@article {46275, title = {Head louse infestations: epidemiologic survey and treatment evaluation in Argentinian schoolchildren}, journal = {International journal of dermatology}, volume = {36}, year = {1997}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0243704; ppublish}, month = {1997}, pages = {819 - 825}, address = {UNITED STATES}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: Our aim was to demonstrate that the treatment of individual cases is effective, but not sufficient, to control endemic Pediculus capitis, and that eradication of the epidemiologic school focus may lower significantly the prevalence of infestation. Statistical data on the degree of infestation relating to socio-economic and cultural variables were also updated. Therapeutic effects and educational impact were evaluated. METHODS: An educational and motivational program was designed for pupils, parents, and teachers: 326 children and 15 adults were subjected to clinical and parasitologic evaluation. The recorded parameters included the age, sex, hair style and length, presence of other dermatologic diseases, degree of infestation, clinical remission, parasitologic remission, dwelling type and features, need to share a bed with co-dwellers, availability of home tap water supply, level of family income, and periodic medical controls. The entire population received treatment with neutral shampoo and rinsing cream containing 1\% permethrin. Exclusion criteria were the presence of acute scalp inflammation and a history of pyrethrin and/or pyrethroid sensitivity. Statistical analysis was performed as required on data expressed as frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations by chi-square and Fisher exact tests. RESULTS: The overall infestation prevalence rate was 81.5\%, the highest values corresponding to children from 6 to 11 years of age, with a slight predominance in males (55.4\% vs. 44.6\%). A significantly greater rate of clinical remission was observed in subjects enjoying home tap water supplies (p \< 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The model of research plus action adopted allows the following conclusions to be drawn: (i) individual and isolated treatments for pediculosis are useful, but will not by themselves allow for the epidemiologic control of this parasitosis; (ii) massive, complete, and simultaneous treatments lead to a significant decrease in infestation prevalence; (iii) educational measures tending to foster collective awareness enable greater epidemiologic surveillance to be achieved; (iv) careful inspection of the entire scalp is essential with the use of a powerful light source and lenses with high magnification, as the parasite has no predilection for any given area; (iv) socio-economic and cultural conditions are not relevant for infestation, although a good home tap water supply is essential for treatment.

}, keywords = {adolescent, adult, animals, Argentina, child, Child, Preschool, Comparative Study, evaluation, Housing, humans, Lice Infestations/epidemiology/prevention \& control/therapy, Middle Aged, Parents, Pediculus, Prevalence, scalp dermatoses, Skin Diseases/etiology/parasitology, Socioeconomic Factors, Time Factors, Treatment Outcome, water}, isbn = {0011-9059}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1365-4362.1997.00177.x}, author = {Chouela,E. and Abeldano,A. and Cirigliano,M. and Ducard,M. and Neglia,V. and La Forgia,M. and Colombo,A.} } @article {46232, title = {Efficacy of a pour-on formulation of doramectin against lice, mites, and grubs of cattle}, journal = {American Journal of Veterinary Research}, volume = {60}, year = {1999}, note = {LR: 20031114; JID: 0375011; 0 (Anthelmintics); 0 (Insecticides); 117704-25-3 (doramectin); 70288-86-7 (Ivermectin); ppublish}, month = {1999}, pages = {402 - 404}, address = {UNITED STATES}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To determine effectiveness of a pour-on formulation of doramectin against Damalinia bovis, Haematopinus eurysternus, Linognathus vituli, Solenopotes capillatus, Chorioptes bovis, Sarcoptes scabiei, Hypoderma bovis, and Hypoderma lineatum. ANIMALS: Cattle of various ages with naturally acquired or artificial infestations with 1 or more species of lice, mites, or grubs. PROCEDURE: In 10 louse and 6 mite studies, cattle were treated with doramectin (500 microg/kg, topically) on day 0, and parasite counts were performed approximately weekly from days 0 to 35. In 6 grub studies, cattle expected to harbor Hypoderma spp were treated before emergence of warbles. After warbles began to emerge, they were counted every 2 weeks, and grubs were collected and identified by species. RESULTS: Burdens of D bovis, H eurystemus, L vituli, and S capillatus on doramectin-treated cattle were 0 by 28 days after treatment. Burdens of C bovis and S scabiei decreased to 0 in naturally infested cattle and approximately 0 in artificially infested cattle by day 14 to 15. In grub studies, 107 of 136 control cattle had warbles, whereas 2 of 136 doramectin-treated cattle had 1 warble each, which represented a cure rate of 98.5\%. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: One topical application of doramectin was highly efficacious against common species of lice, mites, and grubs known to affect performance, health, and appearance of cattle.}, keywords = {Administration, Topical, animals, Anoplura, anthelmintic, cattle, Cattle Diseases, Diptera, Hypodermyiasis, insecticide, Ivermectin/administration \& dosage/analogs \& derivatives/therapeutic use, Lice Infestations/drug therapy/veterinary, Mallophaga, Mite Infestations/drug therapy/veterinary, Sarcoptes scabiei, Treatment Outcome}, isbn = {0002-9645}, author = {Rooney,K. A. and Illyes,E. F. and Sunderland,S. J. and Sarasola,P. and Hendrickx,M. O. and Keller,D. S. and Meinert,T. R. and Logan,N. B. and Weatherley,A. J. and Conder,G. A.} } @article {46159, title = {Over diagnosis and consequent mismanagement of head louse infestations in North America}, journal = {Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal}, volume = {19}, year = {2000}, month = {2000}, pages = {693 - 696; discussion 694}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: Lay personnel and many health care workers in the United States believe that head louse infestations caused by Pediculus capitis are exceedingly transmissible and that infested children readily infest others. Schoolchildren therefore frequently become ostracized and remain so until no signs of their presumed infestations are evident. Repeated applications of pediculicidal product and chronic school absenteeism frequently result.METHODS: To determine how frequently louse-related exclusions from schools and applications of pediculicidal therapeutic regimens might be inappropriate, we invited health care providers as well as nonspecialized personnel to submit specimens to us that were associated with a diagnosis of pediculiasis. Each submission was then characterized microscopically. RESULTS: Health care professionals as well as nonspecialists frequently overdiagnose pediculiasis capitis and generally fail to distinguish active from extinct infestations. Noninfested children thereby become quarantined at least as often as infested children. Traditional anti-louse formulations are overapplied as frequently as are \"alternative\" formulations. Pediculicidal treatments are more frequently applied to non-infested children than to children who bear active infestations. CONCLUSIONS: Pediculicidal treatments should be applied solely after living nymphal or adult lice or apparently viable eggs have been observed. Because health care providers as well as lay personnel generally misdiagnose pediculiasis, and because few symptoms and no direct infectious processes are known to result, we suggest that the practice of excluding presumably infested children from school may be more burdensome than the infestations themselves.

