@article {96541, title = {The prevalence and potential factors associated with ecto-parasitic infestations in Black Bengal Goats in Mymensingh, Bangladesh}, journal = {Bangladesh Journal of Veterinary Medicine}, volume = {19}, year = {2021}, month = {Jan-10-2021}, pages = {93-105}, abstract = {

Background: Ecto-parasites namely ticks, lice and flea are important due to their blood sucking habit, skin damage and acting as vectors for various disease pathogens in both livestock and humans. The aims of this study were to estimate the prevalence and identify potential factors associated with ecto-parasitic infestations at Mymensingh sadar, Mymensingh.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was undertaken during July 2019 to June 2020. The data on risk factors was recorded using a questionnaire. Ecto-parasites were collected from randomly selected 173 goats and examined by preparing permanent slides. The potential factors were identified by univariable analysis.

Main results: The overall prevalence of ectoparasitic infestation was 60.1\% (104/173). The identified ecto-parasites were Damalinia caprae (83, 47.9\%), Linognathus stenopsis (42, 24.3\%), Haemaphysalis bispinosa (36, 20.8\%) and Ctenocephalides canis (16, 9.3\%). Female (70.7\%) goats were 2.9 times more prone to ecto-parasitic infestations than male goats (48.2\%). Significantly highest infestations was recorded in adult goats (72.7\%), followed by the young goats (52.7\%) and the lowest in kids (46.3\%). Also, prevalence was significantly (p\< 0.001) higher in poor conditioned (76.4\%) and anemic (72.9\%) goats than that of good conditioned (34.3\%) and non-anemic (44.2\%) goats, respectively. Furthermore, acaricides /insecticides use in goats greatly influenced the prevalence of ecto-parasitic infestations. Prevalence was higher in those goats that never treated with acaricides and/or insecticides (70.78\%) than those goats regularly treated with acaricides/insecticides (27.91\%).

Conclusions: A very high prevalence of ecto-parasitic infestation was recorded in goats of Mymensingh district. Farmers awareness should be increased to control ectoparasitic infestations especially in female, adult and goats with poor body condition.

}, keywords = {age, Body condition, epidemiology, flea, lice, Tick}, doi = {10.33109/bjvmjd2021fam1}, url = {http://bjvm.org/index.php/home/article/view/90}, author = {S. M. Shuvo and Tanbin Rubaiya Siddiqui and M. R. Hoque and N. Begum and D. R. Paul and Md. Abdul Alim and M. Z. Alam and A. R. Dey} } @article {96363, title = {Spillover and spillback risks of ectoparasites by an invasive squirrel Callosciurus erythraeus in Kanto region of Japan}, journal = {International Journal of Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife}, volume = {19}, year = {2022}, month = {Dec-01-2022}, pages = {1-8}, abstract = {

Invasive organisms can alter host-parasite relationships in a given ecosystem by spreading exotic parasites and/or becoming a new reservoir for native ones. Since these problems affect management programs of the invasive host organisms, it is necessary to monitor them individually. The Pallas\&$\#$39;s squirrel Callosciurus erythraeus is an invasive arboreal mammal introduced into Japan that threatens to exacerbate ecological and public health problems by spreading native and exotic parasites. However, only limited surveys have been available, especially for ectoparasites using the traditional combing method in which the possibility of oversight is inherent. Here, we evaluated the ectoparasite occurrences in Kanto region of Japan, using the whole-shaving method as an alternative approach. As a result of examining 52 hosts from two invaded districts (Yokohama and Yokosuka), chigger mites (Leptotrombidium spp.) and fleas (Ceratophyllus anisus and Ceratophyllus indages indages) were newly recovered in addition to the previously reported tick (Haemaphysalis flava) and exotic lice (Enderleinellus kumadai and Neophaematoponis callosciuri). The parasite burdens were higher in Yokosuka and in male host individuals, affecting infracommunity richness and composition. Our findings on the variety of native and exotic ectoparasites, at higher abundances in some cases than previously known, may suggest that both the spillover and spillback risks need to be adjusted upwards.

}, keywords = {Chigger mite, flea, lice, Management, Pallas{\textquoteright}s squirrel, Tick, zoonosis}, issn = {2213-2244}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijppaw.2022.07.006}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213224422000682}, author = {Hirotaka Katahira and Yuya Eguchi and Saki Hirose and Yukino Ohtani and Azusa Banzai and Yusaku Ohkubo and Tatsuki Shimamoto} } @inbook {96360, title = {Cutaneous Diseases Caused by Arthropods and Other Noxious Animals}, booktitle = {Atlas of Dermatology, Dermatopathology and Venereology}, year = {2020}, pages = {251-265}, publisher = {Springer International Publishing}, organization = {Springer International Publishing}, abstract = {

This chapter discusses the cutaneous manifestations caused by arthropods which includes insects, ticks, mites, spiders, and scorpions. Infestations by arthropods as well as their developing stages lead to various cutaneous and sometimes systemic symptoms These cutaneous manifestations are varied and nonspecific. It may cause lesions like petechiae, purpura, ulcer, nodule, and atrophic, and hyper-pigmented lesions. Most lesions develop because of immune reactions to the potential allergen

}, keywords = {Ant, arthropod, Bed bug, Bee, Beetle, body louse, Bug, cimex lectularius, Clothing louse, Coleopteran, Crab Louse, Cutaneous disease, Demodex, Diptera, flea, Head louse, Hemipteran, Hymenoptera, louse, myiasis, Norwegian scabies, Noxious anima, Pediculus capitis, pediculus corporis, Phthiriasis pubis, Pubic louse, Sarcoptes scabiei, Scabies, Scorpion, Siphonaptera, Tick, Wasp}, isbn = {9783319451343, 9783319451343}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-45134-3_77-1}, url = {https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-319-53805-1_77}, author = {Sumit Kar and Nidhi Yadav and Pooja Bonde and Varsha Verma} } @article {95552, title = {Screening of ectoparasites from domesticated dogs for bacterial pathogens in Vientiane, Lao PDR}, journal = {Zoonoses and Public Health}, volume = {67}, year = {2020}, month = {Jul-10-2020}, pages = {862-868}, type = {Open Access, short communication}, abstract = {

