@article {96432, title = {New record of the chewing louse Myrsidea dissimilis (Kellogg, 1896) (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) parasitizing a Purple Martin, Progne subis (Linnaeus, 1758) (Passeriformes: Hirundinidae) in Amazonas, Brazil}, journal = {Entomological Communications}, volume = {5}, year = {2023}, month = {Nov-10-2023}, pages = {3 pp}, abstract = {

The chewing lice are obligatory ectoparasites of birds and mammals distributed worldwide. From an expedition to Comaru Island, Brazilian Amazon, a chewing louse parasitizing a Purple Martin [Progne subis (Linnaeus, 1758)], a Neotropical migrant, was collected. The specimen was slide-mounted and identified as a male of Myrsidea dissimilis (Kellogg, 1896) (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae). It represents the first record of this species in the Amazonas State and in Central Amazon.

}, keywords = {Central Amazon, ectoparasites, lice, Migratory birds, swallows}, issn = {2675-1305}, doi = {10.37486/2675-1305.ec05033}, url = {https://www.entomologicalcommunications.org/index.php/entcom/article/view/ec05033}, author = {Ricardo Bassini-Silva and Isabella P. Pesenato and Ramiro D. Melinski and Clarissa O. Santos and Erika Hingst-Zaher and Darci Moraes Barros-Battesti and Fernando C Jacinavicius} } @article {96377, title = {CHECKLIST OF BIRD CHEWING LICE (MALLOPHAGA) OF THE VORONEZH REGION. SUBORDER ISCHNOCERA}, journal = {Труды Карельского научного центра РАН = Transactions of the Karelian Research Centre RAS =Trudy Karel{\textquoteright}skogo nauchnogo tsentra RAN}, volume = {5}, year = {2023}, month = {Oct-03-2023}, pages = {79{\textendash}92}, abstract = {

PaPER in Russian : Фауна пухоедов (Mallophaga) птиц Воронежской области. Подотряд Ischnocera

Инвентаризация коллекционного материала, собранного в 1981\–2021 гг. в Воронежской области, позволила выявить 45 видов пухоедов из 20 родов и 2 семейств подотряда Ischnocera, паразитирующих на птицах. Впервые для региона указано 22 вида Ischnocera: Brueelia cyclothorax (Burmeister, 1838), B. chrysomytris (Blagoveshtchensky, 1940), B. straminea (Denny, 1842), Philopterus troglodytis Fedorenko, 1986, Ph. turdi (Denny, 1842), Ph. atratus (Nitzsch, 1818), Ph. excisus (Nitzsch, 1818), Ph. ocellatus (Scopoli, 1763), Cuclotogaster heterogrammicus (Nitzsch, 1866), Cummingsiella aurea
Hopkins, 1949, Rhynonirmus helvolus (Burmeister, 1838), Penenirmus auritus (Scopoli, 1763), Capraiella subcuspidata (Burmeister, 1838), Degeeriella regalis (Giebel, 1866), Columbicola claviformis (Denny, 1842), C. bacillus (Giebel, 1866), Strigiphilus cursor (Burmeister, 1838), Coloceras liviae (Tendeiro, 1974), Campanulotes bidentatus (Scopoli, 1763), C. drosti Eichler, 1950, C. compar (Burmeister, 1838), Goniocotes microthorax (Stephens, 1829). Некоторые виды пухоедов обнаружены как на типичных, так и на случайных хозяевах (B. borini \– на домовом и полевом воробьях, B. varia \– на граче, C. uncinosus \– на галке, Ph. montani \– на домовом воробье, C. unicinosus \– на серой вороне и галке). Связи некоторых видов птиц с нетипичными видами пухоедов чаще отмечались в городской среде при высокой численности и концентрации хозяев в подходящих для гнездования стациях. С учетом исследованных ранее пухоедов из подотряда Amblycera, а также Ischnocera \– паразитов млекопитающих фауна пухоедов Воронежской области на сегодняшний день насчитывает 80 видов из 35 родов.

К л ю ч е в ы е с л о в а: пухоеды; Mallophaga; Ischnocera; Воронежская область; эктопаразиты

An inventory of the material collected in 1981\–2021 from birds in the Voronezh Region revealed 45 chewing-lice species from 20 genera belonging to two families of the suborder Ischnocera. Twenty-two species of Ischnocera were detected in the region for the first time: Brueelia cyclothorax (Burmeister, 1838), B. chrysomytris (Blagoveshtchensky, 1940), B. straminea (Denny, 1842), Philopterus troglodytis Fedorenko, 1986, Ph. turdi (Denny, 1842), Ph. atratus (Nitzsch, 1818), Ph. excisus (Nitzsch, 1818), Ph. ocellatus (Scopoli, 1763), Cuclotogaster heterogrammicus (Nitzsch, 1866), Cummingsiella aurea Hopkins, 1949, Rhynonirmus helvolus (Burmeister, 1838), Penenirmus auritus (Scopoli, 1763), Capraiella subcuspidata (Burmeister, 1838), Degeeriella regalis (Giebel, 1866), Columbicola claviformis (Denny, 1842), C. bacillus (Giebel, 1866),
Strigiphilus cursor (Burmeister, 1838), Coloceras liviae (Tendeiro, 1974), C. bidentatus (Scopoli, 1763), C. drosti Eichler, 1950, Campanulotes compar (Burmeister, 1838), Goniocotes microthorax (Stephens, 1829). Besides typical hosts, some species of
chewing lice were found on occasional ones (B. borini \– on house sparrow and Eurasian tree sparrow, B. varia \– on rook, C. uncinosus \– on western jackdaw, Ph. montani \– on house sparrow, C. unicinosus \– on hooded crow and western jackdaw). Associations of some bird species with occasional chewing lice species were usually observed in urban environments with a high abundance and concentration of hosts. Together with previously listed species of the suborder Amblycera and mammal-parasitic Ischnocera, the total checklist of chewing lice of the Voronezh Region currently comprises 80 species from 35 genera.

}, keywords = {Anaticola crassicornis crassicornis, Aquila nipalensis, Chewing lice, Coloeus monedula, Corvonirmus uncinosus, Corvus cornix, Delichon urbicum, Dendrocopos major, ectoparasites, Ischnocera, Mallophaga, Voronezh Region}, issn = {2312-4504, 1997-3217}, doi = {10.17076/bg1740}, url = {http://journals.krc.karelia.ru/index.php/biogeo/article/view/1740}, author = {S.P. Gaponov} } @article {96322, title = {Contribution to the knowledge of ectoparasites of swallows in a semi arid region of Algeria}, journal = {Journal of Entomological Research}, volume = {46}, year = {2022}, month = {Jan-01-2022}, pages = {428-433}, abstract = {

An inventory of ectoparasites was carried out on 120 young House martin living (Delichon urbica) in 18 nests in Tebessa province (South-Eastern Algeria). A total of 104 samples were collected and identified, nine species of ectoparsites, belonging to two classes: Arachnida and Insecta with relative abundance of 21.14\% and 78.86\% respectively. The identified species are: Ixodes lividus, Ixodes frontalis, Ceratophyllus gallinae, Ceratophyllus hirundinis, Callopsylla sp., Ceratophyllus sp., Xenopsylla sp., Stenepteryx hirundinis and Menacanthus sp. The predominant species of total ectoparasites was Ixodes lividus in abundance 17.30\% followed by eratophyllus hirundinis and Xenopsylla sp. with 15.38\%, and other species whose abundance varies between 14.42\% and 3.84\%. The distribution of ectoparasite groups on the young body of Delichonurbica is irregular, the lice have a wide distribution, they are found on the belly feathers (61.16\%). However, ticks are mainly localized on the wings (100\%) and fleas are mainly found on the ears (54.84\%) and nasal cavities (42.92\%)

}, keywords = {Delichon urbica, fleas, Insecta, lice, tebessa, ticks}, issn = {0378-9519, 0974-4576}, doi = {10.5958/0974-4576.2022.00076.7}, url = {https://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:jer\&volume=46\&issue=2\&article=036}, author = {Fenghour Hind and Bouabida Hayette and Dris Djemaa and Houhamdi Moussa} } @article {96194, title = {Contribution to the fauna of chewing lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) in wild birds of Spain, with new records and new host-louse associations}, journal = {Sci. Parasitol.}, volume = {24}, year = {2023}, pages = {22-33}, abstract = {

This manuscript presents new information on 14 species of chewing lice (Phthiraptera) for the Spanish fauna. 9 species and 2 genera are new records for Spain. In addition, 12 host-louse associations not registered to date in Spain and 2 new associations for the first time worldwide are added, these are Laemobothrion (L.) tinnunculi from Falco naumanni and Ricinus meinertzahageni from Anthus campestris. Contributie la studiul faunei p{\u a}duchilor malofagi (Insecta: Phthiraptera) la p{\u a}s{\u a}rile s{\u a}lbatice din Spania, cu noi \înregistr{\u a}ri si noi asociatii gazd{\u a}-p{\u a}duchi. Rezumat. Acest manuscris prezint{\u a} informatii noi despre 14 specii de p{\u a}duchi malofagi (Phthiraptera) pentru fauna spaniol{\u a}. Nou{\u a} specii si 2 genuri sunt noi semnal{\u a}ri pentru Spania. \În plus, se adaug{\u a} 12 asociatii gazd{\u a}-p{\u a}duchi ne\înregistrate p\ân{\u a} \în prezent \în Spania si 2 asociatii noi pentru prima dat{\u a} la nivel mondial, acestea sunt Laemobothrion (L.) tinnunculi de la Falco naumanni si Ricinus meinertzahageni de la Anthus campestris.