}, keywords = {Administration, Topical, adolescent, adult, Age Distribution, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, animals, child, Child, Preschool, Diagnosis, Differential, Follow-Up Studies, humans, incidence, Lice Infestations/diagnosis/drug therapy/epidemiology, Middle Aged, North America/epidemiology, Pediculus, Permethrin, Pyrethrum, risk factors, scalp, Sex Distribution, Treatment Outcome}, url = {https://journals.lww.com/pidj/Abstract/2000/08000/Overdiagnosis_and_consequent_mismanagement_of_head.3.aspx}, author = {Richard J. Pollack and Kiszewski,A. E. and Spielman,Andrew} } @article {46153, title = {Efficacy of 1\% permethrin for the treatment of head louse infestations among Kosovar refugees}, journal = {Military medicine}, volume = {165}, year = {2000}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 2984771R; 0 (Insecticides); 0 (Pyrethrins); 52645-53-1 (Permethrin); ppublish}, month = {2000}, pages = {698 - 700}, address = {UNITED STATES}, abstract = {We assessed the prevalence of head louse infestation and the effectiveness of 1\% permethrin against head lice in Kosovar refugees. A currently infested case was defined as a person with observable crawling lice (adults or nymphs) or a person with nits on the hair shaft within a quarter-inch of the scalp. Of the 1,051 refugees screened upon arrival in the United States, 107 (10\%) were infested. Crawling lice (adults or nymphs) were observed on 62 (6\%) of the individuals examined. Refugees with crawling lice were treated with a pediculicide containing 1\% permethrin. Of these, 57 were reexamined the next day. Twenty of the 57 individuals were reexamined 7 days after treatment. No crawling lice were found on any of the refugees examined after treatment. We conclude that 1\% permethrin treatment was effective in louse control in this refugee population.}, keywords = {adolescent, adult, animals, child, Child, Preschool, humans, Infant, insecticide, Lice Infestations/drug therapy/ethnology, Mass Screening, Middle Aged, New Jersey/epidemiology, Pediculus, Permethrin, Prevalence, Pyrethrum, scalp dermatoses, Treatment Outcome, Yugoslavia}, isbn = {0026-4075}, author = {Manjrekar,R. R. and Partridge,S. K. and Korman,A. K. and Barwick,R. S. and Juranek,D. D.} } @article {46099, title = {Levamisole: a safe and economical weapon against pediculosis}, journal = {International journal of dermatology}, volume = {40}, year = {2001}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0243704; 0 (Antinematodal Agents); 14769-73-4 (Levamisole); EIN: Int J Dermatol 2001 Dec;40(12):794; ppublish}, month = {2001}, pages = {292 - 294}, address = {United States}, abstract = {Twenty-eight patients with pediculosis capitis, defined as the presence of pruritus, living eggs, and/or lice in the hair, were enrolled in an uncontrolled open pilot study. The subjects were school-age girls (7-12 years old), apparently free of other diseases, and not treated for pediculosis for 4 weeks prior to this study. Family contacts were not treated for pediculosis. The mothers of the patients, who had given informed consent, were asked not to use any topical pediculocide on the girls during the drug trial. Other than the drug administered in the study, the subjects did not take any oral medicine, including cotrimoxazole and ivermectin, during the trial. Treatment consisted of 3.5 mg/kg once daily oral administration of levamisole for 10 successive days, which was given to the subjects in their school by health personnel. A 10-day course was chosen because the subjects lived in unhygienic and overcrowded conditions in a poor village where head lice infestation was hyperendemic. Therefore, two treatment courses spaced 10 days apart could not preclude new infestations from other affected persons and fomites and might have led to a false deduction of drug ineffectiveness. Substituting "N" for the grade of living nits and "L" for adult lice, three forms of response based on the meticulous examination of the entire scalp with the use of a lens with high magnification and a powerful light source were considered: (i) total responsiveness, defined as N2 = 0 and L2 = 0; (ii) partial responsiveness, defined as 0 not equal N2 or = N1 or L2 > or = L1. The detection of unhatched nits which were operculated and generally located within one-quarter of an inch of the scalp was used to indicate the presence of lice infestation and also to judge the clinical response. For those small nits whose opercula were difficult to see with a hand lens, a low power microscopic study was performed to determine whether the nits were unhatched or not. Of the 28 girls enrolled in the study, one patient refused to take the drug after 2 days of treatment. No adverse reactions were noted in any of the 28 subjects. On the 11th day, meticulous hair examination showed that 23 patients had responded to treatment (85\%; 95\% confidence interval (CI): 66-94\%). Of these, 18 showed complete responsiveness (67\%; 95\% CI: 48-82\%). More complete information is given in Table 1. Confidence intervals were calculated using the likelihood method. This study suggests that levamisole is effective against pediculosis with a dose of 3.5 mg/kg administered for 10 days.}, keywords = {animals, Antinematodal Agents/therapeutic use, child, humans, Levamisole/therapeutic use, Lice Infestations/drug therapy/parasitology, patient, Pediculus, Pilot Projects, scalp dermatoses, Treatment Outcome}, isbn = {0011-9059}, author = {Namazi,M. R.} } @article {46091, title = {Persistent head lice following multiple treatments}, journal = {Australasian Journal of Dermatology}, volume = {42}, year = {2001}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0135232; 58-89-9 (Lindane); CON: Australas J Dermatol. 2000 Nov;41(4):250-4. PMID: 11105372; CIN: Australas J Dermatol. 2002 May;43(2):154. PMID: 11982579; ppublish}, month = {2001}, pages = {146}, address = {Australia}, keywords = {Administration, Topical, animals, Follow-Up Studies, humans, Lice Infestations/diagnosis/drug therapy, Lindane/administration \& dosage, Pediculus, Recurrence, Treatment Outcome}, isbn = {0004-8380}, author = {Dallimore,K.} } @article {46094, title = {Towards the eradication of head lice: literature review and research agenda}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Nursing}, volume = {10}, year = {2001}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 9207302; RF: 31; ppublish}, month = {2001}, pages = {364 - 371}, address = {England}, abstract = {Head lice infestation is a public health issue. In the effort to compile an evidence-base about the physiology, detection, treatment, effects and management strategies of head lice infestations we reviewed current literature. This literature signalled significant evidence gaps and these gaps provide incentives for further research. Our conclusions from the literature are that parents of children are responsible for head lice detection and treatment but have varying access to advice about how best to treat this condition. Concern is exacerbated by misconceptions surrounding the circumstances of infestation. Head lice are a low priority for health professionals in Australia, whereas parents and teachers believe the problem necessitates greater attention. It is important to provide a unified evidence-based approach to good information. It is timely for health care professionals to re-examine and prioritize this public health issue. They should research and work collaboratively towards the eradication of head lice.