Arthropod-borne diseases are widespread worldwide and are a complex interaction between animals, humans and ectoparasites. The understanding of the diversity and epidemiology of organisms transmitted by arthropod vectors, and the role of hosts and vectors in transmission of infections remain limited in Lao PDR. What knowledge does exist is primarily focused on more rural regions of the country. This study screened ectoparasites from domestic dogs in Vientiane city for the presence of bacterial pathogens of zoonotic importance. A total of 3,511 arthropod vectors were collected from 112 dogs. Vectors collected were Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks, Ctenocephalides felis felis and Ctenocephalides felis orientis fleas and Heterodoxus spiniger lice. A sub-sample of vectors from each dog was analysed by PCR to identify the potential bacteria. From 129 vector pools, Rickettsia spp. was detected in 6.7\% (7/105) pools of ticks, 86.4\% (19/22) pools of fleas and both pools of lice. Sequencing analysis confirmed Rickettsia felis in 13 flea pools and one louse pool and Rickettsia asembonensis in six flea pools. Anaplasmataceae was identified in 14.3\% (15/105) tick pools and 100\% (22/22) flea pools. Sequencing revealed the presence of Anaplasma platys in ticks and Wolbachia pipientis in fleas. Leptospira spp. was detected in one tick and one louse pool, and Brucella spp. was detected in 12.4\% (13/105) tick pools. All samples were negative for Bartonella spp., Coxiella burnetii and Borrelia burgdorferi. This is the first study providing evidence of R. asembonensis in fleas in Laos. Results from this study show arthropods are potential vectors to transmit zoonotic infection in Vientiane city, suggesting humans are at risk of zoonotic infections in the city.

}, keywords = {arthropod, domesticated animals, flea, Laos, lice, ticks}, issn = {1863-1959, 1863-2378}, doi = {10.1111/zph.12753}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/zph.12753}, author = {Hung-Manh Nguyen and Watthana Theppannga and Khamsing Vongphayloth and Bounlom Douangngeun and Stuart D. Blacksell and Matthew T. Robinson} } @article {95269, title = {Ectoparasites and Skin Lesions in Wild-Caught Spotted-Tailed Quoll (Dasyurus maculatus) (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae)}, journal = {Comparative Parasitology}, volume = {75}, year = {2008}, pages = {271 - 277}, abstract = {

Ectoparasites were collected from 32 wild spotted-tailed quolls (Dasyurus maculatus) trapped in the Tuggolo State Forest, New South Wales, Australia, during February and March 2005. Species collected included 2 ixodid ticks, 2 sarcoptiform mites, and 5 fleas from the families Pygiopsyllidae and Stephanocircidae. The presence of a mange-like skin condition was observed in several of the animals during trapping, evidenced by pruritic dermatitis and alopecia on the limbs, tail, rump, and face. A biopsy taken of the muzzle region of a male quoll displaying mange-like features and subsequent histological examination revealed the presence of marked acanthosis, hyperkeratosis, and eosinophilic infiltration. Uropsylla tasmanica larvae were observed encapsulated by collagenous fibrous tissue. Dasyurochirus nr. major mites encapsulated in eggs were also observed attached to hair on the skin surface of the biopsy material. The histological evidence supports the proposition that the mange-like condition is the combined result of multiple ectoparasite infestations and environmental stressors.

LIce mentioned in intro.

}, keywords = {disease, ectoparasite, flea, marsupial, mite, quoll, Tick}, issn = {1525-2647}, doi = {10.1654/4339.1}, url = {http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1654/4339.1}, author = {Inger-Marie Vilcins and Julie M. Old and Gerhard K{\"o}rtner and Elizabeth M. Deane} } @article {95249, title = {The Namaqua rock mouse (Micaelamys namaquensis) as a potential reservoir and host of arthropod vectors of diseases of medical and veterinary importance in South Africa}, journal = {Parasites \& Vectors}, volume = {7}, year = {2014}, month = {08-2014}, pages = {11pp}, abstract = {

Background The role of endemic murid rodents as hosts of arthropod vectors of diseases of medical and veterinary significance is well established in the northern hemisphere. In contrast, endemic murids are comparatively understudied as vector hosts in Africa, particularly in South Africa. Considering the great rodent diversity in South Africa, many of which may occur as human commensals, this is unwarranted.

Methods In the current study we assessed the ectoparasite community of a widespread southern African endemic, the Namaqua rock mouse (Micaelamys namaquensis), that is known to carry Bartonella spp. and may attain pest status. We aimed to identify possible vectors of medical and/or veterinary importance which this species may harbour and explore the contributions of habitat type, season, host sex and body size on ectoparasite prevalence and abundance.

Results Small mammal abundance was substantially lower in grasslands compared to rocky outcrops. Although the small mammal community comprised of different species in the two habitats, M. namaquensis was the most abundant species in both habitat types. From these 23 ectoparasite species from four taxa (fleas, ticks, mites and lice) were collected. However, only one flea (Xenopsylla brasiliensis) and one tick species (Haemaphysalis elliptica) have a high zoonotic potential and have been implicated as vectors for Yersinia pestis and Bartonella spp. and Rickettsia conorii, respectively. The disease status of the most commonly collected tick (Rhipicephalus distinctus) is currently unknown. Only flea burdens differed markedly between habitat types and increased with body size. With the exception of lice, all parasite taxa exhibited seasonal peaks in abundance during spring and summer.

Conclusion M. namaquensis is the dominant small mammal species irrespective of habitat type. Despite the great ectoparasite diversity harboured by M. namaquensis, only a small number of these are known as vectors of diseases of medical and/or veterinary importance but occur at high prevalence and/or abundance. This raises concern regarding the potential of this host as an endemic reservoir for zoonotic diseases. Consequently, additional sampling throughout its distributional range and research addressing the role of M. namaquensis as a reservoir for zoonotic diseases in southern Africa is urgently needed.