Contributie la studiul faunei p{\u a}duchilor malofagi (Insecta: Phthiraptera) la p{\u a}s{\u a}rile s{\u a}lbatice din Spania, cu noi \înregistr{\u a}ri si noi asociatii gazd{\u a}-p{\u a}duchi.

Rezumat. Acest manuscris prezint{\u a} informatii noi despre 14 specii de p{\u a}duchi malofagi (Phthiraptera) pentru fauna spaniol{\u a}. Nou{\u a} specii si 2 genuri sunt noi semnal{\u a}ri pentru Spania. \În plus, se adaug{\u a} 12 asociatii gazd{\u a}p{\u a}duchi ne\înregistrate p\ân{\u a} \în prezent \în Spania si 2 asociatii noi pentru prima dat{\u a} la nivel mondial, acestea sunt Laemobothrion (L.) tinnunculi de la Falco naumanni si Ricinus meinertzahageni de la Anthus campestris.


Cuvinte cheie: p{\u a}s{\u a}ri; Mallophaga; ectoparazit; Peninsula Iberic{\u a}.

}, keywords = {birds, ectoparasite, Iberian Peninsula, Mallophaga}, issn = {1582-1366}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/371964962_Contribution_to_the_fauna_of_chewing_lice_Insecta_Phthiraptera_in_wild_birds_of_Spain_with_new_records_and_new_host-louse_associations}, author = {Carlos Talabante-Ram{\'\i}rez and Iv{\'a}n Bernal_Sosa} } @article {96070, title = {CHECKLIST OF CHEWING LICE (MALLOPHAGA) OF THE VORONEZH REGION. SUBORDER AMBLYCERA}, journal = {Trudy Karel{\textquoteright}skogo nauchnogo tsentra RAN = Transactions of the Karelian Research Centre RAS}, volume = {1}, year = {2023}, month = {Feb-22-2023}, pages = {37-50}, abstract = {

Paper in Russian. Title: ФАУНА ПУХОЕДОВ (MALLOPHAGA) ВОРОНЕЖСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ. ПОДОТРЯД AMBLYCERA

Целью исследования являлось составление аннотированного списка видов пухоедов (Phthiraptera: Mallophaga, Amblycera) Воронежской области. Инвентаризация коллекционного материала, собранного в 1976\–2021 гг., позволила выявить 30 видов
пухоедов из подотряда Amblycera. Они принадлежат к двум семействам и 12 родам. Впервые для Воронежской области указано 16 видов: Meromenopon incisum (Giebel, 1874), Trinoton querquedulae (Linnaeus, 1758), Austromenopon icterum (Burmeister, 1838), Menacanthus alaudae (Schrank, 1776), M. pici (Denny, 1842), Colpocephalum fregili Denny, 1842, C. turbinatum Plaget, 1880, Myrsidea cucullaris (Nitzsch, 1818), M. isostoma (Nitzsch, 1866), M. indivisa (Nitzsch, 1866), M. troglodyti (Denny, 1842), Bonomiella columbae Emerson, 1957, B. concii Eichler, 1947, Hohorstiella lata (Piaget, 1880), H. modesta (Ansari, 1951), Ricinus serratus Durrant, 1906. По числу видов наиболее богато представлены роды Menacanthus (7 видов) и Myrsidea (6 видов). Обнаруженные в Воронежской области виды пухоедов оказались связанными со своими типичными хозяевами. Несколько видов Amblycera (Menacanthus agilis,
M. gonophaeus, Colpocephalum turbinatum) зарегистрированы на случайных хозяевах (гостепаразитизм) в условиях урбоэкосистем.

К л ю ч е в ы е с л о в а: пухоеды; Mallophaga; Amblycera; паразито-хозяинные связи; Воронежская область

Abstract:

An updated checklist of chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Mallophaga, Amblycera) of the Voronezh Region was compiled based on an inventory of the entomological material collected in 1976-2021. It contains 30 species of chewing lice of the suborder Amblycera.
They belong to two families and 12 genera. Among them, 16 species, \– Meromenopon incisum (Giebel, 1874), Trinoton querquedulae (Linnaeus, 1758), Austromenopon icterum (Burmeister, 1838), Menacanthus alaudae (Schrank, 1776), M. pici (Denny, 1842),
Colpocephalum fregili Denny, 1842, C. turbinatum Plaget, 1880, Myrsidea cucullaris (Nitzsch, 1818), M. isostoma (Nitzsch, 1866), M. indivisa (Nitzsch, 1866), M. troglodyti (Denny, 1842), Bonomiella columbae Emerson, 1957, B. concii Eichler, 1947, Hohorstiella lata (Piaget, 1880), H. modesta (Ansari, 1951), Ricinus serratus Durrant, 1906 \– are registered in the Voronezh Region for the first time. Genera Menacanthus and Myrsidea comprise the highest number of species. Most chewing lice species were associated with
their typical host-species. However, in urban ecosystems of the region, several Amblycera species (Menacanthus agilis, M.\  gonophaeus, Colpocephalum turbinatum) were retrieved from occasional host species

}, keywords = {Chewing lice, host-parasite relations, Mallophaga, Voronezh Region}, issn = {2312-4504, 1997-3217}, doi = {10.17076/bg1699}, url = {http://journals.krc.karelia.ru/index.php/biogeo/article/view/1699}, author = {S.P. Gaponov} } @article {95721, title = {Effects of a novel ectoparasite on condition and mouth coloration of nestling barn swallows}, journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean Society}, volume = {135}, year = {2022}, month = {Jan 2022}, pages = {52-61}, abstract = {

Parasites have profound and widespread implications for the ecology and evolution of hosts, and human activity has increased the frequency of interactions between hosts and parasites that have not co-evolved. For example, by building habitat attractive for nesting, humans might have facilitated range expansion by cliff swallows (Petrochelidon pyrrhonata) and barn swallows (Hirundo rustica) in North America, concurrently allowing a haematophagous ectoparasite of cliff swallows, the swallow bug (Oeciacus vicarious), to infest the nests of barn swallows. We found that in barn swallow nests infested with swallow bugs, nestlings weighed less and had lower haematocrit, and the within-brood variation in body mass and tarsus length was higher. Information about these negative effects might be available to parents via mouth coloration, a condition-dependent component of the begging signal. We found that nestlings from infested broods had lower-intensity carotenoid-based and ultraviolet mouth colours, although most elements of colour were unrelated to parasites. Host switching by the swallow bug offers excellent opportunities to understand the direct and indirect effects of a novel parasite and might also afford insights into how parasites cope with selective pressures exerted by closely related hosts with key ecological differences.

Online first published Nov. 2021

}, keywords = {barn swallow, begging, host switching, mouth colour, parasite, Petrochelidon pyrrhonata}, issn = {0024-4066, 1095-8312}, doi = {10.1093/biolinnean/blab136}, url = {https://academic.oup.com/biolinnean/article-abstract/135/1/52/6445248?redirectedFrom=fulltext}, author = {Matthew B. Dugas and Shana E. Border} } @article {95607, title = {New species of Philopterus Nitzsch, 1818 (Ischnocera: Philopteridae), with notes on Cypseloecus Conci, 1941}, journal = {European Journal of Taxonomy}, volume = {790}, year = {2022}, month = {Feb-04-2022}, pages = {1-52}, type = {Monograph}, abstract = {

We describe and illustrate eight new species of chewing lice in the genus Philopterus Nitzsch, 1818, parasitic on hosts in the bird families Cardinalidae, Chloropseidae, Hirundinidae, Icteridae, Motacillidae, Paridae, and Vangidae from China, Peru, South Africa, Thailand, and the USA. They are: Philopterus coriaceus sp. nov. from Molothrus oryzivorus oryzivorus (Gmelin, 1788); P. hebes sp. nov. from Chloropsis aurifrons inornata Kloss, 1918 and C. cochinchinensis kinneari Hall \& Deignan, 1956; P. micropunctatus sp. nov. from Anthus hodgsoni Richmond, 1907; P. afropari sp. nov. from Melaniparus cinerascens cinerascens (Vieillot, 1818); P. pseudhirundo sp. nov. from Pseudhirundo griseopyga Sundevall, 1850; P. sinensis sp. nov. from Hemipus picatus capitalis (Horsfield, 1840); P. stansburyensis sp. nov. from Pheucticus melanocephalus melanocephalus (Swainson, 1827); and P. trepostephanus sp. nov. from Tephrodornis virgatus fretensis Robinson \& Kloss, 1920 and T. v. mekongensis Meyer de Schauensee, 1946. Philopterus hebes sp. nov. constitutes the first record of the genus Philopterus from the Chloropseidae. We also provide some notes on the morphology and status of Cypseloecus Conci, 1941.