}, keywords = {animals, Attitude of Health Personnel, Australia, child, health care, health education, humans, Lice Infestations/epidemiology/prevention \& control, Pediculus, public health, scalp dermatoses, Treatment Outcome}, isbn = {0962-1067}, author = {Koch,T. and Brown,M. and Selim,P. and Isam,C.} } @article {46079, title = {Head lice infestation: bug busting vs. traditional treatment}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Nursing}, volume = {10}, year = {2001}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 9207302; 0 (Hair Preparations); 0 (Insecticides); 0 (Pyrethrins); 26002-80-2 (phenothrin); ppublish}, month = {2001}, pages = {775 - 783}, abstract = {The two main methods of managing head lice infestation in the UK are head lice lotions and bug busting; there is no conclusive evidence as to which of these methods is most effective. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of the bug busting method with lotion. A pilot study in the form of a randomized controlled trial involving two semi-rural general practices was used. Thirty children aged 4-16 years were randomly assigned to two intervention groups. After initial dry combing to detect the presence of head lice, one group was treated with phenothrin lotion. The bug busting group received combing using special combs provided in the bug busting pack and hair conditioner. The main outcome measure was the number of adult live lice and nymphs at day 14. On day 14 in the bug busting group, total eradication of head lice had occurred in eight children; in the lotion group, total eradication had occurred in two children (P=0.052); number needed to treat 2.5 (95\% CI: 2.19-2.81). These results suggest that bug busting performed by nurses in a controlled situation is an effective method of managing head lice infestation.}, keywords = {adolescent, adult, animals, child, Child, Preschool, Comparative Study, Family Practice, hair, humans, hygiene, insecticide, Lice Infestations/prevention \& control, Parents, Pediculosis, Pediculus, Pilot Projects, Pyrethrum, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, rural health, scalp dermatoses, Time Factors, Treatment Outcome}, isbn = {0962-1067}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/44896.pdf}, author = {Plastow,Liz and Luthra,Manjo and Powell,Roy and Wright,Judith and Russell,David and Marshall,Martin N.} } @article {46072, title = {Persistent efficacy of doramectin topical solution against induced infestations of Bovicola bovis and Solenopotes capillatus}, journal = {Veterinary parasitology}, volume = {102}, year = {2001}, note = {LR: 20031114; JID: 7602745; 0 (Anthelmintics); 0 (Solutions); 117704-25-3 (doramectin); 70288-86-7 (Ivermectin); ppublish}, month = {2001}, pages = {235 - 241}, address = {Netherlands}, abstract = {A study was conducted in two locations, Wyoming and Wisconsin, USA, to evaluate the persistent efficacy of doramectin topical solution at a dose rate of 500 microg/kg body weight against artificially induced infestations of Bovicola bovis and Solenopotes capillatus on cattle. At each location, lice-free beef calves were individually housed and randomly allocated to treatment. Both B. bovis and S. capillatus were transferred from untreated donor animals to doramectin-treated cattle at the end of 35, 63, 91 or 126 day post-treatment periods. Cattle treated with a saline pour-on served as the control. Based on the geometric means of lice counts 2 weeks following transfer, the persistent efficacy of a single treatment with doramectin topical solution against induced infestations of B. bovis was 100.0, 100.0, 99.5, and 100.0\% at post-treatment days of 35, 63, 91, and 126, respectively. Persistent efficacy against induced infestations of S. capillatus, for the same intervals, were 100.0, 94.9, 86.3, and 74.9\%.}, keywords = {Administration, Topical, animals, Anoplura, anthelmintic, cattle, Cattle Diseases, Ivermectin/administration \& dosage/analogs \& derivatives/pharmacology, Lice Infestations/drug therapy/prevention \& control/veterinary, Mallophaga, parasite, Random Allocation, Solutions, Time Factors, Treatment Outcome}, isbn = {0304-4017}, author = {Lloyd,J. E. and Kumar,R. and Grubbs,M. A. and Waggoner,J. W. and Norelius,E. E. and Smith,L. L. and Brake,A. C. and Skogerboe,T. L. and Shostrom,V. K.} } @article {46066, title = {Widespread insecticide resistance in head lice to the over-the-counter pediculocides in England, and the emergence of carbaryl resistance}, journal = {British Journal of Dermatology}, volume = {146}, year = {2002}, month = {2002}, pages = {88 - 93}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: Increasing resistance to insecticides used for the control of head lice infestation has been documented over the last decade. Treatment failure and tolerance to insecticides have been validated in a number of studies undertaken in several U.K. centres.OBJECTIVES: To establish the extent of insecticide resistance in head lice and acetylcholinesterase activity in the presence of carbaryl in head lice. METHODS: Head lice were collected from school children in four centres across England (Exmouth, Loughborough, Leeds and South Shields), and tested in their response to the insecticides permethrin, phenothrin, malathion and carbaryl. Data were compared with information collected in Bristol and Bath in 1998 and with susceptible body lice. The activity of louse acetylcholinesterase was measured with and without carbaryl in head lice collected in Bristol, Leeds, Loughborough and in body lice. The efficacy of a 1\% carbaryl lotion was compared in children in Bristol and Leeds. RESULTS: Compared with body lice, head lice from all six centres were significantly different in their response (P \< 0.0001) to permethrin, phenothrin and malathion after 2-h exposure tests. There were significant differences in louse acetylcholinesterase activity in body lice, and head lice collected in Loughborough and Bristol in the presence or absence of carbaryl (P \< 0.001), indicating enzyme inhibition. However, the difference for lice from Leeds was not significant (P = 0.363) suggesting that the enzyme was resistant to carbaryl. Eighty-nine per cent of children treated in Leeds with carbaryl were cured compared with 100\% in Bristol. CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest head lice resistance is present in many parts of England to over-the-counter products containing synthetic insecticides (permethrin, phenothrin and malathion). They further suggest that resistance is starting to develop to carbaryl in head lice in Leeds and that extensive use of this product would lead to significant resistance.