}, keywords = {Bartonella, flea, Rickettsia, Tick, vector, Zoonotic disease}, issn = {1756-3305}, doi = {10.1186/1756-3305-7-366}, url = {http://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1756-3305-7-366}, author = {Dina M. Fagir and Eddie A. Ueckermann and Horak,Ivan G. and Nigel C Bennett and Heike Lutermann} } @article {95207, title = {Insect ectoparasites from wild passerine birds in the Azores Islands}, journal = {Parasite}, volume = {27}, year = {2020}, month = {11-2020}, pages = {16 pp}, abstract = {

A total of 266 wild passerine birds (Passeriformes) representing eight species and nine subspecies from three islands of the Archipelago of the Azores were examined for ectoparasites. Two species of louse-flies Ornithomya avicularia and Ornithoica turdi (Diptera: Hippoboscidae), three species of fleas Ceratophyllus gallinae, Ceratophyllus sp. and Dasypsyllus gallinulae (Siphonaptera: Ceratophyllidae), and 11 species of chewing lice belonging to the genera Menacanthus, Myrsidea (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae), Ricinus (Phthiraptera: Ricinidae), Brueelia, Guimaraesiella, Philopterus, Sturnidoecus and Turdinirmus (Phthiraptera: Philopteridae) were recorded. At least one species of ectoparasite was found on 114 birds of six species. Guimaraesiella tovornikae and Myrsidea sylviae from Sylvia atricapilla are redescribed. Records of Ceratophyllus sp. and Sturnidoecus sp. from Turdus merula represent new parasite-host associations. Phoresy of Guimaraesiella amsel on Ornithoica turdi was also found. Parasitological parameters such as prevalence, intensity and abundance and geographic distribution of recorded ectoparasites are provided.

French\  title: Insectes ectoparasites de passereaux sauvages aux A\çores

R\ésum\é

Un total de 266 passereaux sauvages (Passeriformes) de trois \îles de l\’archipel des A\çores, repr\ésentant huit esp\èces et neuf sous-esp\èces, ont \ét\é examin\és pour la recherche d\’ectoparasites. Deux esp\èces de mouches-araign\ées, Ornithomya avicularia et Ornithoica turdi (Diptera : Hippoboscidae), trois esp\èces de puces, Ceratophyllus gallinae, Ceratophyllus sp. et Dasypsyllus gallinulae (Siphonaptera : Ceratophyllidae), et onze esp\èces de mallophages appartenant aux genres Menacanthus, Myrsidea (Phthiraptera : Menoponidae), Ricinus (Phthiraptera : Ricinidae), Brueelia, Guimaraesiella, Philopterus, Sturnidoecus et Turdinirmus (Phthiraptera : Philopteridae) sont signal\ées. Au moins une esp\èce d\’ectoparasite a \ét\é trouv\ée sur 114 oiseaux de six esp\èces. Guimaraesiella tovornikae et Myrsidea sylviae, de Sylvia atricapilla, sont red\écrits. Les signalements de Ceratophyllus sp. et Sturnidoecus sp. chez Turdus merula repr\ésentent de nouvelles associations parasites-h\ôtes. La phor\ésie de Guimaraesiella amsel sur Ornithoica turdi a \également \ét\é trouv\ée. Les param\ètres parasitologiques des ectoparasites signal\és, tels que la pr\évalence, l\&$\#$39;intensit\é, l\&$\#$39;abondance et la r\épartition g\éographique, sont fournis.

}, keywords = {Chewing lice, flea, Guimaraesiella amsel, Guimaraesiella tovornikae, Guimaraesiella tristis, Hippoboscida, louse-fl, Myrsidea sylviae, Passeriforme, Philopterus gustafssoni, Phoresy, Siphonaptera, Turdinirmus merulensis}, doi = {10.1051/parasite/2020063}, url = {https://www.parasite-journal.org/10.1051/parasite/2020063}, author = {Lucie Oslejskova and Sarka Kounkova and Daniel R Gustafsson and Resendes, Roberto and Pedro Rodrigues and Ivan Liter{\'a}k and Old{\v r}ich Sychra} } @article {95168, title = {Ectoparasites: Pediculosis and tungiasis}, journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology}, volume = {82}, year = {2020}, month = {03-2020}, pages = {551 - 569}, abstract = {

Pediculosis is an infestation of lice on the body, head, or pubic region that occurs worldwide. Lice are ectoparasites of the order Phthiraptera that feed on the blood of infested hosts. Their morphotype dictates their clinical features. Body lice may transmit bacterial pathogens that cause trench fever, relapsing fever, and epidemic typhus, which are potentially life-threatening diseases that remain relevant in contemporary times. Recent data from some settings suggest that head lice may harbor pathogens. The epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and management of body, head, and pubic louse infestation are reviewed. New therapies for head lice and screening considerations for pubic lice are discussed. Tungiasis is an ectoparasitic disease caused by skin penetration by the female Tunga penetrans or, less commonly, Tunga trimamillata flea. It is endemic in Latin America, the Caribbean and sub-Saharan Africa and seen in travelers returning from these regions. Risk factors for acquiring tungiasis, associated morbidity, and potential strategies for prevention and treatment are discussed.