}, keywords = {new species, Philopterus afropari sp. nov., Philopterus coriaceus sp. nov., Philopterus hebes sp. nov., Philopterus micropunctatus sp. nov., Philopterus pseudhirundo sp. nov, Philopterus sinensis sp. nov., Philopterus stansburyensis sp. nov., Philopterus trepostephanus sp. nov.}, issn = {2118-9773}, doi = {10.5852/ejt.2022.790.1641}, url = {https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/1641}, author = {Daniel R Gustafsson and Tomas Najer and Fasheng Zou and Sarah E. Bush} } @article {95428, title = {Restricted Geographic Sampling Yields Low Parasitism Rates but Surprisingly Diverse Host Associations in Avian Lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) from South Texas}, journal = {Diversity}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {Sep-07-2021}, pages = {20 pp}, type = {430 Open Access}, chapter = {430}, abstract = {

South Texas is a highly variable region encompassing multiple habitat types and harboring a wide diversity of organisms. However, the parasite fauna in this region is poorly known, especially for avian ectoparasites such as lice. To better understand avian louse diversity and host associations in South Texas, we examined a total of 507 birds for chewing lice. Lice were morphologically identified to genus and phylogenetic analysis was performed using one mitochondrial (COI) and two nuclear (18S rRNA and EF-1\α) genes. Of the birds examined, 69 (13.5\%) were parasitized by lice resulting in a total of 63 host associations across 45 bird species, 29 of which were previously unrecorded. The predominant taxa encountered during this study included two of the most diverse louse genera, Myrsidea and Brueelia. Molecular analyses revealed 21 distinct genetic lineages, 17 of which are associated with novel host associations and may represent new species. This study represents the first extensive examination of avian louse host associations and relationships in Texas and reveals that there is still much to be learned about ectoparasite diversity in the New World.

}, keywords = {Avian lice, birds, Chewing lice, ectoparasites, genetics, parasitism}, issn = {1424-2818}, doi = {10.3390/d13090430}, url = {https://www.mdpi.com/1424-2818/13/9/430}, author = {John P. Pistone and Jessica E. Light and Tyler A. Campbell and Catanach, Therese A. and Voelker, Gary} } @article {95385, title = {Brownish, small and lousy barn swallows have greater natal dispersal propensity}, journal = {Animal Behaviour}, volume = {87}, year = {2014}, month = {01-2014}, pages = {137 - 146}, abstract = {

Natal dispersal contributes to population dynamics and genetic structure. Individuals differ in whether or not they disperse and in the distance they travel from their natal site before settling to breed. Differences in natal dispersal are often associated with variation in other traits. These associations may arise because suites of morphological and behavioural traits are ultimately controlled by the same set of genes. The genes that control melanogenesis in vertebrates pleiotropically influence physiology and behaviour, including boldness and exploration. Because these personality traits predict dispersal, we tested the hypothesis that in the barn swallow, Hirundo rustica, melanic coloration predicts natal dispersal, using a solid matched caseecontrol sampling design and a large sample. We found that males but not females with colour traits that reflect relatively more pheomelanic feather pigmentation were more likely to disperse, consistently with observations on the only other species for which dispersal in relation to plumage melanic coloration has so far been studied. To control for any confounding effects, we also analysed the association of dispersal with morphological traits and parasite infestation. Philopatric individuals were larger than dispersers, whereas dispersal strategy did not differ according to tail length, which is a sexually selected trait. Finally, philopatric females had a smaller infestation of a haematophagous louse fly. The present findings corroborate previous evidence that melanic coloration covaries with a suite of traits. In particular, they show that melanin-based plumage coloration predicts natal dispersal, independently of other factors also influencing dispersal. In addition, our results show that philopatric individuals were larger than dispersers possibly because individuals return to a benign natal place or because large body size confers an advantage in competitive interactions. Finally, they are
compatible with the idea of host adaptation to local strains of a parasite with presumably small population size and low dispersing capacity.

}, keywords = {barn swallow, body size, coevolution, colour, melanin, natal dispersal, parasitism, philopatry, sexual selection}, issn = {00033472}, doi = {10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.10.022}, url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S000334721300479X}, author = {Saino,N. and Maria Romano and Chiara Scandolara and Diego Rubolini and Roberto Ambrosini and Manuela Caprioli and Alessandra Costanzo and Andrea Romano} } @article {95384, title = {Darwin{\textquoteright}s finches habitually anoint their feathers with leaves of the endemic tree Psidium galapageium during the non-breeding season}, journal = {Ethology}, volume = {127}, year = {2021}, month = {03-2021}, pages = {914{\textendash}924}, type = {Open Access Early view online version}, abstract = {

Birds host a wide range of ectoparasites and have developed behavioural strategies to combat them, such as preening, dust bathing and water bathing. In addition, a wide range of avian taxa anoint their feathers with insects or plants that have pharmaceutical properties, though most observations on anointing are anecdotal. Darwin\&$\#$39;s finches preen with leaves of an endemic tree (Psidium galapageium) and a previous laboratory study has shown that this plant has compounds that repel both mosquitoes and the invasive parasitic fly Philornis downsi, whose larvae suck blood from nestlings and incubating females and cause high nestling mortality. In the current study, we tested the hypothesis that preening with P. galapageium leaves serves to repel these parasites with an indirect approach. Mosquitoes and P. downsi affect their hosts mainly during the bird breeding season and P. downsi only affects breeding females, but not adult males. To test our hypothesis, we gathered quantitative data on leaf-preening behaviour in Darwin\&$\#$39;s finches during their breeding and non-breeding season and also investigated the influence of time of day and humidity, as humid conditions facilitate the release of volatile organic compounds. Contrary to our predictions, anointing occurred significantly more often during the non-breeding season when mosquito and P. downsi numbers are lower. Four Darwin\&$\#$39;s finch species anointed their feathers habitually, and during the non-breeding season, 56\% of all preening events were with leaves. We found no effect of sex, but preening with leaves occurred predominately in the morning when leaves were wet. Our study is the first to provide quantitative data on anointing behaviour in birds and the high percentage of preening with leaves in the non-breeding season suggests that the behaviour has an adaptive value. However, further studies are needed to test whether it reduces the negative impact of parasites other than mosquitoes and P. downsi.

Attachement 95384.pdf is the online pre-printed version

}, keywords = {Camarhynchus parvulus, Darwin{\textquoteright}s finches, Philornis downsi, preening, Psidium galapageium, self-medication}, issn = {0179-1613}, doi = {10.1111/eth.13153}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/eth.13153}, author = {Sabine Tebbich and Timo Schwemhofer and Barbara Fischer and Courtney Pike} } @article {95296, title = {Different underlying mechanisms drive associations between multiple parasites and the same sexual signal}, journal = {Animal Behaviour}, volume = {173}, year = {2021}, month = {01-2021}, pages = {183-196}, abstract = {

Associations between parasite loads and sexual signal expression have long been the focus of research. However, our understanding of how sexual selection operates in the context of multiple parasite infections within the same host is still quite limited. We examined the expression of plumage coloration, which is sexually selected in North American barn swallows, Hirundo rustica erythrogaster, and tail streamer length, which is sexually selected in other barn swallow subspecies, in the context of eight different parasite infections. We found that two parasites, nest mites and Plasmodium, were associated with colour expression, but in opposite directions. Attractive males were less likely to have mites in their nests, but more likely to be infected with Plasmodium. We found that different underlying mechanisms were generating the links between these different parasites and the same colour signal. Males that invested more in colour expression were less likely to survive when infected with Plasmodium, suggesting a physiological mechanism linking colour to Plasmodium infections. However, we found no clear cost to males when examining nest mites, which primarily infect offspring. Instead, using experimental mite manipulations, we provide evidence for a behavioural mechanism, where territorial behaviour and male\–male competition likely drive the association between colour expression and nest mite infections. We did not find associations between parasites and streamer length in this subspecies, suggesting that the links between divergent sexual signals and parasites may be quite flexible. These results suggest that the evolution of a single sexual signal can be shaped by several, even opposing, links with different parasite infections.

attachment 95296.pdf pre-print version

}, keywords = {avian malaria, barn swallow, co-infection, ectoparasite, haemosporidian, mate choice, mite, parasite, sexual selection, territorial behaviour}, issn = {00033472}, doi = {10.1016/j.anbehav.2020.12.003}, url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0003347220303547}, author = {Amanda K. Hund and Joanna Kay Hubbard and Simona Krausov{\'a} and Pavel Munclinger and Rebecca J. Safran} } @article {95294, title = {Plumage brightness and uropygial gland secretions in barn swallows}, journal = {Current Zoology}, volume = {65}, year = {2019}, month = {04-2019}, pages = {177 - 182}, abstract = {

The uropygial gland has been hypothesized to play a role in sexual signaling through a \"make-up\" function derived from the effects of secretions from the gland on the appearance of the plumage and bare parts of the body. Here we show that plumage brightness of dorsal feathers of individual barn swallows Hirundo rustica was greater in mated than in unmated individuals. In addition, plumage brightness increased with colony size. Furthermore, plumage brightness was positively correlated with the amount of wax in the uropygial gland, negatively correlated with time of sampling of uropygial wax (perhaps because more wax is present early in the morning after an entire night of wax production without any preening), and negatively correlated with the number of chewing lice that degrade the plumage. Experimentally preventing barn swallows from access to the uropygial gland reduced plumage brightness, showing a causal link between secretions from the uropygial gland and plumage brightness. These findings provide evidence consistent with a role of uropygial secretions in signaling plumage brightness