}, keywords = {animals, carbaryl, child, Drug Resistance, Drugs, Non-Prescription/therapeutic use, humans, insecticide, Lice Infestations/drug therapy, Malathion, Pediculus, Permethrin, Pyrethrum, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Treatment Outcome}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.2002.04473.x}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1046/j.1365-2133.2002.04473.x}, author = {Downs,A. M. R. and Stafford,K. A. and Hunt,L. P. and Ravenscroft,J. C. and G. C. Coles} } @article {46050, title = {Wet combing for head lice: feasibility in mass screening, treatment preference and outcome}, journal = {Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine}, volume = {95}, year = {2002}, month = {2002}, pages = {348 - 352}, abstract = {

There is no scientific consensus on the best way to control head louse infestation in schoolchildren. A study was conducted to test the feasibility and acceptability of a screening campaign by wet combing and a community approach to head-louse control with home visits, and to explore parents\&$\#$39; treatment preferences and treatment outcomes. A non-controlled intervention (advice on treatment options offered to all positive children) was nested within an epidemiological prevalence study. All children in three primary schools in Ghent, Belgium, were invited to take part in screening by wet combing (n=677, 3-11 years). Positive children were offered structural treatment advice, a home visit on day 7, and a check by wet combing on day 14. 83\% of the children were screened. The prevalence of active infestation (living moving lice) was 13.0\% in school 1 and 19.5\% in school 3. In school 2, prevalence of signs of active and past infestation was 40.7\%. A home visit was made to 58\% of the positive children. 85\% of the positive children were screened again on day 14. Wet combing was the most widely used treatment, followed by chemical treatment and a combination of the two. In school 1 and 3 51\% were cured, and in school 2 24\% became nit-free. A wet combing screening campaign and a community-oriented approach to head-louse control is feasible though resource-intensive. The prevalence of head lice was high and the cure rate was low, with either topical treatments or wet combing.

}, keywords = {animals, Belgium/epidemiology, child, Child, Preschool, Feasibility Studies, humans, Lice Infestations/epidemiology/prevention \& control, Mass Screening/methods/standards, patient, Pediculus, Prevalence, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, scalp dermatoses, Treatment Outcome}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1177/014107680209500707}, url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/014107680209500707}, author = {Vander Stichele,Robert H. and Gyssels,L. and Bracke,C. and Meersschaut,Filip and Blokland,Ineke and Wittouck,E. and Willems,S. and De Maeseneer,Jan} } @article {46051, title = {Evaluation of the efficacy of fipronil formulations in the treatment and control of biting lice, Trichodectes canis (De Geer, 1778) on dogs}, journal = {Veterinary parasitology}, volume = {107}, year = {2002}, note = {LR: 20031114; JID: 7602745; 0 (Aerosols); 0 (Insecticides); 0 (Pyrazoles); 120068-37-3 (fipronil); ppublish}, month = {2002}, pages = {127 - 136}, address = {Netherlands}, abstract = {

