barker} } @article {40047, title = {Taxonomic review of the Heterodoxus octoseriatus group (Phthiraptera, Boopiidae) from rock wallabies with the description of three new species}, journal = {Systematic Parasitology}, volume = {19}, year = {1991}, month = {1991}, pages = {1 - 16}, abstract = {

The morphology of the male genitalia and the internal genital sclerite of the female is described for species of the Heterodoxus octoseriatus group. Homologous sclerites and spines, required for phylogenetic analyses, are identified. Three species, H. closei n. sp., H. hughendensis n. sp. and H. briscoei n. sp., are described and, with the benefit of a new, large series of lice, the other eight species are revised. New data on type-hosts are provided and a number of questions raised by previous workers are addressed.

}, keywords = {Amblycera, mtax, PHP, taxonomy}, issn = {0165-5752(print), 1573-5192(online)}, doi = {10.1007/BF00010297}, url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00010297}, author = {Stephen C. Barker} } @article {39810, title = {Numerous gene rearrangements in the mitochondrial genome of the wallaby louse, Heterodoxus macropus (Phthiraptera)}, journal = {Molecular Biology and Evolution}, volume = {18}, year = {2001}, note = {427WA MOL BIOL EVOL}, month = {2001}, pages = {858 - 865}, abstract = {

The complete arrangement of genes in the mitochondrial (mt) genome is known for 12 species of insects, and part of the gene arrangement in the mt genome is known for over 300 other species of insects. The arrangement of genes in the mt genome is very conserved in insects studied, since all of the protein-coding and rRNA genes and most of the tRNA genes are arranged in the same way. We sequenced the entire mt genome of the wallaby louse, Heterodoxus macropus, which is 14,670 bp long and has the 37 genes typical of animals and some noncoding regions. The largest noncoding region is 73 bp long (93\% A+T), and the second largest is 47 bp long (92\% A+T). Both of these noncoding regions seem to be able to form stem-loop structures. The arrangement of genes in the mt genome of this louse is unlike that of any other animal studied. All tRNA genes have moved and/or inverted relative to the ancestral gene arrangement of insects, which is present in the fruit fly Drosophila yakuba. At least nine protein-coding genes (atp6, atp8, cox2, cob, nad1-nad3, nad5, and nad6) have moved; moreover, four of these genes (atp6, atp8, nad1, and nad3) have inverted. The large number of gene rearrangements in the mt genome of H. macropus is unprecedented for an arthropod.

}, keywords = {Heterodoxus, molecular}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/2268.pdf}, author = {Renfu Shao and Campbell,N. J. H. and Stephen C. Barker} } @article {39744, title = {Monooxygenases play only a minor role in resistance to synthetic pyrethroids in the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus}, journal = {Experimental and Applied Acarology}, volume = {23}, year = {1999}, month = {1999}, pages = {897 - 905}, abstract = {

We investigated the role of monooxygenases in resistance to synthetic pyrethroids (SPs) in the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus. We found that monooxygenases play only a minor role in resistance to SPs in both resistant and susceptible strains of B. microplus. We blocked the monooxygenases with piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and simultaneously applied the SPs, flumethrin and cypermethrin to larval B. microplus. PBO increased the effect of flumethrin (synergism ratios 2.7-8.9) more than it increased the effect of cypermethrin (synergism ratios 1.9- 3.1). Of the four strains tested, Parkhurst, which is resistant to SPs, was the least affected by the addition of PBO (synergism ratios after cypermethrin was applied 1.9; after flumethrin 2.7) whereas N.R.F.S., the strain susceptible to SPs, was the most affected by synergism between PBO and SPs (synergism ratio after cypermethrin was applied 3.1; after flumethrin 8.9). We hypothesize that B. microplus lacks monooxygenases capable of conferring resistance to SPs because it and its recent ancestors were blood-feeders rather than herbivores.