}, keywords = {brightness, coloration, preening wax, sexual selection, uropygial glan}, doi = {10.1093/cz/zoy042}, url = {https://academic.oup.com/cz/article/65/2/177/5025951}, author = {Anders Pape M{\o}ller and Fernando Mateos-Gonz{\'a}lez} } @article {68934, title = {Feather-chewing lice and Tree Swallow biology}, journal = {The Auk}, volume = {132}, year = {2015}, month = {Jan-07-2015}, pages = {551 - 561}, abstract = {

Feather-chewing lice (Order Phthiraptera, Suborder Ischnocera) commonly infest birds and may affect their survival and reproduction. From 1993 to 2005, we examined several aspects of the biology of breeding Tree Swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) potentially associated with holes in wing and tail feathers caused by feather-chewing lice. Most individuals had ,10 feather holes, but 90\% of second-year (SY) females, 68\% of after-second-year (ASY) females, and 80\% of males had ?1 feather hole. ASY females had significantly fewer feather holes than SY females and males. There was evidence of positive assortative mating for feather hole number between ASY females and their mates. SY females and their mates did not differ significantly in the number of feather holes, but ASY females had significantly fewer holes than their mates. Males with fewer feather holes were heavier and had longer right wings. Feather hole abundance was not significantly associated with reproductive performance. Feather hole abundance was not associated with whether females bred 1 time or .1 time at our study site, but males with fewer holes were more likely to breed .1 time. Mean feather hole abundance differed significantly among years for SY females and males that bred 3 and 4 times, respectively, but not for ASY females that bred 4 times. Collectively, these data suggest that feather- chewing lice, as estimated by the damage they cause to wing and tail flight feathers, have little effect on Tree Swallow fitness.

}, keywords = {feather holes, feather-chewing lice, Ischnocera, Tachycineta bicolor, Tree Swallow}, issn = {0004-8038}, doi = {10.1642/AUK-14-252.1}, url = {http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1642/AUK-14-252.1}, author = {Michael P. Lombardo and Drake, Patricia and Olson, Amber and Otieno, Sango and Spadacene, Lena and Patrick A. Thorpe} } @article {68777, title = {Relationship between sexual signals and louse (Insecta: Phthiraptera) infestation of breeding and migrating Barn swallows ( Hirundo rustica ) in Hungary}, journal = {Ornis Hungarica}, volume = {20}, year = {2012}, month = {06/2012}, pages = {37-43}, abstract = {

Lice (Phthiraptera) chew characteristic holes on the remiges and rectrices of Barn swallows (Hirundo rustica). The number of these holes correlate positively with the intensity of louse infestation, hence hole counts are useful to quantify lousiness. Several papers showed that lice affect both life expectancy and reproductive success of hosts. In male Barn swallows, the length of the outermost tail feathers act as a sexual signal. Females prefer long-tailed males, which have significantly fewer feather holes. In this study we sampled breeding and migrating Barn swallows and compared their louse burden, and the relationship between tail length and the number of feather holes. We found significant negative correlation between feather holes and tail length in breeding males; however, we found non-significant correlation in migrating males. We suggest that attractive males have more physical interactions (e.g. extra-pair copulation) during the breeding season, than less attractive males, hence they are more exposed to louse transmission, and therefore the difference in the infestation declines towards the end of the breeding season. However, given that migrating swallow groups include colonial and solitary breeding birds, it cannot be excluded that a potentially different louse distribution on solitary breeding birds may contribute to the results.

(Abstract in Hungarian) \Összefoglal\ás

A f\üsti fecsk\ék (Hirundo rustica) evez{\H o}- \és faroktollain a tolltetvek (Phthiraptera) karakterisztikus lyukakat r\ágnak. A toll-lyukak sz\áma korrel\ál a tolltet{\H u} fert{\H o}z\ötts\ég intenzit\ás\ával, \így a toll-lyukak megsz\ámol\ás\ával a fert{\H o}z\ötts\ég j\ól becs\ülhet{\H o}. A magasabb tolltet{\H u} fert{\H o}z\ötts\égi intenzit\ás a f\üsti fecsk\ék t\úl\él\ési \és szaporod\ási es\élyeit is cs\ökkenti. A hosszabb sz\éls{\H o} faroktoll\ú f\üsti fecske h\ímek kev\ésb\é fert{\H o}z\öttek, mint a r\övidebb fark\úak, \így a sz\éls{\H o} faroktollak hossza a fert{\H o}z\ötts\ég megb\ízhat\ó jelz\ések\ént szolg\álhat a toj\ók sz\ám\ára. Munk\ánkban vizsg\áltuk, hogy a k\ölt\ési id{\H o}szak sor\án, a vonul\ási id{\H o}szakra megv\áltozik-e a k\ölt{\H o} popul\áci\ókban kimutatott negat\ív korrel\áci\ó a szexu\ális szign\álok \és a tolltet{\H u}-fert{\H o}z\ötts\ég k\öz\ött. K\ölt\ési id{\H o}szakban \és vonul\ási id{\H o}szakban jel\ölt f\üsti fecsk\éken \összehasonl\ítottuk a toll-lyukak gazdaegyedek k\öz\ötti eloszl\ás\át, a fert{\H o}z\ötts\ég m\ér{\H o}sz\ámait \és \öszszef\ügg\és\ét a szexu\ális szign\álok kifejezetts\ég\ével. A k\ölt{\H o} h\ímekn\él negat\ív korrel\áci\ót tal\áltunk a farokhossz \és a toll-lyukak sz\áma k\özt, a vonul\ó h\ímekn\él azonban ez az \összef\ügg\és nem volt kimutathat\ó. Hipot\ézis\ünk szerint a k\ölt\ési id{\H o}szak sor\án a \„vonz\óbb\” h\ímek gyakrabban \és t\öbb fajt\árssal ker\ülnek fi zikai kontaktusba, mint \„kev\ésb\é vonz\ó\” t\ársaik, \így ezek sor\án nagyobb es\ély\ük van tolltetvekkel fert{\H o}z{\H o}dni, ez\által a k\ölt\ési id{\H o}szak elej\én l\év{\H o} fert{\H o}z\ötts\égbeli k\ül\önbs\ég a vonul\ási id{\H o}szakra lecs\ökkenhet. Ugyanakkor a mint\ák k\ül\önb\öz{\H o} \összet\étele (a vonul\ó csapatokhoz mag\ányosan k\ölt{\H o} madarak is t\ársulnak) is hozz\áj\árulhat a kapott eredm\ényhez.Abstract in Hungary:

}, keywords = {ectoparasites; lice; feather holes; extra-pair copulation; sexual selection}, doi = {10.2478/orhu-2013-0003}, url = {http://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/68777.pdf}, author = {G{\'a}l, Enik{\H o} and Cs{\"o}rg{\H o},Tibor and Zolt{\'a}n Vas} } @article {48449, title = {New, known and unidentified species of Eulimdana (Nematoda): additional information on biologically unusual filarioids of charadriiform birds}, journal = {Systematic Parasitology}, volume = {23}, year = {1992}, month = {1992}, pages = {209 - 230}, abstract = {

Eulimdana spp. were found in 13 of 32 species of charadriiform birds from North America and Iceland; 88 of 636 adult birds and seven of 72 juvenile birds harboured infections. Described are: E. andersoni n.sp. from Chlidonias niger; E. metcalforum n. sp. from Sterna hirundo; E. sonini n. sp. from Charadrius hiaticula; E. wongae n. sp. from Limosa fedoa; and E. bainae n. sp. from Numenius phaeopus. Eulimdana asperum Bartlett, Anderson, \& Bush, 1989 is reported for the second time in its type-host, Phalaropus tricolor. The emerging pattern of one parasite species to one host species suggests that most Eulimdana species are strongly host specific. However, E. fiorencae Bartlett \& Anderson, 1990 is reported for the first time in a second species of Calidris (C. alba) and may be the unidentified species found in C. bairdii, C. alpina and C. pusilla. Other unidentified species were found in Larus pipixcan, Arenaria interpres and Recurvirostra americana. A key to species-groups (three are proposed) and species of Eulimdana in charadriiforms is given. Two pieces of evidence support an earlier suggestion that infections are acquired by neo-natal charadriiforms: (1) the presence of E. wongae in a bird captured as a chick and examined after two months in captivity; and (2) a greater frequency of mixed sex infections with microfilariae in infected juvenile birds (four of seven) than in infected adult birds (five of 88). The latter also supports an earlier suggestion that post-reproductive worms are ephemeral

}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/47595.pdf}, author = {Bartlett,Cheryl M.} } @article {48303, title = {The Feather Holes on the Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica and Other Small Passerines are Probably Caused by Brueelia Spp. Lice}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {94}, year = {2008}, month = {2008}, pages = {1438 - 1440}, abstract = {

Barn swallows Hirundo rustica often have characteristic feather holes on wing and tail feathers. During the past 15 yr, several influential papers have been based on the assumption that these holes were chewed by the louse Machaerilaemus malleus. We gathered feather-hole data from barn swallows and other passerines at 2 sites in Hungary and correlated the presence of holes with louse infestations and, more specifically, with the occurrence of M. malleus versus other species of avian lice. The shape of frequency distribution of holes was left biased, and this bias was more pronounced in large swallow colonies that in a random sample, in accordance with the view that the causative agent of the \‘feather hole symptom\’ is a contagious macroparasite. However, both intra- and interspecific comparisons suggest that the causative agent of the symptom had probably been misidentified. The occurrence of Brueelia spp. \‘wing lice\’ provides the best fit to the distribution and abundance of feather holes, both in barn swallows and across some other small passerines. This identification error does not challenge the results of the former evolutionary\–ecological studies based on this model system, although it has important implications fromthe viewpoint of louse biology.