The efficacy of FRONTLINE SPRAY (0.25\% (w/v) fipronil), FRONTLINE SPOT-ON FOR DOGS (10\% (w/v) fipronil) and FRONTLINE PLUS FOR DOGS (10\% (w/v) fipronil and 9\% (S)-methoprene) against the biting louse Trichodectes canis on dogs was confirmed under laboratory conditions. A field study evaluated the efficacy of a single topical application of FRONTLINE SPRAY and FRONTLINE SPOT-ON against the parasite on dogs. A total of 48 dogs of mixed breeds, both sexes, aged 2 months-7 years and weighing 1.8-37.0kg were used. The animals were either experimentally (laboratory study) or naturally (field study) infested with lice. Dogs were housed individually in order to prevent contact between animals. In the laboratory study, animals were allocated based on pre-treatment louse counts from 38 hair coat-partings per animal. Dogs were randomly assigned to the four treatment groups: (1) untreated control; (2) FRONTLINE SPRAY, at 6ml/kg; (3) FRONTLINE SPOT-ON as per label and (4) FRONTLINE PLUS as per label. Dogs in treatment groups 2-4 were treated twice topically on Days 0 and 28. The number of live lice in the 38 hair coat-partings per animal were counted on Days 2, 7 and weekly to Day 63. In addition, a whole body comb count was performed on Day 63. No live T. canis were found on dogs treated with FRONTLINE formulations at any post-treatment examination. The difference from controls was significant (P98\% on Day 2 and, 100\% on Days 28 and 42 in all treatment groups. The results of these studies demonstrate that fipronil in topical formulations is effective for treatment and control of biting lice (T. canis) infestations on dogs.

}, keywords = {Administration, Topical, Aerosols, animals, Dog Diseases, insecticide, Lice Infestations/drug therapy/prevention \& control/veterinary, Mallophaga, Pyrazoles, Treatment Outcome}, isbn = {0304-4017}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4017(02)00090-0}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304401702000900}, author = {Pollmeier,M. and Pengo,G. and Jeannin,P. and Soll,M.} } @article {46015, title = {Efficacy of a 1\% lambdacyhalothrin cattle Pour-on (Saber) against sucking and biting lice infesting beef cattle}, journal = {Veterinary Therapeutics}, volume = {3}, year = {2002}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 100936368; 0 (Insecticides); 0 (Pyrethrins); 68085-85-8 (cyhalothrin); ppublish}, month = {2002}, pages = {387 - 395}, address = {United States}, abstract = {Four studies were conducted to determine the efficacy of a 1\% lambdacyhalothrin pour-on (Saber Pour-on, Schering-Plough Animal Health) for control of sucking lice (Linognathus vituli, Haematopinus eurysternus, Solenopotes capillatus) and biting lice (Damalinia bovis) on beef cattle. Seventy-four mixed-breed cattle naturally infested with one or more species of lice at locations in Wisconsin, Nebraska, Oklahoma, and North Dakota were included in the study. Pretreatment lice samples were taken and identified by genus with the exception that sucking lice were not identified by genus at the North Dakota site. In January or February, half of the cattle at each location received a single application of 1\% lambdacyhalothrin pour-on at 10 ml per head for cattle weighing less than 273 kg (600 lb) or 15 ml per head for cattle weighing 273 kg or more. The other cattle at each site served as untreated controls. Lice on designated body areas were counted 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks after treatment, and the sum of all lice observed on each counting area was reported for each animal. The collective efficacy 6 weeks after treatment against three species of sucking lice (L. vituli, H. eurysternus, S. capillatus) was 88.4\% at the Wisconsin site, 92.0\% at the North Dakota site, and 100\% at the Nebraska and Oklahoma sites. The 1\% lambdacyhalothrin pour-on eliminated all biting lice within 2 weeks after treatment, and no biting lice were detected 8 weeks after treatment. A single treatment of 1\% lambdacyhalothrin pour-on administered when lice populations were highest (January or February) provided effective season-long control of both biting and sucking lice on cattle.}, keywords = {Administration, Cutaneous, animals, cattle, Cattle Diseases, insecticide, lice, Lice Infestations/drug therapy/veterinary, Nebraska, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Pyrethrum, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Seasons, Treatment Outcome, Wisconsin}, isbn = {1528-3593}, author = {Endris,R. G. and Amodie,D. and Reuter,V. and Hair,J. A. and Meyer,H. J. and Carey,D. R. and Campbell,J. B. and Smith,L. L. and Meyer,J. A.} } @article {46010, title = {Efficacy of selamectin against biting lice on dogs and cats}, journal = {Veterinary Record}, volume = {152}, year = {2003}, month = {2003}, pages = {234 - 237}, abstract = {The efficacy of selamectin was evaluated against naturally acquired Trichodectes canis infestations on dogs and against Felicola subrostratus infestations on cats. Twenty dogs and 18 cats were randomly allocated to treatment with either a placebo or selamectin (6 mg/kg), administered topically once only on day 0. The treatment had no adverse effects in either the dogs or the cats. Efficacy was assessed by counting the live lice (adults and nymphs) on each animal by using a coat-parting technique on days -3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 for the dogs, and on days -1, 7, 21, 35 and 42 for the cats. On day 43, the number of live lice on each dog was also assessed by using a whole-body combing technique. Selamectin was 100 per cent effective in killing biting lice on the dogs and cats throughout the period of assessment; the louse counts on the treated dogs and cats were significantly lower than the pretreatment counts (P = 0.0001) and were also significantly lower than on the placebo-treated dogs (P < 0.05) and cats (P = 0.0001). There was a marked reduction in the prevalence of clinical signs associated with ectoparasite infestation in the treated dogs and no clinical signs were observed in any of the treated cats.}, keywords = {Administration, Cutaneous, animals, Bovicola, cat, Dog Diseases, Felicola, insecticide, Ivermectin/administration \& dosage/analogs \& derivatives/therapeutic use, lice, Lice Infestations/drug therapy/veterinary, Treatment Outcome}, author = {Shanks,D. J. and Gautier,P. and McTier,T. L. and Evans,N. A. and Pengo,G. and Rowan,T. G.} } @article {45939, title = {Relationship of treatment-resistant head lice to the safety and efficacy of pediculicides}, journal = {Mayo Clinic Proceedings}, volume = {79}, year = {2004}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0405543; 0 (Insecticides); 0 (Pyrethrins); 121-75-5 (Malathion); 52645-53-1 (Permethrin); 58-89-9 (Lindane); RF: 33; ppublish}, month = {2004}, pages = {661 - 666}, address = {United States}, abstract = {