}, keywords = {body lice, ectoparasite, epidemic typhus, flea, head lice, homeless, homelessness, infestation lice, Pediculosis, poverty, pubic lice, Refugee, Relapsing Fever, returning traveler, trench fever, Tunga penetrans Tunga trimamillata tungiasis}, issn = {01909622}, doi = {10.1016/j.jaad.2019.05.110}, url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0190962219323862}, author = {Sarah J. Coates and Cristina Thomas and Chosidow,Olivier and Daniel Engelman and Aileen Y. Chang} } @article {95137, title = {Ectoparasite occurrence associated with males and females of wild rodents Oligoryzomys flavescens (Waterhouse) and Akodon azarae (Fischer) (Rodentia: Cricetidae: Sigmodontinae) in the Punta Lara wetlands, Argentina}, journal = {Neotropical Entomology}, volume = {39}, year = {2010}, month = {2010}, pages = {818 - 822}, abstract = {

The objective of this research was to study infestation parameters and indexes of ectoparasites associated with each sex of the wild rodents Oligoryzomys flavescens (Waterhouse) andAkodon azarae (Fischer) in the Punta Lara wetlands, Argentina. A trend towards higher mean abundance (MA) and ectoparasite specific richness was observed in males of O. flavescens whereas those values were similar for both A. azarae sexes. The prevalence of the following ectoparasites was significantly higher on males (P \< 0.05): Mysolaelaps microspinosus Fonseca (65.2\%) and Hoplopleura travassosi Werneck (73.9\%) on O. flavescens, and Ixodes loricatus Neumann (71.4\%) on A. azarae. Only H. travassosi mean abundance was significantly higher on males (MA = 44.1). Since I. loricatus and Hoplopleura spp. are involved in the transmission of pathogens that cause diseases in animals and humans, and whose reservoirs are rodent hosts, these results are epidemiologically important.

}, keywords = {Chigger, flea, mite, parasite, sucking-lice, Tick}, issn = {1519-566X}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-566X2010000500022}, url = {https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext\&pid=S1519-566X2010000500022\&lng=en\&nrm=iso\&tlng=en}, author = {Marcela Lareschi} } @article {95043, title = {Diversity and Prevalence of Ectoparasites on Backyard Chicken Flocks in California}, journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology}, volume = {53}, year = {2016}, month = {05-2016}, pages = {707 - 711}, abstract = {

Peridomestic (\“backyard\”) chicken flocks are gaining popularity in the developed world (e.g., North America or Europe), yet little is known regarding prevalence or severity of their ectoparasites. Therefore, five birds on each of 20 properties throughout southern California were surveyed in summer for on-host (permanent) and off-host dwelling (temporary) ectoparasites. Only four premises (20\%) were entirely free of ectoparasites. In declining order of prevalence (\% of premises), permanent ectoparasites included six chicken louse species: Menacanthus stramineus (Nitzsch) (50\%), Goniocotes gallinae (De Geer) (35\%), Lipeurus caponis (L.) (20\%), Menopon gallinae (L.) (15\%), Menacanthus cornutus (Sch\ömmer) (5\%), and Cuclotogaster heterographus (Nitzsch) (5\%). Only one flea species, Echidnophaga gallinacea (Westwood) (20\%), was found. Three parasitic mite species were observed: Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Canestrini \& Fanzago) (15\%), Knemidocoptes mutans (Robin \& Lanquetin) (10\%), and Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer) (5\%). Many infestations consisted of a few to a dozen individuals per bird, but M. stramineus , G. gallinae , M. cornutus , and E. gallinacea were abundant (dozens to hundreds of individuals) on some birds, and damage by K. mutans was severe on two premises. Off-host dwelling ectoparasites were rare ( D. gallinae ) or absent ( Cimex lectularius L., Argasidae ). Parasite diversity in peridomestic flocks greatly exceeds that is routinely observed on commercial chicken flocks and highlights a need for increased biosecurity and development of ectoparasite control options for homeowners.

}, keywords = {flea, louse, Menacanthus, mite, poultry}, issn = {0022-2585}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjv243}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290211878_Diversity_and_Prevalence_of_Ectoparasites_on_Backyard_Chicken_Flocks_in_California}, author = {Amy C. Murillo and Mullens,B. A.} } @article {94893, title = {Arthropods Associated with Mammals. Their Importance as Part of the Richness in a Biosphere Reserve in Mexico}, journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology}, year = {2020}, month = {12-2019}, pages = {8 pp}, type = {Advance e-article tjz237}, abstract = {

The Chamela Biological Station (ChBS) is located in the Pacific Coast of Mexico in the State of Jalisco.This rep- resents one of the core areas of the Chamela-Cuixmala Biosphere Reserve, characterized by one of the most threatened ecosystems, the tropical dry forest. Although accumulated knowledge of biological diversity, only few studies have been focused on ectoparasites or ectodytes associated with mammals, only 23 arthropod taxa had been recorded. In order to increase knowledge about arthropods associated with Mexican mammals, the objective of this work was to record the richness of arthropods (mites, ticks, lice, and fleas) associated with small and medium-sized mammals in the ChBS. A total of 81 hosts belonging to four orders, six families and nine species were captured. From these hosts, 4,946 arthropods were recovered: 4,007 mites, 673 ticks, 230 lice, and 36 fleas. Among medium-sized mammals, Nasua narica (L.) and Didelphis virginiana Kerr showed the highest levels of richness, with six arthropod taxa; among rodents, Heteromys pictus (Thomas) had the highest number of associated species (five). Within the 22 arthropod taxa registered in the present work, 12 represent new records for the reserve, and 3 represent new records for Mexico. With this study, the arthropod fauna as- sociated with mammals in the ChBS has been raised to 38 taxa. In terms of biological conservation, knowledge of the species that inhabit natural reserves must be a priority, since this represents the baseline for species protected, not only in Mexico but around the world.