}, keywords = {biochemical characterization, Blattellidae, Boophilus, housefly, insecticide, Ixodida, larva, metabolism, microplus, monooxygenases, Permethrin, Phthiraptera, resistance, schrank, strains, synthetic pyrethroid, Tick, trichodectidae}, issn = {0168-8162(print), 1572-9702(online}, doi = {10.1023/A:1006245800759}, url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1006245800759}, author = {Crampton,A. L. and Green,P. and Baxter,G. D. and Stephen C. Barker} } @mastersthesis {39567, title = {Evolution in the Heterodoxus octoseriatus group (Boopiidae: Phthiraptera) and the development of host associations with Petrogale (Marsupialia)}, volume = {Ph.D. Thesis}, year = {1988}, note = {Department of Biology}, month = {1988}, school = {Macquarie University}, address = {North Ryde, N. S. W.}, keywords = {Amblycera}, author = {Stephen C. Barker} } @inbook {38876, title = {Phthiraptera}, booktitle = {Zoological Catalogue of Australia: Psocoptera, Phthiraptera, Thysanoptera}, volume = {26}, year = {1996}, note = {Usual introduction on lice followed by a more useful introduction to each louse family including some line drawn figures. The main body of the text includes an extensive checklist of the lice present in Australia. This includes references, type hosts, type data, and type locality as well as information on the distribution of the relevant species in Australia.}, month = {1996}, pages = {81 - 247.333-361 (App. I-Iv), 373-396 (Index)}, publisher = {CSIRO Publishing}, organization = {CSIRO Publishing}, address = {Melbourne}, keywords = {mtax, PHP}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/0207.pdf}, author = {Ricardo L. Palma and Stephen C. Barker}, editor = {Wells,A.} } @article {38769, title = {Genetic variation in the Heterodoxus octoseriatus group (Phthiraptera): A test of Price{\textquoteright}s model of parasite evolution}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {21}, year = {1991}, month = {1991}, pages = {555 - 563}, abstract = {

Most of the genetic variation in the H. octoseriatus group is present as fixed gene differences between species that have been described on morphological criteria. Based on allozymes, the taxonomic status of some species was challenged. There was insufficient evidence, however, to demonstrate that these were not good biological species. Overall, the limited intraspecific variation was present as fixed gene differences amoung lice from different hosts and from different colonies of host.; heterozygotes were rare. Two predictions derived from Price\&$\#$39;s model of parasite evolution were met: populations of lice were genetically homogenous and , where genetic markers were present we found substancial genetic variation amoung populations. These data contrast for those of endoparasitic helminths, where, in general the amount of genetic variation is similar to that of free-living invertebrates.

}, keywords = {alleles, Allozyme, Amblycera, electrophoresis, Evolution, genetic, group, Heterodoxus, heterozygosity, lice, loci, octoseriatus, parasite, rock wallabies, variation}, doi = {10.1016/0020-7519(91)90060-K}, url = {http://www.freepaperdownload.us/1761/Article4278576.htm}, author = {Stephen C. Barker and Briscoe,D. A. and Close,R. L. and Dallas,P.} } @article {38766, title = {Phylogeny inferred from allozymes in the Heterodoxus octoseriatus group of species (Phthiraptera: Boopiidae)}, journal = {Australian Journal of Zoology}, volume = {40}, year = {1992}, month = {1992}, pages = {411 - 422}, abstract = {

Phenetic and phylogenetic relationships in the Heterodoxus octoseriatus group of species were explored with data from 21 putative allozyme loci. The phenetic analyses and some of the cladistic analyses (maximum parsimony) were consistant with a phenetic analysis of morphological characters in that they indicated in two main lines of evolution in the H. octoseriatus group. These culminated in two groups of species: (i) H. harrisoni, H. hughendensis, H. closei, H. maynesi, H.. octoseriatus, H. lesouefi, H. briscoei and H. insulatus, and (ii) H. murrayi, H. insularis and H. orarius. The allozyme and morphological analysis, however, differed in the arrangement of species within the two main groups. Other cladistic analysis revealed the first group of lice, but not the second group. A hypothesis proposed for the evolution of the H. octoseriatus group involves widespread host switching followed by the expansion of the geographic ranges of some lice at the expense of others. The evolution of host-parasite associations amoung rock-wallabies and lice from the H. octoseriatus group demonstrates how tangled the history of host-parasite associations may become.

}, keywords = {Amblycera, analysis, associations, chromosome, Evolution, Macropodidae, marsupialia, Petrogale, rock wallabies}, doi = {10.1071/ZO9920411}, url = {http://www.publish.csiro.au/paper/ZO9920411.htm}, author = {Stephen C. Barker and Briscoe,D. A. and Close,R. L.} } @article {38767, title = {Zoogeography and Host associations of the Heterodoxus octoseriatus group and H. ampullatus (Phthiraptera: Boopiidae) from rock wallabies (Marsupialia: Petrogale)}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {20}, year = {1990}, month = {1990}, pages = {1081 - 1087}, abstract = {

Species of the Heterodoxus octoseriatus group infest five species, comprising eight chrosome races, of Petrogale in Queensland and Northern New South Wales, Australia. The precise host and geographic ranges of the 11 species of the H. octoseriatus group were determined. Individual hosts and host populations were infested by single species of lice only. The geographic ranges of lice were discrete. In some cases the geographic ranges of louse species and their hosts were approximately congruent. In others they were completly incongruent and it was unclear which species originally infested which hosts or even which was the most recent colonizer. In at least one case, expansion of the geographic range of one species of louse apparently led to fragmentation of the range of another and subsequently, to allopatric speciation.