Head lice infestation is a common and growing problem that primarily affects school-aged children. Most cases of head lice are diagnosed and treated by nonphysicians. Misdiagnosis may lead to treatment when no lice are present. Treatment failure may lead to repeated use of and improperly applied pediculicides, potentially resulting in overexposure to pesticides. These treatment failures are primarily due to the emergence of treatment-resistant lice. In regions where resistant lice are common, patients may self-treat numerous times with over-the-counter pediculicides before seeking treatment from a physician. Resistance has decreased the efficacy of lindane, a prescription pediculicide that has been used for decades. In addition, the Food and Drug Administration recently warned of potentially serious adverse effects associated with lindane and recommended strict controls for its use. Malathion, recently reintroduced in the United States as a prescription pediculicide, has not been associated with treatment resistance or notable adverse effects, although it is flammable due to its alcohol base. Because of concerns about decreasing efficacy due to resistance and safety concerns about over-the-counter products and some prescription pediculicides, a reassessment of pediculicide safety is warranted. The safety and efficacy of commonly used over-the-counter and prescription pediculicide products are discussed, along with the safety and efficacy of other treatments, such as ivermectin, that are not indicated for the treatment of head lice but are being used increasingly.

}, keywords = {animals, humans, insecticide, Lice Infestations/drug therapy, Lindane/adverse effects/therapeutic use, Malathion, Pediculus, Permethrin, Pyrethrum, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, scalp dermatoses, Treatment Outcome}, isbn = {0025-6196}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299160332_Relationship_of_treatment-resistant_head_lice_to_the_safety_and_efficacy_of_pediculicides}, author = {Craig G. Burkhart} } @article {45925, title = {A simple treatment for head lice: dry-on, suffocation-based pediculicide}, journal = {Pediatrics}, volume = {114}, year = {2004}, note = {LR: 20050927; JID: 0376422; 0 (Fatty Alcohols); 0 (Insecticides); 0 (Nuvo); 151-21-3 (Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate); 57-55-6 (Propylene Glycol); CIN: Pediatrics. 2005 May;115(5):1452-3. PMID: 15867085; ppublish}, month = {2004}, pages = {e275 - 9}, address = {United States}, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: The emergence of drug-resistant lice has created the need for new therapies. This study assesses a new method without neurotoxins, extensive household cleaning, or nit removal. METHODS: One hundred thirty-three subjects participated in 2 open clinical trials. In the first trial, 93 subjects completed treatment using a nontoxic, dry-on, suffocation-based, pediculicide lotion, minimal household cleaning measures, and physical removal of the nits. In the second trial, 40 subjects completed treatment using an identical protocol except that the nits were not removed. Head lice infestation was defined as a wet combing test showing lice. Cure was defined as a wet combing test showing no lice, with an absence of symptoms. Subjects were contacted 6 months later, for assessment of their disease status. RESULTS: Cure was achieved for 97\% of the patients in the first trial and 95\% in the second trial. Remission at the follow-up assessment was reported for 77 of 82 subjects (94\%) in the first trial and 36 of 38 subjects (95\%) in the second trial. There was no statistical difference in cure rates or remission rates between the protocols with and without nit removal. The overall cure rate was 96\%, with a remission rate of 94\%. There were no adverse effects. CONCLUSIONS: Dry-on, suffocation-based, pediculicide lotion effectively treats head lice without neurotoxins, nit removal, or extensive house cleaning. These results are comparable or superior to the results previously reported for treatments with permethrin, pyrethrin, and malathion.}, keywords = {Administration, Topical, adolescent, adult, animals, Asphyxia, child, Child, Preschool, Fatty Alcohols/administration \& dosage/therapeutic use, humans, Infant, insecticide, Lice Infestations/therapy, Middle Aged, Pediculus, Recurrence, scalp dermatoses, Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate/administration \& dosage/therapeutic use, Treatment Outcome}, isbn = {1098-4275}, author = {Pearlman,D. L.} } @article {45909, title = {Natural infestation of the chewing lice (Werneckiella equi) on horses and treatment with imidacloprid and phoxim}, journal = {Parasitology research}, volume = {94}, year = {2004}, month = {2004}, pages = {367 - 370}, abstract = {

Infestation with the chewing louse (Werneckiella (Damalinia) equi) can be found on horses world-wide. Louse infestations, including clinical signs of louse-derived dermatitis, are known from Icelandic horses. A clinical field investigation was conducted in Iceland using horses with natural louse infestations to evaluate the efficacy of imidacloprid in a 10\% solution in comparison with phoxim in a 0.05\% solution. A total of 27 horses received a single imidacloprid treatment using 16 ml of the 10\% solution along the mane and on the dorso-lateral trunk. A further 43 horses were treated twice, 14 days apart, with phoxim, using 2 x 50 ml solution applied along the mane and the dorso-lateral trunk. At the final evaluation on day 28, complete control of the lice was obtained for the imidacloprid treated horses and only a single moribund louse was found on two horses treated with phoxim.