}, keywords = {Chamela, flea, lice, mexico, Neotrichodectes pallidus, Tick}, issn = {0022-2585}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjz237}, url = {https://academic.oup.com/jme/advance-article/doi/10.1093/jme/tjz237/5688399}, author = {Guzm{\'a}n-Cornejo, Carmen and Angel Herrera-Mares and Ana Ugalde-Medina and Andr{\'e}s M L{\'o}pez-P{\'e}rez and Laura Del_Castillo-Mart{\'\i}nez and Roxana Acosta and Mart{\'\i}n Cabrera-Garrido and Juan B Morales-Malacara} } @article {94885, title = {Prevalence of Infection with Ectoparasites among Chickens of Albaha Region-Kingdom of Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Journal of Agriculture and Food Technology}, volume = {9}, year = {2019}, month = {2019}, pages = {1 - 6}, abstract = {

The Ectoparasites negatively affect the productive potential of chickens because they compete for feed and cause discomfort and stress to them. The current study was aimed to determine the spread of ectoparasites in the chicken farms of Baljurshi province affiliated with Albaha city and also the evaluation of prevalence and risk factors of chicken ectoparasites. A total of 125 chickens from Baljurshi region were examined to investigate for the infection of
ectoparasites. The prevalence of ectoparasite was found to be 25.6\%. There was a significant difference between the ectoparasites infestation and age of chickens (100\% in adult chicken); type of farms, use of medicine and maintain level of hygiene (P\≤0.001); number of chickens in each farm (P\<0.05). However, the sex and breed of chickens were found to have no significant impact on ectoparasites infestation. The present study has shown the infestation of chicken
mainly by three types of ectoparasites (Lice, fleas and mites). Four species of chicken lice such as Menacanthus sramineus, Menopon gallinae, Gonoides gigas and Goniocotes gallinae were found. Whereas one species of flea, Echidnophaga gallinacean and one species of mite; Dermanyssus gallina was also found. Periodic Examination of chickens at farms is recommended for early detection and treatment.

}, keywords = {chicken, external parasites, flea, lice, mite, spread}, issn = {2090 {\textendash} 424X}, url = {http://www.textroad.com/pdf/JAFT/J.\%20Agric.\%20Food.\%20Tech.,\%209(1)1-6,\%202019.pdf}, author = {Fatehia Nasser Gharsan and Somia AbdAlla Mohammed El_Hassan} } @article {94880, title = {Saving the Manx Shearwater Flea Ceratophyllus (Emmareus) fionnus (Insecta: Siphonaptera): The Road to Developing a Recovery Plan for a Threatened Ectoparasite}, journal = {Acta Parasitologica}, volume = {64}, year = {2019}, month = {11-2020}, pages = {903-017}, abstract = {

Purpose The Manx shearwater fea Ceratophyllus (Emmareus) fonnus Usher, 1968 is a host-specifc parasitic insect apparently restricted to the Isle of R\ùm, of the west coast of Scotland. Although C. (E.) fonnus is one of only a small number of insect species endemic to the British Isles, its conservation status has never been evaluated. To enable efective management, the conservation status of the species was assessed.
Methods The conservation status of C. (E.) fonnus was evaluated using host and distribution records in conjunction with two assessment rubrics; the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1, and a fea-specifc assessment rubric developed previously.
Results Ceratophyllus (Emmareus) fonnus was found to be threatened with extinction due to its hyperendemicity on the Isle of R\ùm and was classifed as vulnerable.
Conclusion Based on the fndings of the assessment, immediate conservation action to protect C. (E.) fonnus is encouraged and a recovery plan is outlined. This includes surveys and studies of the bionomics of the species in conjunction with in-situ management of the known population. The creation of insurance populations through conservation translocations is also encouraged.

}, keywords = {Co-threatened, flea, Isle of R{\`u}m, lice, Manx shearwater, parasite conservation}, issn = {1230-2821}, doi = {10.2478/s11686-019-00119-8}, url = {http://link.springer.com/10.2478/s11686-019-00119-8}, author = {Mackenzie Kwak and A. C. G. Heath and Ricardo L. Palma} } @article {94868, title = {Checklist of ectoparasites of Canidae and Felidae in M{\'e}xico}, journal = {Therya}, volume = {10}, year = {2019}, month = {2019}, pages = {109 - 119}, abstract = {

We report an updated checklist of ectoparasites associated with canid and felid species in Mexico. We provide taxonomic authority, specific host associations, collection localities with appropriate citations from the literature, and museum collection information, when available. A total of 31 tick, 4 mite, 18 flea, and 4 louse species are reported from 10 host species (4 canids and 6 felids) across 29 states in Mexico.


Reportamos una lista anotada actualizada de las especies de ectoparásitos de cánidos y felinos en México. Proveemos la autoridad taxo- nómica, las asociaciones específicas, localidades de recolecta y referencias; así como la información de museos y colecciones, cuando estan disponibles. Un total de 31 especies de garrapatas, 4 de ácaros, 18 pulgas y 4 de piojos se reportan de 10 hospederos (4 cánidos y 6 felinos) en 29 estados de México.

}, keywords = {Acari, Canidae, Felidae, flea, Ixodida, louse, mexico, mite, Phthiraptera, Siphonaptera, tick.}, issn = {2007-3364}, doi = {10.12933/therya-19-784}, url = {http://www.revistas-conacyt.unam.mx/therya/index.php/THERYA/article/view/784}, author = {Jessica E. Light and Eckerlin,Ralph P. and Lance A. Durden} } @article {94859, title = {A Preliminary Survey of Ectoparasites and Their Predilection Sites on Some Livestock Sold in Wadata Market, Makurdi, Nigeria}, volume = {1}, year = {2017}, pages = {11-15}, abstract = {

An investigation of ectoparasites of some livestock sold in Wadata Market, Makurdi, Nigeria was conducted between August and October, 2014. Sixty (60) cattle, sheep, goat and poultry were examined. Visual screening, handpicking, use of forceps and brushing methods were employed and specific points were the ectoparasites were removed were noted. A total of 1,832 ectoparasites were recovered from the 240 livestock. Ticks had the highest prevalence of 1576(86\%) followed by lice 134(7.3\%) and fleas 122(6.7\%). Mixed infestation was observed in all the livestock species examined. With respect to the sex the prevalence rate was not significantly different (P\>0.05). The ectoparasites preferred the abdomen in cattle, sheep and goat while in poultry they preferred the wings. Further research to assess the impact of these parasites on the health and production performance of the free-range domestic animals are strongly recommended.