}, keywords = {Amblycera, associations, Australia, Boopiidae, group, Heterodoxus, host, Infestation, lice, marsupialia, octoseriatus, Phthiraptera, Pterogale, Queensland, rock wallaby, speciation, switching, zoogeography}, doi = {10.1016/0020-7519(90)90053-P}, url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2074135}, author = {Stephen C. Barker and Close,R. L.} } @article {38765, title = {Genetic divergence in Heterodoxus octoseriatus (Phthiraptera)}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {21}, year = {1991}, month = {1991}, pages = {479 - 482}, abstract = {

The geographic distributions of alleles at 11 gene loci in Heterodoxus octoseriatus were examined and found not to be random. Rather, there were at least two geographic patterns, one of which approximated the geographic distributions of the hosts Petrogale p. penicillata and P. p. herberti. Two explanations for the complex geographic arrangement of alleles and the unusually high level of intraspecific variation in H. octoseratus diverged in allopatry, and that subsequent hybredization of the new taxa led to differential introgression of the alleles. Secondly that H. octoseratus inhabits heterogeneous environments and that the intraspecific variation is a direct result of natural selection. The likelihood that evidence for divergence followed by hybredistation will be found in other species in the H. octoseratus group is discussed.

}, keywords = {allopatry, Allozyme, Amblycera, electrophoresis, Evolution, Heterodoxus, hybrid, introgression, lice, octoseratus, parasite, Petrogale, Phthiraptera, rock wallabies, speciation}, url = {http://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/38765.pdf}, author = {Stephen C. Barker and Close,R. L. and Briscoe,D. A.} } @article {38757, title = {Phylogeny and classification, origins and evolution of host associations of lice}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {24}, year = {1994}, month = {1994}, pages = {1285 - 1291}, abstract = {

Lice are highly successful ectoparasites. Most species of mammal and bird are infested by at least 1 but up to 6 species of lice. Current opinion is that lice evolved from free-living Psocoptera (booklice, barklice and psocids). It is generally agreed that there are four main groups of lice: Anoplura, Amblycera, Ischnocera, and Rhyncophthirina. In contrast there is no agreement on the phylogenetic relationships of these groups and their classification. In particular, there is much debate over the validity of the taxon Mallophaga, which is almost certainly paraphyletic. For many years the sister group of the Boopiidae, which almost certainly exclusively infest Australian marsupials, was thought to be a group of lice that now infest marsupials in South America. This, however, is almost certainly incorrect; the sister group of the boopidae almost certainly contains bird infesting lice from the Menoponidae (Amblycera). Thus, menoponid lice transfered from birds to mammals and from these arose the Boopiidae. Transfers of lice between mammals and birds have occured on other occasions during the evolution of the lice.; 2 of the 4 main groups of lice, the Ischnocera and the Amblycera, contain families that infest birds and families that infest mammals. Strict cospeciation and coevolution was thought to predominate amoung the lice; however, detailed studies show this to be incorrect. Consequently the axiom that lice and their hosts invariably coevolve should be abandoned. Ironically biologists may learn more about the evolutionary biology of hosts when host switching has occured. Some evidence exists for competition between species of lice; this interaction may determine whether or not the transfer of a species of louse to an atypical host (a potential host switch) is successful. Thus the extinction of populations of lice (that result in uninfested hosts) may fascilitate host switching and perhaps the evolution of new taxa of lice. In contrast the extinction of hosts unfortunately often leads to the extinction of species of lice.

}, keywords = {Amblycera, Anoplura, Boopiidae, coevolution, cospeciation, Fahrenholz{\textquoteright}s Law, group, Heterodoxus, host switching, Ischnocera, lice, Mallophaga, octoseriatus, Phthiraptera, Rhyncophthirina, rule}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/0052.pdf}, author = {Stephen C. Barker} }