}, keywords = {animals, Horse Diseases, horses, insecticide, Lice Infestations/drug therapy/parasitology, Lice/drug effects, organophosphate, Treatment Outcome}, isbn = {0932-0113}, url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00436-004-1227-0}, author = {Mencke,N. and Larsen,Kim S. and Eydal,M. and Sigurdsson,H.} } @article {45907, title = {Efficacy of a reduced application time of Ovide lotion (0.5\% malathion) compared to Nix creme rinse (1\% permethrin) for the treatment of head lice}, journal = {Pediatric dermatology}, volume = {21}, year = {2004}, note = {JID: 8406799; 0 (Insecticides); 121-75-5 (Malathion); 52645-53-1 (Permethrin); ppublish}, month = {2004}, pages = {670 - 674}, address = {United States}, abstract = {

Our objective was to conduct a randomized, investigator-blinded evaluation of the pediculicidal and ovicidal activity of a reduced application time (20 minutes) of Ovide (0.5\% malathion) compared to Nix (1\% permethrin) in a south Florida population infested with Pediculus humanus capitis. Either Ovide or Nix was applied according to the label instructions. However, Ovide application time was reduced to 20 minutes. At day 8, subjects with live lice were re-treated with the same product and procedure as on day 1. Ovicidal and pediculicidal efficacy were evaluated at days 8 and 15. A subject free of lice and viable eggs at day 15 was considered to be a treatment success. Percent efficacy was calculated using the number of subjects free of lice and viable eggs per total number of subjects treated. We found that a 20-minute application of Ovide was significantly more pediculicidal and ovicidal (98\%) compared to Nix (55\%) at day 15 (p \< 0.0001). The percentage of Ovide subjects who required treatment at day 8 was half that of the Nix group. The reinfestation rate was 0\% with Ovide and 33\% with Nix. In conclusion, a 20-minute treatment with Ovide, instead of the approved 8- to 12-hour application, cured 40 of 41 subjects (98\%), demonstrating superior efficacy to Nix. The poor efficacy of Nix confirms the resistance of head lice to permethrin in south Florida.

}, keywords = {adolescent, adult, Aged, animals, child, Comparative Study, Dose-Response, Florida, humans, insecticide, Lice Infestations/drug therapy, Malathion, Middle Aged, Pediculus, Permethrin, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, scalp dermatoses, Single-Blind Method, Treatment Outcome}, isbn = {0736-8046}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0736-8046.2004.21613.x}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.0736-8046.2004.21613.x}, author = {Meinking,Terri Lynn and Vicaria,M. and Eyerdam,D. H. and Villar,M. E. and Reyna,S. and Suarez,G.} } @article {45899, title = {Repellency of citronella for head lice: double-blind randomized trial of efficacy and safety}, journal = {Israel Medical Association Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2004}, note = {JID: 100930740; 0 (Insect Repellents); 0 (Plant Oils); ppublish}, month = {2004}, pages = {756 - 759}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: Head lice move easily from head to head. The lack of safe, effective repellents leads to reinfestation. OBJECTIVES: To test the efficacy of a slow-release citronella formulation as a repellent against the head louse. METHODS: During 4 months in 2003 a randomized, placebo-controlled double-blind clinical study was conducted in four elementary schools; 103 children were treated with the test formulation and 95 with a placebo. RESULTS: A significant difference was observed during the second examination 2 months later, when 12.0\% of the children treated with the test repellent and 50.5\% of those treated with placebo were infested with lice. A significant difference was also observed at the third examination 2 months later, when 12.4\% of the children treated with the test repellent and 33.7\% treated with placebo were infested. Overall, there were significant differences between those treated with the repellent and those treated with the placebo (15.4\% and 55.1\% respectively, P \< 0.0001). Side effects were observed in 4.4\% of children who disliked the odor of the formulation, and an additional 1.0\% who complained of a slight itching and burning sensation. CONCLUSIONS: Use of an effective repellent could significantly lower the incidence of reinfestations, which would lower expenditure on lice control, including pediculicides, combs and products for nit removal, and the time spent on treatment and removal of the nits.

}, keywords = {adolescent, Age Distribution, animals, child, Cymbopogon, Double Blind, humans, Insect repellents, Israel/epidemiology, Lice Infestations/drug therapy/epidemiology/prevention \& control, pdf, Pediculus, Phytotherapy, Plant Extracts, Recurrence, scalp dermatoses, Sex Distribution, Treatment Outcome}, isbn = {1565-1088}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/44670.pdf}, author = {Kosta Y. Mumcuoglu and Magdassi,Shlomo and Miller,Jacqueline and Ben-Ishai,Fiameta and Zentner,Gary and Helbin,Valery and Michael Friger and Kahana,Frigita and Ingber,Arieh} } @article {45888, title = {Efficacy of eprinomectin against Linognathus vituli and Bovicola bovis on calves}, journal = {Veterinary Record}, volume = {156}, year = {2005}, month = {2005}, pages = {112 - 113}, keywords = {Administration, Topical, animals, Anoplura, cattle, Cattle Diseases, insecticide, Ivermectin/analogs \& derivatives/pharmacology/therapeutic use, Mallophaga, Time Factors, Treatment Outcome}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.156.4.112}, url = {https://bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1136/vr.156.4.112}, author = {Rehbein,S. and Pitt,S. R. and Rossi,L. and Pollmeier,M.} } @article {45872, title = {Treatment of head louse infestation with 4\% dimeticone lotion: randomised controlled equivalence trial}, journal = {British Medical Journal}, volume = {330}, year = {2005}, note = {DEP: 20050610; JID: 8900488; 0 (Insecticides); 0 (Pyrethrins); 0 (Siloxanes); 0 (dimeticone); 26002-80-2 (phenothrin); 2005/06/10 [aheadofprint]; ppublish}, month = {2005}, pages = {1423 - 1426}, abstract = {