}, keywords = {Bovicola vovis, ectoparasites, flea, Goniocotes gigas, Infestation, lice, Livestock, Makurdi, Prevalence, ticks}, url = {http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo?journalid=547\&paperId=10023322}, author = {Isegbe Emmanuel Onah and Aaron Anyebe Akor and Edward Agbo Omudu and Philomena Odeh Uweh and Love Opoggen and Marvin Agogo Idoko} } @article {94837, title = {Ectoparasites of American Kestrels: should Fleas be Considered?}, journal = {Journal of Raptor Research}, volume = {53}, year = {2019}, month = {12-2019}, pages = {446 - 449}, type = {Letters}, keywords = {American Kestrel, ectoparasite, flea, Polygenis platensis.}, doi = {10.3356/0892-1016-53.4.446}, url = {https://bioone.org/journals/journal-of-raptor-research/volume-53/issue-4/0892-1016-53.4.446/Ectoparasites-of-American-Kestrels-should-Fleas-be-Considered/10.3356/0892-1016-53.4.446.full}, author = {Paula M. Orozco-Valor and Miguel {\'A}. Santill{\'a}n and Marcela Lareschi and Juan M. Grande} } @article {94816, title = {Prevalence of Lice and Fleas in Backyard Chickens of Bishoftu Town, Ethiopia}, journal = {American-Eurasian Journal Agricultural \& Environmental Sciences}, volume = {15}, year = {2015}, pages = {2136-2142}, abstract = {

A cross sectional study was undertaken from December 2014 up to April 2015 to determine the prevalence of lice and fleas and identify different species of ectoparasites infesting backyard chickens of Bishoftu town as well as to assess the effect of host related risk factors. Samples were randomly taken from 140 backyard chickens and Age, sex and breed of the study population was simultaneously recorded. Lice and fleas were collected from different parts of the body including shank scraping and identified with stereomicroscopy or light microscopy. An overall 123(87.86\%) prevalence was recorded and four species of ectoparasites under two orders (Phthiraptera (lice) and Siphonaptera (flea) were identified, of these 77(62.6\%), 26 (21.1\%) and 20 (16.3\%) of them were infested by only lice, flea and both lice and flea species respectively. Among this, three species of lice, Menacanthus stramineus (33.57\%), Menopon gallinae (20.71\%) and Cuclotogaster heterographa (15\%) and one species of flea, Echidnophaga gallinacean (32.86\%) were identified. Among the potential predisposing factors assessed breed was found significantly associated with the level of infestation (P=0.004). Higher prevalence rate was recorded in exotic breed (89\%) than local one (82.18\%). However, age and sex were not found significantly associated with the level of infestation (P\>0.05). In conclusion, the study revealed that lice and fleas are highly prevalent in the study backyard chickens. Therefore, efforts should have to be geared towards the improvement of health and management practices through better awareness creation among poultry households and strategic control schemes should be implemented to alleviate the problems in order to affirm the contribution of poultry in food security and further detailed study should be recommended

}, keywords = {Backyard, Bishoftu, chickens, ectoparasites, flea, lice}, issn = {1818-6769}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/314878737_Prevalence_of_Lice_and_Fleas_in_Backyard_Chickens_of_Bishoftu_Town_Ethiopia}, author = {Nafyad Alemu and Yimer Muktar and Dawit Kassaye and Adem Hiko} } @article {94779, title = {Parasitism of Black-Tailed Prairie Dogs by Linognathoides cynomyis (Phthiraptera: Polyplacidae)}, journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology}, volume = {56}, year = {2019}, month = {09-2018}, pages = {280 - 283}, abstract = {

The following study investigates louse parasitism of black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus (Ord, Rodentia: Sciuridae)) on 20 plots at 13 colonies in the short-grass prairie of New Mexico, USA, June\–August, 2011\– 2012. Among 124 lice collected from 537 prairie dogs during 1,207 sampling events in which anesthetized animals were combed for ectoparasites, all of the lice were identified as Linognathoides cynomyis (Kim, Phthiraptera: Polyplacidae). Data were analyzed under an information-theoretic approach to identify factors predicting louse parasitism. Lice were most prevalent on plots with high densities of prairie dogs. At the scale of hosts, lice were most abundant on prairie dogs in poor body condition (with low mass:foot ratios) and prairie dogs harboring large numbers of fleas (Siphonaptera, mostly Oropsylla hirsuta (Baker, Siphonaptera: Ceratophyllidae) and Pulex simulans (Baker,Siphonaptera: Pulicidae)). Lice have been implicated as supplemental vectors of the primarily flea-borne bacterium Yersinia pestis (Yersin, Enterobacteriales:Yersiniaceae), a re-emerging pathogen that causes sylvatic plague in prairie dog populations. Coparasitism by lice and fleas, as found herein, might enhance plague transmission. L. cynomyis deserves attention in this context.

}, keywords = {flea, louse, prairie dog, Siphonaptera, Yersinia pestis}, issn = {0022-2585}, doi = {10.1093/jme/tjy163}, url = {https://academic.oup.com/jme/article/56/1/280/5099075}, author = {David A. Eads} } @article {94477, title = {Bartonella species pathogenic for humans infect pets, free-ranging wild mammals and their ectoparasites in the Caatinga biome, Northeastern Brazil: a serological and molecular study}, journal = {The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {21}, year = {2017}, month = {Jan-05-2017}, pages = {290 - 296}, abstract = {

This study verified the occurrence of Bartonella spp. in dogs, cats, wild mammals and their ectoparasites in Petrolina and Lagoa Grande Counties, Pernambuco, located in a semi- arid region in Northeastern Brazil. Anti-Bartonella spp. antibodies were detected by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) in 24.8\% of dogs (27/109) and in 15\% of cats (6/40). Bartonella sp. DNA was identified by PCR performed on DNA extracted from blood and ectopara- sites using primers targeting Bartonella sp. gltA and ribC genes in 100\% (9/9) of Pulex irritans from Cerdocyon thous, 57.4\% (35/61) of P. irritans from dogs, 2.3\% (1/43) of Ctenocephalides felis felis from dogs, 53.3\% (24/45) of C. felis felis from cats, and 10\% (1/10) of Polyplax spp. from Thrichomys apereoides. DNA sequencing identified Bartonella clarridgeiae and Bartonella hense- lae in C. felis felis from cats, Bartonella rochalimae in P. irritans from dog and C. thous, and Bartonella vinsoni berkhofii in P. irritans from dog.