}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/47447.pdf}, author = {Zolt{\'a}n Vas and Cs{\"o}rg{\H o},Tibor and Anders Pape M{\o}ller and Lajos R{\'o}zsa} } @article {48285, title = {Ectoparasitism as a cause of natal dispersal in Cliff Swallows (Hirundo pyrrhonota)}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {73}, year = {1992}, month = {1992}, pages = {1718 - 1723}, author = {Brown,C. R. and Brown,M. B.} } @article {47996, title = {Tree swallow reproductive investment, stress, and parasites}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Zoology}, volume = {82}, year = {2004}, month = {2004}, pages = {442 - 448}, abstract = {We reduced or increased tree swallow, Tachycineta bicolor (Vieillot, 1808), clutch sizes by three eggs (50\%of modal clutch size) to test experimentally for relationships between stress and parasite loads. In the first year of the study (1996), we enumerated two measures of stress (granulocyte to non-granulocyte ratios and heterophil to lymphocyte ratios), blood parasites, and ectoparasites living on birds (and not in nesting material). Stress indices increased for parents, but not for nestlings, associated with larger broods. Only one blood parasite (a trypanosome) was detected in blood smears from 221 different individuals. On individual birds, we found a median of 0 fleas, 0 lice, and 7 feather mites. In the second study (1998), we focused on parasites living in nesting material. Here, we found a median of 106 fleas and, of the parasites we observed, these probably had the greatest potential impact on the birds. Per capita flea loads were higher in nests that contained more young. However, despite higher stress to parents and higher per capita flea loads in enlarged broods, flea numbers were not associated with smaller nestlings or with reduced fledging success. }, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/47135.pdf}, author = {Shutler,Dave and Mullie,Adele and Clark,Robert G.} } @article {47953, title = {Habitat preference, escape behavior, and cues used by feather mites to avoid molting wing feathers}, journal = {Behavioral Ecology}, volume = {17}, year = {2006}, note = {Studies on lice, quill mites, and feather mites indicate that these symbionts have the ability to escape from the shedding parts of the host by modifying their behavior during the molting period}, month = {2006}, pages = {277 - 284}, abstract = {We analyzed the pattern of distribution and the effect of molting on the escape behavior of feather mites on the wing feathers during the nonmolting and molting season of the barn swallow Hirundo rustica. Feather mites showed consistent preference for the second outermost primary, with a steady decrease in proximal distance and avoidance of the outermost primary. Several explanations are suggested to explain this unusual distribution. Further, analyzing the escape behavior of feather mites on molting primaries, we show that mites avoid the feathers destined to be dropped next on molting barn swallows, and in the case of the outermost primary, mites use the {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}last moment{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} strategy, namely, leaving feathers shortly before it is dropped. Next, we performed an experiment in which we simulated shedding feathers or feathers about to be shed on nonmolting barn swallows, in order to test cues used by feather mites in avoiding molting primaries. Both the vibration of the incised feather and the gap of the pulled feather induced mites to leave primaries situated distally, at two-feathers distance from the manipulated primary, related to the control group. Our results show that feather mites have the ability to perceive the signal produced by the feather that will drop next and by the gap of the missing feather. It remains to be demonstrated, whether feather mites have the ability to perceive the vibration of the feather per se or they perceive the altered airflow caused by the vibrating feathers.}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/47092.pdf}, author = {Pap,P{\'e}ter L{\'a}szl{\'o} and Sz{\'e}p,Tibor and T{\"o}k{\"o}lyi,J{\'a}cint and Piper,Steven} } @article {47778, title = {Frequency and consequences of feather holes in Barn Swallows Hirundo rustica}, journal = {Ibis}, volume = {147}, year = {2005}, month = {2005}, pages = {169 - 175}, abstract = {The relationship between feather quality, estimated through the prevalence and intensity of feather holes, and the breeding performance and survival of the Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica was studied over a 5-year period. In addition, we present some indirect data on the role of chewing lice in producing the feather holes. The balanced distribution of feather holes (high prevalence, low aggregation) corresponds with the pattern of distribution of lice on colonial birds, and in the Barn Swallow. Feather holes were significantly and positively associated with the arrival dates of the birds, as both males and females with an increased number of feather holes started laying later. Females that survived the winter had significantly fewer holes than non-surviving females, whereas there was no difference in feather hole number between surviving and non-surviving males. Given that there was no association between the number of feather holes and body condition indices, except for the tail length of male Barn Swallows, we suggest that the negative effect of feather holes on the fitness of the birds is mainly apparent during periods of intensive locomotor activity, such as migration. Alternatively, if feather holes are an indicator of quality, those birds with a high intensity of feather holes may have been of poor quality. These birds may have been less able to cope with the environmental conditions, resulting in the lower survival and later arrival of the birds to the breeding grounds. The negative relationship between the length of the outermost tail feathers of males and the incidence of feather holes suggests that the tail is a condition-dependent secondary sexual characteristic.}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/46912.pdf}, author = {Pap,P{\'e}ter L{\'a}szl{\'o} and T{\"o}k{\"o}ly,J{\'a}cint and Sz{\'e}p,Tibor} } @article {47684, title = {Lice (Phthiraptera: Hexapoda) from marine birds belonging to the family Laridae from Chile}, journal = {Parasitolog{\'\i}a Latinoamericana}, volume = {61}, year = {2006}, month = {2006}, pages = {188 - 191}, abstract = {

Six species of lice (Phthiraptera: Philopteridae, Menoponidae) were collected from four marine bird species belonging to the family Laridae from the Chilean coast. Saemundssonia sternae (Linnaeus, 1758) and Quadraceps sellatus (Burmeister, 1838) collected from the boreal sea gull (Sterna hirundo, Linnaeus,1758), Saemundssonia lari (O. fabricius, 1780), Quadraceps punctatus (Burmeister, 1838) and Q. ornatus (Grube, 1851) found on the Dominican sea gull (Larus dominicanus, Lichtenstein, 1832); Q. punctatus collected from garuma sea gull (L. modestus Tschudi, 1843) and S. lari and Actornithophilus piceus lari (Packard,1870) found on Franklin sea gull (L. pipixcan Wagler,1831). All these species of Phthiraptera are first reports in Chile.

}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/46809.pdf}, author = {Daniel Gonz{\'a}lez-Acu{\~n}a and Fischer,Christof and Ricardo L. Palma and Moreno-Salas,Lucila del C. and Carlos Barrientos and Mu{\~n}oz,Lisandro and Karen Ardiles and Armando Conrado Cicchino} } @article {47126, title = {Remarks on two chewing louse species (Phthiraptera: Amblycera) collected from the individuals of a sand martin (Riparia riparia (L.)) colony from southern Romania}, journal = {Travaux du Mus{\'e}um National d{\textquoteright}Histoire Naturelle "Grigore Antipa"}, volume = {49}, year = {2006}, month = {2006}, pages = {129 - 143}, keywords = {Machaerilaemus, Myrsidea, Survey}, url = {https://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/46232.pdf}, author = {Costic{\u a} Adam and Chisamera,G.} } @article {46206, title = {Sexual selection for white tail spots in the barn swallow in relation to habitat choice by feather lice}, journal = {Animal Behaviour}, volume = {58}, year = {1999}, note = {ppublish}, month = {1999}, pages = {1201 - 1205}, abstract = {Many bird species have white spots in their tails or wing feathers, and such characters have been hypothesized to be either reliable signals (handicaps) or amplifiers that facilitate the message of a signal. In barn swallows, Hirundo rustica, the size of the white spots in the tail feathers is sexually dimorphic and positively correlated with feather length. We tested whether such spots act as handicaps or amplifiers. These white spots affect sexual selection in barn swallows, as shown by an experiment in which we randomly subjected males to (1) a considerable reduction of the size of all the spots by the use of a black permanent marker pen, (2) a small reduction of the size of the spots, or (3) no reduction. There was a positive association between spot size and the number of offspring produced per season. The white tail spots were preferred by feather-eating Mallophaga as a feeding site: holes made by Mallophaga were more abundant in the white spots than expected by chance. A habitat choice experiment with Mallophaga on barn swallow tail feathers revealed that they preferred white spots over black parts of the tail feathers. We therefore expected long-tailed male barn swallows to have more Mallophaga than short-tailed males. However, the opposite relationship was observed, indicating that long-tailed males may reliably signal their quality by the presence of large white tail spots without parasite damage. Thus white tail spots in barn swallows appear to be a reliable signal of phenotypic quality. Copyright 1999 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/45045.pdf}, author = {Kose,M. and M{\"a}nd,Raivo and Anders Pape M{\o}ller} } @article {45345, title = {Parasitism, immunity, and arrival date in a migratory bird, the barn swallow}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {85}, year = {2004}, month = {2004}, pages = {206 - 219}, abstract = {

Long-distance bird migration is expensive, and individuals in prime condition are therefore expected to arrive at the breeding grounds earlier than the average individual in the population. We tested whether arrival date during spring migration was associated with low parasite burden and strong T-cell-dependent immune response in populations of the transequatorially migrating Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica from Denmark, Italy, and Spain. Male Barn Swallows with heavy infestations of the chewing louse Hirundoecus malleus L. arrived later than other males, whereas that was not the case for females. This negative relationship remained after controlling the relationship between parasite load and arrival for tail length. Infection with blood parasites of the species Haemoproteus prognei was associated with delayed arrival in the Spanish population, which was the only one with a high prevalence of blood parasites. High intensities of infestation with a commensal feather mite were associated with early arrival by females, but also by males when the independent relationship between tail length and intensity of mite infestation was controlled statistically. Experimental manipulation of nest infestation with the hematophagous mite Ornithonyssus bursa Berlese affected the arrival date of adult males, but not of females in the following year, with arrival date being inversely related to the experimental mite population size. Males with strong T-cell responses arrived earlier than males with weak responses, independent of their tail length in two of three populations, but there was no significant relationship in females. These findings are in accordance with predictions based on the hypothesis that bird migration is dependent on condition, with individuals in prime condition arriving early.