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of 4\% dimeticone lotion for treatment of head louse infestation.DESIGN: Randomised controlled equivalence trial. SETTING: Community, with home visits. PARTICIPANTS: 214 young people aged 4 to 18 years and 39 adults with active head louse infestation. INTERVENTIONS: Two applications seven days apart of either 4.0\% dimeticone lotion, applied for eight hours or overnight, or 0.5\% phenothrin liquid, applied for 12 hours or overnight. OUTCOME MEASURES: Cure of infestation (no evidence of head lice after second treatment) or reinfestation after cure. RESULTS: Cure or reinfestation after cure occurred in 89 of 127 (70\%) participants treated with dimeticone and 94 of 125 (75\%) treated with phenothrin (difference -5\%, 95\% confidence interval -16\% to 6\%). Per protocol analysis showed that 84 of 121 (69\%) participants were cured with dimeticone and 90 of 116 (78\%) were cured with phenothrin. Irritant reactions occurred significantly less with dimeticone (3/127, 2\%) than with phenothrin (11/125, 9\%; difference -6\%, -12\% to -1\%). Per protocol this was 3 of 121 (3\%) participants treated with dimeticone and 10 of 116 (9\%) treated with phenothrin (difference -6\%, -12\% to -0.3\%). CONCLUSION: Dimeticone lotion cures head louse infestation. Dimeticone seems less irritant than existing treatments and has a physical action on lice that should not be affected by resistance to neurotoxic insecticides.

}, keywords = {Administration, Topical, adolescent, adult, animals, child, Child, Preschool, Follow-Up Studies, humans, insecticide, Lice Infestations/drug therapy, Pediculus, Pyrethrum, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, scalp dermatoses, Siloxanes/administration \& dosage, Treatment Outcome}, isbn = {1468-5833}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/44641.pdf}, author = {Burgess,Ian F. and Christine M. Brown and Lee,Peter N.} } @article {45859, title = {Single blind, randomised, comparative study of the Bug Buster kit and over the counter pediculicide treatments against head lice in the United Kingdom}, journal = {British Medical Journal}, volume = {331}, year = {2005}, month = {2005}, pages = {384 - 387}, abstract = {

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effectiveness of the Bug Buster kit with a single treatment of over the counter pediculicides for eliminating head lice. DESIGN: Single blind, multicentre, randomised, comparative clinical study. SETTING: Four counties in England and one county in Scotland. PARTICIPANTS: 133 young people aged 2-15 years with head louse infestation: 56 were allocated to the Bug Buster kit and 70 to pediculicide treatment. INTERVENTIONS: Home use of proprietary pediculicides (organophosphate or pyrethroid) or the Bug Buster kit. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Presence of head lice 2-4 days after end of treatment: day 5 for the pediculicides and day 15 for the Bug Buster kit. RESULTS: The cure rate using the Bug Buster kit was significantly greater than that for the pediculicides (57\% v 13\%; relative risk 4.4, 95\% confidence interval 2.3 to 8.5). Number needed to treat for the Bug Buster kit compared with the pediculicides was 2.26. CONCLUSION: The Bug Buster kit was the most effective over the counter treatment for head louse infestation in the community when compared with pediculicides.

}, keywords = {adolescent, animals, child, Child, Preschool, Comparative Study, Drugs, Non-Prescription, hair, humans, hygiene, Infant, insecticide, Lice Infestations/prevention \& control, Malathion, Pediculus, Permethrin, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, risk factors, scalp dermatoses, Single-Blind Method, Treatment Outcome}, doi = {10.1136/bmj.38537.468623.E0}, url = {https://www.bmj.com/content/331/7513/384}, author = {Hill,Nigel and Moor,G. and Cameron,M. M. and Butlin,A. and Preston,S. and Williamson,M. S. and Bass,C.} } @article {45855, title = {Seasonal occurrence and production effects of the biting louse Damalinia limbata on Angora goats and 2 treatment options}, journal = {Journal of the South African Veterinary Association}, volume = {76}, year = {2005}, note = {JID: 7503122; 0 (Insecticides); 0 (Nitriles); 0 (Pyrethrins); 52820-00-5 (decamethrin); ppublish}, month = {2005}, pages = {74 - 78}, address = {South Africa}, abstract = {

Adult biting lice Damalinia limbata (Gervais 1844) were most numerous on Angora goats in southwestern Free State Province from November to May with the smallest numbers present during August. Nymphs were most numerous from January to March with the smallest numbers present during July. The largest proportion of adult lice was present on the ventral surface of goats during winter, when population numbers were lowest, and the largest proportion of nymphs during summer, when population numbers were highest. Infestation did not affect the body weight of goats, but adversely affected both the quantity and quality of mohair produced. A single treatment with deltamethrin, applied as a pour-on along the mid-line of the backs of the goats, effectively controlled infestation and resulted in a significant increase in mohair production compared with untreated goats. Deltamethrin sprayed along the sides of the animals was equally effective in controlling infestation.

}, keywords = {animals, goat diseases, goats, insecticide, Lice Infestations/drug therapy/epidemiology/veterinary, Mallophaga, Nitriles/pharmacology/therapeutic use, Pyrethrum, Seasons, Treatment Outcome, wool}, isbn = {1019-9128}, url = {https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/59f2/e44ffe9b3f3e187356a67a27acf408ae56be.pdf}, author = {Brown,L. and van der Linde,T. C. and Fourie,L. J. and Horak,Ivan G.} }