}, keywords = {Bartonella, Brazil, flea, lice, Tick}, issn = {14138670}, doi = {10.1016/j.bjid.2017.02.002}, url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1413867016303166}, author = {Mariana Campos Fontalvo and de Mendon{\c c}a_Favacho, Alexsandra Rodrigues and de Carvalho_Araujo, Andreina and dos Santos, Naylla Mayana and de Oliveira, Glauber Meneses Barboza and Daniel Moura Aguiar and de Lemos, Elba Regina Sampaio and Mauricio Claudio Horta} } @article {94376, title = {Ectoparasites of hares (Lepus europaeus Pallas) in Konya Province, Turkey}, journal = {TURKISH JOURNAL OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES}, volume = {42}, year = {2018}, month = {Jan-01-2018}, pages = {65 - 72}, abstract = {

This study was conducted to detect ectoparasites of hares (Lepus europaeus Pallas) between the years of 2003 and 2015 in Konya Province, Turkey. In this period, 75 hares shot by hunters were examined for ectoparasites macroscopically. Ectoparasites detected on the hares were collected with pliers and stored in tubes containing 70\% ethanol.\  e ticks were identi ed under a stereo zoom microscope. Other parasites were cleared in 10\% KOH, rinsed in distilled water, and transferred to 70\%, 80\%, and 99\% ethanol, respectively, and mounted on slides in Canada balsam.\  ey were identi ed under a binocular light microscope.\  e results showed that 33 (44\%) of the 75 hares were infested with a total of 309 ectoparasites. Four lice species (Phthiraptera), Haemodipsus lyriocephalus, H. setoni, H. leporis, and Menacanthus spp.; two\  ea species (Siphonaptera), Pulex irritans and Nosopsyllus fasciatus; three mite species, Cheyletiella parasitivorax, Dermanyssus gallinae, and Neotrombicula (N.) autumnalis; four ixodid tick genera, Ixodes, Haemaphysalis, Rhipicephalus, and Dermacentor; and one ixodid tick species, Haemaphysalis parva, were detected on the infested hares. In addition to these, thirteen ixodid and two argasid tick larvae were found on the hares.

}, keywords = {Cheyletiella, flea, louse, mite, Neotrombicula, Tick}, issn = {13000128}, doi = {10.3906/vet-1706-19}, url = {http://online.journals.tubitak.gov.tr/openDoiPdf.htm?mKodu=vet-1706-19}, author = {Bilal Dik and U{\u g}ur Uslu} } @article {94307, title = {Ectoparasite abundance and apparent absence of hemoparasites in two albatross species in Sub-Antarctic Chile}, journal = {Polar Biology}, year = {2018}, month = {Jan-07-2018}, abstract = {

The Black-browed Albatross (BBA, Thalas- sarche melanophrys) and the Grey-headed Albatross (GHA, Thalassarche chrysostoma) are long-lived sym- patric species breeding in the Atlantic and Pacific sections of the Southern Ocean. While the Atlantic populations of these two species have been the subject of several studies, little information is available on the most important colo- nies in the Southeast Pacific Ocean (Chile). The presence of parasites in these long-lived hosts has been described for the colonies in the Southern Atlantic, but not in those from Chile. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify ectoparasites and hemoparasites associated with both spe- ciesbreedingintheDiegoRam ́{\i}rezArchipelago(56\°S)in Southern Chile. Chicks were examined for ectoparasites during the breeding seasons in 2010 and 2011 (GHA, n = 80; BBA, n = 40). Parasites were collected manually, mounted, and identified to species level. The sex and developmental stage of adult ectoparasites were also determined. Ectoparasites were detected on 78.75 and 32.50\% of GHA and BBA chicks, respectively. A total of 126 ectoparasites were obtained: 103 Ixodes uriae ticks (GHA 79.62\%, BBA 20.38\%); 22 Parapsyllus longicornis\ Austromenopon affine louse (found on GHA). Diego Ram ́{\i}rez represents a new record and distribution range for I. uriae and A. affine. The presence of hemoparasites was explored on blood smears for GHA (n = 26) and BBA (n = 119), but none were recorded in either of these albatrosses.\ Keywords Hemoparasite ? Flea ? Louse ? Seabird ? Southern Ocean ? Tick\ Introduction\ The Black-browed Albatross (Thalassarche melanophrys, BBA) and Grey-headed Albatross (Thalassarche chrysos- toma, GHA) are long-lived seabirds distributed in the waters of the Southern Hemisphere. Almost the entire global population of BBA (*99\%) and the greater portion of GHA numbers (*85\%) reside in islands located in the SW Atlantic and SE Pacific regions of the Southern Ocean (Robertson et al. 2007). The Diego Ram ́{\i}rez Archipelago supports the largest numbers of BBA and almost the entire population of GHA in Chile, carrying *20 and *23\% of global numbers, respectively (Robertson et al. 2007). BBA is the more abundant albatross species in the archipelago, with GHA breeding around the margins of BBA colonies or in separated groups (Robertson et al. 2007). In Diego Ram ́{\i}rez, these two species have nesting densities of 0.01 and 0.60 nests m-2, respectively (Suazo unpubl. data). During the breeding season, BBA and GHA arrive in late August and early September, respectively, and leave in April (BBA) and in the first half of May (GHA), entering their nonbreeding seasons (Suazo unpubl. data). Diego Ram ́{\i}rezisthemostrepresentativebreedingareaforboth
fleas (GHA = 31.8\%, BBA = 68.2\%); and a single\ Austromenopon affine louse (found on GHA). Diego Ram ́{\i}rez represents a new record and distribution range for I. uriae and A. affine. The presence of hemoparasites was explored on blood smears for GHA (n = 26) and BBA (n = 119), but none were recorded in either of these albatrosses.