}, keywords = {arrival date, barn swallow, Chewing lice, feather mite, Hirundoecus malleus, immunity, migration; mite, parasitism, sex differences, T-cell response, tail length}, url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/3450482 }, author = {Anders Pape M{\o}ller and de Lope, Florentino and Saino,N.} } @article {44485, title = {Studies on the bank-swallow, Riparia riparia riparia Lin., in the Oneida Lake Region}, journal = {Annals of the Roosevelt Wildlife}, volume = {4}, year = {1936}, month = {1936}, pages = {215 - 222}, author = {Stoner,D.} } @article {44470, title = {Parasitofauna gorodskoj lastoeki}, journal = {Ueenyje Zapiski Leningradskogo, Bio Serie}, volume = {7}, year = {1936}, month = {1936}, pages = {80 - 113 (Mallophaga:100-105)}, keywords = {Hirundo, urbica}, author = {Dogel,V. A. and Navcevie,N.} } @article {44293, title = {Ectoparasites of the House Martin, Delichon urbica in western Spain. 133, 41-48.}, journal = {Entomologist{\textquoteright}s Monthly Magazine}, volume = {133}, year = {1997}, month = {1997}, pages = {41 - 48}, author = {Clark,Frank and L. A. Hill} } @article {43607, title = {Sexual selection, feather breakage and parasites: The importance of white spots on the tail of the barn swallow (Hirundo rustica)}, journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology}, volume = {45}, year = {1999}, month = {1999}, pages = {430 - 436}, abstract = {The long outermost tail feathers of barn swallows Hirundo rustica have white spots that are larger in males than in females and in adults than in juveniles. Spot size increases with age among adults and is positively correlated with tail length. We tested the functional significance of these white spots by randomly assigning males to either of three groups during spring: (1) subjected to a considerable reduction in the size of all spots using a black permanent pen; (2) subjected to a small reduction in the size of all spots; or (3) a controlgroup with no reduction. Experimental treatment significantly a€ected the total number of o€spring produced per season: breeding tended to be delayed and second broods were less frequent after a considerable reduction in the size of the males{\textquoteright} tail feather spots. White parts of feathers lacking melanin were more often found to be the site of feather breakage than the melanised parts of similar width. Furthermore, white tail spots were the preferred feeding site of feather-eating Mallophaga and, since long-tailed males have fewer Mallophaga than short-tailed males, long-tailed males may pay a lower cost for their large white tail spots than short-tailed males. Hence, the cost of increased risk of feather breakage at white tail spots and the non-random distribution of feather lice among individuals will render tail spots a reliable signal of phenotypic quality. }, keywords = {barn swallow, melanin, secondary sex characteristics}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/42221.pdf}, author = {Kose,Mati and Anders Pape M{\o}ller} } @article {43304, title = {Genetic variation in infestation with a directly transmitted ectoparasite}, journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology}, volume = {17}, year = {2004}, month = {2004}, pages = {41 - 47}, abstract = {

Genetic variation in levels of parasitism of hosts is an underlying assumption of studies of coevolution, but few such estimates are available from the field. We studied genetic variation in the abundance of the chewing louse Hirundoecus malleus on its barn swallow host Hirundo rustica. These parasites are directly transmitted and a test of genetic variation of parasite abundance would thus provide a particularly strong test. The prevalence and the abundance of the chewing lice did not differ significantly between adult male and female hosts. The resemblance in parasite intensity of H. malleus of offspring and their parents was positive and highly significant, and an analysis of extra-pair paternity in the host allowed partitioning of this resemblance between genetic and common environment effects. There was no significant resemblance in parasite intensity between extra-pair offspring and their foster parents, although the resemblance remained for within-pair offspring. This provides evidence for the abundance of directly transmitted parasites having an additive genetic component. We found no evidence of common environment effects as parents did not resemble each other with respect to lice abundance.

}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1420-9101.2003.00660.x}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1046/j.1420-9101.2003.00660.x?sid=nlm\%3Apubmed}, author = {Anders Pape M{\o}ller and Martinelli,R. and Saino,N.} } @article {41630, title = {On the problem of some Ukrainian Passeriformes infestation with Mallophga}, journal = {Russian ?}, volume = {No. 1}, year = {1974}, month = {1974}, pages = {11 - 17}, abstract = {

In different regions of the Ukraine 914 Passeriformes belonging to 86species were investigated for infestation with Mallophaga. Extensivity of infestation amounted to 58.2\%. The highest extensivity is registered for the families Sturnidae, Corvidae, Ploceidae, Hirundinidae and Laniidae. Infestation of some species with the limits of the same family is obserped to vary considerably. Passeriformes are less infected with Mallophaga as compared with the birds from such orders as Rallidae, charadriformes, Anseriformes, Galliformes.

}, keywords = {Amblycera, Ischnocera, Survey}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/4763.pdf}, author = {Fedorenko,I. A.} } @article {40496, title = {Papers from the Hopkins Stanford Galapagos expedition, 1898-1899. X. Entomological results (8). Mallophaga from birds}, journal = {Proceedings of the Washington Academy of Science}, volume = {4}, year = {1902}, note = {This paper documents the first colection of chewing lice found on birds of the Galapagos Islands. These were collected by Snodgrass. The colection includes specimens from 183 birds and represents 34 of the 79 species of birds. Birds are listed according to Rothschild and Hartert. The following taxa are covered: Docophorus validus minor var. nov. ex Puffinus subalaris \& Nesomimus carringtoni Docophorus platycephalus sp. nov. ex Oceanites gracilis \& Geospiza fulginosa Docophorus melanocephalus ex Sterna fulginosa, Anous galapagensis \& Nesomimus macdonaldi Docophorus peristicus sp. nov. ex Sterna fulginosa, Dendroica aureata galapagensis \& Nesomimus carringtoni Docophorus lari ex Creagrus furcatus Docophorus breviformis sp. nov. ex Progne modesta, Geospiza fortis \& Actitis macularia Docophorus communis ex Geospiza fulginosa Docophorus galapagensis sp. nov. ex Geospiza fulginosa, Geospiza conirostris, Geospiza fortis, Camarhynchus productus, Camarhynchus prosthemalas \& Nesomimus parvulus Docophorus albemarlensis sp. nov. ex Camarhynchus affinis Docophorus insulicola sp. nov. ex Certhidea albemarlei Nirmus gloriosus sp. nov. ex Sterna fulginosa, Anous stolidus, Geospiza fulginosa, Camarhynchus affinis, Progne modesta \& Nesomimus carringtoni Nirmus obtusus sp. nov. ex Sterna fulginosa Nirmus paludicola sp. nov. ex Butorides plumbeus Nirmus curvilineatus sp. nov. ex Nesopelia galapagoenis \& Oceanites gracilis Nirmus galapagensis sp. nov. ex TOO MANY HOSTS TO LIST, SEE PAPER Nirmus separatus sp. nov. ex TOO MANY HOSTS TO LIST, SEE PAPER Nirmus lepidus sp. nov. ex Geospiza fulginosa, Nesomimus carringtoni \& Sterna fulginosa Nirmus vulgatus ex Geospiza fulginosa Nirmus vulgatus galapagensis var. nov. ex Geospiza fulginosa Nirmus interpositus ex TOO MANY HOSTS TO LIST, SEE PAPER Lipeurus languidus sp. nov. ex TOO MANY HOSTS TO LIST, SEE PAPER Lipeurus limitatus ex Puffinus subalaris Lipeurus diversus ex Puffinus subalaris, Anous galapagoensis \& Butorides pulmbeus Lipeurus diversus major var. nov. ex Puffinus subalaris Lipeurus gracilicornis major var. nov. ex Fregata aquila Lipeurus potens sp. nov. ex Sula piscator, Anous stolidus \& Procellaria tethys \& Sterna fulginosa Lipeurus baculus ex Anous stolidus, Geospiza fulginosa, Nesomimus melanotis \& Camarhynchus productus Lipeurus exiguus sp. nov. ex Oceanites gracilis \& Geospiza fulginosa Lipeurus helleri sp. nov. ex Sula piscator, Anous stolidus, Sterna fulginosa, Creagrus furcatus \& Geospiza fulginosa Lipeurus miriceps sp. nov. ex Geospiza fulginosa Goniocotes galapagensis sp. nov. ex Camarhynchus productus, Geospiza fulginosa \& Oceanites gracilis Eurymetopus brevis ex Arenaria interpres Giebelia mirabilis ex Puffinus subalaris Physostomum angulatus ex Myiarchus magnirostris Ancistrona gigas ex undetermined host Colpocephalum milleri sp. nov. ex TOO MANY HOSTS TO LIST, SEE PAPER Colpocephalum spineum ex Anous stolidus \& Geospiza fuliginosa Colpocephalum unciferum ex Certidea albemarli Menopon singularis sp. nov. ex Anous stolidus Menopon narboroughi sp. nov. ex Butorides plumbus \& Puffinus subalaris Menopon snodgrassi sp. nov. ex Coccyzus melanocoryphus Menopon galapagensis sp. nov. ex Geospiza conirostris \& Nesomimus macdonaldi Menopon albemarlei sp. nov. ex Camarhynchus productus \& Geospiza fulginosa Menopon incertum ex TOO MANY HOSTS TO LIST, SEE PAPER}, month = {1902}, pages = {457 - 499}, keywords = {mtax, PHP}, url = {https://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/3287.pdf}, author = {Kellogg,Vernon Lyman and Kuwana,Shinkai Inokichi} } @article {40400, title = {Effects of a dipteran ectoparasite on immune response and growth trade-offs in barn swallow, Hirundo rustica, nestlings}, journal = {Oikos}, volume = {81}, year = {1998}, month = {1998}, pages = {217 - 228}, abstract = {