}, keywords = {flea, Hemoparasite, louse, seabird, Southern Ocean, Tick}, issn = {0722-4060}, doi = {10.1007/s00300-017-2177-1}, url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00300-017-2177-1}, author = {Sebasti{\'a}n Llanos and Cristi{\'a}n G. Suazo and Quillfeldt,Petra and Jaime A. Cursach and Lucila Moreno Salas} } @article {68880, title = {Insect ectoparasites from wild passerine birds in the Czech Republic}, journal = {Parasite}, volume = {15}, year = {2008}, month = {Jan-12-2008}, pages = {599 - 604}, abstract = {

Wild passerine birds (Passeriformes) from northeastern part of the Czech Republic were examined for ectoparasites. Three species of louse-flies of the genus Ornithomya (Diptera: Hippoboscidae), two species of fleas of the genera Ceratophyllus and Dasypsyllus (Siphonaptera: Ceratophyllidae), and 15 species of chewing lice belonging to the genera Myrsidea, Menacanthus (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae), Brueelia, Penenirmus, Philopterus (Phthiraptera: Philopteridae) were found on 82 birds of 23 species. New chewing louse-host records are Hippolais icterina for Menacanthus currucae; Motacilla cinerea for Menacanthus pusillus; Turdus philomelos and Motacilla cinerea for Brueelia merulensis; and Sylvia atricapilla for Menacanthus eurysternus. Brueelia neoatricapillae is cited for the first time for the Czech Republic. Parasitological parameters such as prevalence, intensity and abundance are also discussed.

}, keywords = {Chewing lice, flea, Hippoboscidae, louse-fly, Passeriformes, Phthiraptera, post-breeding migration, Siphonoptera}, issn = {1252-607X}, doi = {10.1051/parasite/2008154599}, url = {http://www.parasite-journal.org/10.1051/parasite/2008154599}, author = {Old{\v r}ich Sychra and Ivan Liter{\'a}k and Podzemn{\'y}, P. and Benedikt, V.} } @article {40130, title = {Fleas and lice on scrub hares (Lepus saxatilis) in South Africa}, journal = {Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research}, volume = {60}, year = {1993}, month = {1993}, pages = {95 - 101}, abstract = {

A total of 380 scrub hares (Lepus saxatilis) from 5 localities, ranging from the north-eastern Transvaal to the eastern and the south-western Cape Province of South Africa, were examined for fleas and lice. Ctenocephalides felis damarensis was almost exclusively responsible for the flea infestations on hares at 4 of the 5 sites. At 4 localities the prevalence and abundance of this flea reached peaks between August and October and declined thereafter to their lowest levels between February and April. Its prevalence and abundance in the north-eastern Transvaal were not correlated with the breeding cycle of the hares in this region. The 2 louse species recovered, sometimes sympatrically, were Haemodipsus lyriocephalus and Haemodipsus setoni. Listrophorus leporicolus was the only mite species recovered.

}, keywords = {Acari, animals, arthropod, Europe, flea, ixodid, parasite, Rabbit, Siphonaptera, spilopsyllus cuniculi, ticks, wild}, author = {Louw,J. P. and Horak,Ivan G. and Braack,L. E. O.} } @article {39743, title = {The ectoparasites of the European badger, Meles meles, and the behavior of the host-specific flea, Paraceras melis}, journal = {Journal of Insect Behavior}, volume = {12}, year = {1999}, month = {1999}, pages = {245 - 265}, abstract = {The badger-specific flea, Paraceras melis, jumps repeatedly when separated from its host Meles meles; thereafter fleas settled into sheltered positions. After separation from badgers, some 42\% of fleas (n = 63) voided their gut contents; this was associated with a significant increase in mean jumping distance. The maximum longevity of fleas away from the host was 89 days, with 50\% mortality at around 35 days. Badger lice, Trichodectes melis, survived for up to 3 days postcapture. We conclude that the badger{\textquoteright}s habit of frequently swapping dens with a mean period of return of 6 days is unlikely to bring about significant mortality of adult fleas but may effectively eradicate lice. Fleas abandoned in "bedding" in a simulated badger sett were mobile, being drawn toward light and moving upward. This response would draw the fleas to the den entrance, which may be a suitable site to intercept returning badgers. The fleas responded to stimuli which might signal the proximity of the host: they jumped toward sources of carbon dioxide and of carbon dioxide in air current directed at the flea. The strongest response was seen when a mixture of stimuli consisting of carbon dioxide, a dark circle of card, and movement were tested; the majority of fleas jumped toward the mixed stimulus. Finally peas separated from the host responded to exhaled air by running and jumping; this is in marked contrast to their response to those stimuli when on the host, when fleas run downward and very rarely jump. These contrasting observations find adaptive explanation in the two contexts.}, keywords = {badger, Behavior, ectoparasite, flea, host parasite, Meles meles, melis, Paraceras, parasite}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/37895.pdf}, author = {Cox,R. and Stewart,P. D. and Macdonald,D. W.} } @article {39319, title = {Common grackle anting with lime fruit and its effect on ectoparasites}, journal = {Auk}, volume = {110}, year = {1993}, note = {[INCOMPLETE: Add alternate journal name] Examines anting behaviour in the common grackle and the affect of lime peel on lice. Empirical data given on the insecticidal affect of lime peel on Columbicola columbae. Note that the flesh and juice from the fruit appeared to have no affect on the lice.}, month = {1993}, pages = {951 - 952}, keywords = {cat, ctenocephalides felis, flea, life, material, nest, pulicidae, Siphonaptera, stages, toxicity}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/0756.pdf}, author = {Clayton,Dale H. and Vernon,J. G.} }