Parasites can have a profound effect on biology and evolution of the hosts, which are expected to have evolved physiological and developmental mechanisms that allow them to minimise the costs imposed by parasites. In this study we analyse the effects of a dipteran ectoparasite on barn swallow (Hirundo rustica) nestling biology including rate of somatic growth, plasma protein concentration, blood cell sedimentation rate, hematocrit, concentration of leukocytes in peripheral blood, and T-lymphocyte cell-mediated immunocompetence. In a natural population, intensity of parasite infestation was positively correlated with growth of feathers. Nestlings in heavily infested nests may decide to allocate more resources to feather growth thus fledging early. To test this hypothesis, the detrimental effects of parasites on nestlings, and the existence of trade-offs between competing growth processes, we inoculated some nests with additional flies. Nestlings exposed to increased infestation had larger rate of feather growth but were in poorer condition than unmanipulated controls. Parasite inoculation resulted in larger concentrations of eosinophils and lymphocytes. Among siblings of broods inoculated with parasites, those that had the largest rate of feather growth had the lowest rate of increase in tarsus length and body mass. We conclude that louse flies depress barn swallow nestling condition and influence their immune profile. However, they also enhance growth of a morphological character that may allow nestlings to reduce the impact of parasites. Nestlings apparently experience a trade-off between the competing demands for growing feathers and other somatic characters.

}, keywords = {chicken, cliff, clutch, cost, hematology, hematophagous, hypothesis, immunocompetence, mite, parasite, size, success, swallows}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/3547043 }, url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/3547043 }, author = {Saino,N. and Calza,S. and Anders Pape M{\o}ller} } @article {40368, title = {Bilateral symmetry as an indicator of male quality in red- winged blackbirds: associations with measures of health, viability, and parental effort}, journal = {Behavioral Ecology}, volume = {9}, year = {1998}, month = {1998}, pages = {220 - 231}, abstract = {Recent evidence suggests that in many animal taxa, males characterized by low levels of bilateral asymmetry realize a mating advantage. The mechanisms responsible are poorly understood, but there is much interest in the possibility that symmetry reflects aspects of underlying individual quality and that females use symmetry as a criterion for mate selection. We used data assembled from a 3-year field study of red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) to explore the possibility that symmetry provides females with information regarding the quality of potential mates. Asymmetry measures made on a variety of paired characters, whether considered alone or in combination, were generally unrelated to the nutritional status (i.e., body condition) of individual males. Similarly, we found no differences in asymmetry levels exhibited by males infected and those uninfected with avian hematozoa. Composite (i.e., multicharacter) asymmetry was related to infestation by two broad classes of ectoparasites (hematophagous mites and ischnoceran lice), but these relationships were weak and opposite to those expected under the male quality hypothesis. Direct assessment of male viability based on annual return to the breeding grounds generally did not support the prediction that symmetrical males have higher survival prospects, nor was symmetry predictive of male nest defense, the primary form of paternal care in our study population. Collectively, these results are inconsistent with the proposal that symmetry reflects high mate quality, which in turn suggests that, in red-winged blackbirds, the potential for female choice based on this aspect of morphology is probably weak or nonexistent.}, keywords = {Agelaius, asymmetry, developmental, finches, fluctuating, Hirundo, mating, measurement, movement, ornaments, sexual, stability, success, swallow, zebra}, author = {Dufour,K. W. and Weatherhead,P. J.} } @article {40218, title = {Phenotypic quality and molt in the barn swallow, Hirundo rustica}, journal = {Behavioral Ecology}, volume = {6}, year = {1995}, month = {1995}, pages = {242 - 249}, abstract = {Phenotypic quality may determine the development and expression of secondary sexual characters. We studied the relationship between molt and several measures of phenotypic quality in the sexually size- dimorphic barn swallow (Hirundo rustica) in its winter quarters in Namibia. Males were in a more advanced stage of molt than females and juveniles, and the speed of molt as determined from the residual of the regression of the size of the gap in wings caused by missing and growing feathers on wing molt score (residual wing raggedness) was also higher in males than in females and juveniles. Male barn swallows with long and symmetric tail feathers had a more advanced stage of molt and molted at a higher speed than males with short and asymmetric tails. Long-tailed females had a delayed molt, and females with asymmetric tails had less advanced molt and lower rates of feather growth than females with symmetric tails. Molt of secondaries in juveniles also appeared to be less advanced if they had long tails. Adult barn swallows molted their tail feathers in an irregular sequence with the longest, outermost tail feather usually replaced before the second or the third outermost feathers. Good body condition was positively associated with a high molt score for some feather tracts and a rapid wing molt in adult females and tail molt in juveniles. Mallophaga were only weakly negatively associated with primary and secondary molt score in adult females and speed of wing molt in adult males. In conclusion, phenotypic quality of adult male barn swallows as reflected by the expression of their secondary sexual character during the previous molt reliably reflected stage and speed of current molt.}, keywords = {asymmetry, barn, body, character, fluctuating, Hirundo, molt, rustica, secondary, selection, sexual, swallow}, author = {Anders Pape M{\o}ller and Magnhagen,C. and Ulfstrand,A. and Ulfstrand,S.} } @article {40224, title = {Louse loads of pied flycatchers - effects of hosts sex, age, condition and relatedness}, journal = {Journal of Avian Biology}, volume = {26}, year = {1995}, month = {1995}, pages = {203 - 208}, abstract = {This study documents patterns of variation in abundance and prevalence of Docophorulus capillatus (Insecta: Ischnocera, Philopteridae) on the crown feathers of Pied Flycatchers Ficedula hypoleuca in relation to host sex, age, survival, physical condition, expression of secondary sexual traits and genetic relatedness. Louse populations were relatively stable over a S-year period, with low prevalences in the range 15-30\%. Pair mates had similar louse loads, indicating the possible role of direct contact between birds as an agent of louse dispersal. Females were consistently more heavily and frequently infested than males at almost all ages. Louse prevalence and abundance tended to decrease or oscillate with advancing age, with a major peak late in life which was much more marked in females; no surviving birds older than five years had lice on their crown. Although bird condition in a given year seemed not to be affected by louse infestations, there were decreases in individual condition between years which were linked to increases in louse infestations in females. Individual birds of both sexes had similar louse loads in successive years. Within-family resemblance in louse loads was only detected between mothers and daughters and, to a lesser extent, between females and their male offspring. We discuss different hypotheses to account for intersexual differences in parasite infestation.}, keywords = {bright, coloniality, dispersal, ectoparasite, Ficedula, Hirundo, mate, parasite, plumage, rustica, Spain, swallows}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/2900.pdf}, author = {Potti,J. and Merino,S.} } @article {40195, title = {Ectoparasites reduce long-term survival of their avian host}, journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences}, volume = {262}, year = {1995}, month = {1995}, pages = {313 - 319}, abstract = {Few field studies have evaluated whether ectoparasites affect the long-term survival of their adult host, although many studies have examined the impact of parasites on the host{\textquoteright}s offspring. In the colonially nesting cliff swallow (Hirundo pyrrhonota), we manipulated ectoparasite load (of cimicid bugs, fleas, and chewing lice) by fumigating adults and comparing annual survivorship of fumigated birds and non-fumigated control birds captured at the same time. Mark-recapture experiments over an 8-year period revealed that non-fumigated birds had an annual survivorship about 12\% less than chat of fumigated birds, on average, but the effects did not vary with colony size. Based on the difference in survivorship between fumigated and non-fumigated birds, we estimated that parasitized individuals had an annual survivorship of 0.38, compared with 0.57 for non-parasitized birds. The parasite-caused reduction in survivorship was the equivalent of the host losing up to one year of lifetime reproductive success. Ectoparasites did not preferentially infest hosts of lower quality, suggesting that all birds in the population were at potential risk of suffering parasitism and the resulting reductions in survivorship. Our results show that obligate ectoparasites such as fleas and lice impose a substantial long- term cost to their hosts and suggest that future studies of ectoparasitism should consider the parasites{\textquoteright} effect on annual survival of adult hosts.}, keywords = {Amblycera, cliff, cost, ecology, fitness, Ischnocera, mate, parasite, selection, sexual, swallows}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/38515.pdf}, author = {Brown,Charles R. and Brown,Mary Bomberger and Rannala,Bruce} } @article {40190, title = {Contribution to the knowledge of the Ornithomyini of Israel (Diptera, Hippoboscidae)}, journal = {Israel Journal of Zoology}, volume = {41}, year = {1995}, month = {1995}, pages = {109 - 124}, abstract = {A survey of the bird-parasitizing louse flies (Ornithomyini) in Israel was carried out between 1990 and 1993. Specimens belonging to 13 species were examined. Seven species were previously known from Israel (Icosta ardeae (Macquart), I. meda (Maa), I. minor (Bigot), Ornithoica turdi Olivier, Ornithomya chloropus (Bergroth), Ornithophila metallica (Schiner), and Pseudolynchia canariensis (Macquart)), and six species are recorded as new to the Israeli fauna (Crataerina pallida Olivier, from swifts (Apus apus); Icosta zumpti Maa, from a buzzard (Buteo buteo); Ornithomya avicular ia L., from a blackbird (Turdus merula); Ornithomya biloba Dufour, from swallows (Hirundo rustica) and sand martins (Riparia riparia); Orithomya gigantea n. sp. (described here), from a blackcap (Sylvia atricapilla); and Ornithophila gestroi Rondani, from lesser kestrels (Falco naumanni)). Louse flies were found on 26 species of birds, 24 of which constitute new host records for Israel.}, keywords = {Hippoboscidae, Survey}, author = {Bear,A. and Freidberg,A.} } @article {40181, title = {Secondary sexual characters, parasites and testosterone in the barn swallow, Hirundo rustica}, journal = {Animal Behaviour}, volume = {48}, year = {1994}, month = {1994}, pages = {1325 - 1333}, abstract = {

The immune-competence hypothesis predicts that the expression of secondary sex traits should be positively related to testosterone levels, but that androgens should simultaneously have negative effects on the immune defence system. Relatively high levels of circulating androgens should therefore result in elevated levels of parasite infections. Parasite load and testosterone levels will be uncorrelated, or even negatively correlated, however, if males with high testosterone levels and large secondary sexual characters are reliable advertisers of genetic resistance to parasites. In male barn swallows, testosterone concentrations peaked during the pre-laying period. Males that had high levels of testosterone (adjusted for the stage of the breeding cycle) at one stage of the breeding cycle also had relatively high levels at other stages. The length of the outermost tail feathers, which are secondary sexual characters currently involved in sexual selection, was positively related to adjusted circulating levels of testosterone, even when potentially confounding variables were controlled statistically. The prevalence (proportion of hosts infected) and intensity (number of parasites per host individual) of ecto-parasites (two species of Mallophaga, one species of Acari) infecting barn swallows were unrelated to adjusted testosterone concentrations. Intensities of ecto-parasite infections were negatively related to tail length of male barn swallows, and unmated males had higher intensities of infections than mated males. These results are consistent with the immune-competence version of the handicap principle.

}, keywords = {hematophagous, hypothesis, mite, selection}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1006/anbe.1994.1369}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0003347284713698}, author = {Saino,N. and Anders Pape M{\o}ller} } @article {40144, title = {Use and importance of feathers as nest lining in tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor)}, journal = {Auk}, volume = {110}, year = {1993}, month = {1993}, pages = {29 - 36}, abstract = {Tree Swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) commonly line their grass nests with feathers of other species. In one of three years studied, there was a significant negative correlation between numbers of feathers in the nest and chick nestling periods (i.e. broods surrounded by more feathers fledged earlier). In the third year of the study, the population was divided into two groups, balanced for all measurable aspects of parental quality. In the {\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}removal{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} group, all feathers were removed daily and in the {\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}control{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} group all feathers were allowed to remain. All nests and their contents were disturbed equally. Chicks in removal nests had lower growth rates (in mass, wing chord and tarsus) and higher infestations of mites and lice. I suggest that feathers aid chicks directly by preventing hypothermia and indirectly through higher growth rates by allowing earlier fledging when necessary. Protection from ectoparasites may be an important advantage in natural nests where nest cavities are not cleaned out annually. Inadvertent removal of feathers from nest boxes may be an important cause of posthatching declines in feather numbers.}, author = {Winkler,D. W.} } @article {40128, title = {Estudio biom{\'e}trico y morfol{\'o}gico de las especies de mal{\'o}fagos encontradas sobre Hirundo rustica L.}, journal = {Revista Ib{\'e}rica de Parasitolog{\'\i}a}, volume = {41}, year = {1981}, month = {1981}, pages = {397 - 407}, url = {http://bibliotecavirtual.ranf.com/i18n/catalogo_imagenes/grupo.cmd?path=1000627}, author = {Guevara Ben{\'\i}tez,D. C. and Mar{\'\i}a D. Soler-Cruz and Ben{\'\i}tez-Rodr{\'\i}guez,Roc{\'\i}o and Alc{\'a}ntara Ib{\'a}{\~n}ez,F.} } @article {40109, title = {Ectoparasitism as a possible cost of sociallife - a comparative analysis using Australian Passerines (Passeriformes)}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {92}, year = {1992}, month = {1992}, pages = {429 - 441}, abstract = {The hypothesis that cooperative breeding entails a cost in terms of transmission of ectoparasites was tested by a comparative analysis among sympatric Australian passerines. The general trend found using the allometry method and outgroup analysis indicates that, contagious ectoparasites are not more common on cooperatively breeding than on non-cooperatively breeding hosts. Body weight, migratory patterns and relative abundance of hosts are factors far more important than cooperative breeding that affect the levels of ectoparasitism in the host genera studied. Ectoparasitism increases with host body weight and relative abundance, while sedentary host genera tended to show less hippoboscid fly diversity than migratory host genera. There is an interaction between breeding system and migratory pattern when relative density of contagious ectoparasites (i.e. mites, ticks and bird lice) is considered: the number of contagious ectoparasites per host is larger on cooperatively breeding host genera than on non-cooperatively breeding host genera among sedentary passerines, but the trend is reversed for migrant passerines.}, keywords = {Australia, barn, Behavior, bird, breeding, coloniality, cooperative, dynamics, ectoparasite, group, Hirundo, manorina melanophrys, material, miner, nest, parasitism, Passeriformes, populations, size, swallow}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/38398.pdf}, author = {Poiani,Aldo} } @article {39717, title = {A preliminary study on Mallophaga in South African birds}, journal = {Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne}, volume = {68}, year = {1999}, month = {1999}, pages = {9 - 21}, abstract = {

Ciconiphilus decimfasciatus minor (Piag.) from Bubulcus ibis is recognized a valid subspecies. Pseudocolopocephalum doriabagla Ansari from Oriental Bubulcus ibis coromandus is regarded now as a junior synonym (syn. n.) of C. d. minor (Piag.). Austromenopon aegialitidis (Durr.) is recorded for the first time from the Afrotropical Region and from Stephanibyx coronatus. Actornithophilus hoplopteri (Mj\öb.) and Cypseloecus excisus are recorded for the first time from Anitibyx armatus and Hirundo spilodera, respectively. An unknown louse of the subfamily Brueeliinae was collected from Spreo bicolor. Occurrence of the following lice species in the Afrotropical Region has been confirmed: Dennyus conarxi B\ütt. from Tachymarptis melba, Colimenopon sp. from Urocolius indicus, Plegadiphilus threskiornis Bedl. from Threskiornis aethiopicus, Actornithophilus crinitus Clay from Stephanibyx coronatus, Saemundssonia africana Timm. from S. coronatus, Quadraceps kilimandjarensis (Kell.) from S. coronatus, Q. chorleyi Timm. from Antibyx armatus, Q. princeps Timm. from Rhinoptils aftricanus hartingi and Oedicnemiceps sp. from Burhinus capensis. Biometric data of parasites are presented.

}, keywords = {mtax, PHP}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/37852.pdf}, author = {Z{\l}otorzycka,Jadwiga and Modrzejewska,Maria and Kopij,Grzegorz} } @article {39592, title = {A study of a population of the house martin (Delichon urbica (L.)) feather louse Br{\"u}elia gracilis (Mallophaga: Ischnocera) in Lincolnshire, UK}, journal = {Entomologist}, volume = {113}, year = {1994}, month = {1994}, pages = {198 - 204}, author = {Clark,Frank and Farrel,J. and L. A. Hill} } @article {39590, title = {Ectoparasitism as a cost of coloniality in cliff swallows (Hirundo pyrrhonota)}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {67}, year = {1986}, month = {1986}, pages = {1206 - 1218}, author = {Brown,C. R. and Brown,M. B.} } @article {39221, title = {Species of the genus Saemundssonia (Mallophaga) from the Sterninae}, journal = {American Museum Novitates}, volume = {1409}, year = {1949}, note = {a}, month = {1949}, pages = {1 - 25}, abstract = {

All the known species of Saemundssonia from the Sterninae are discussed, and two new species are described. The species of previous authors described from more than one host, and therefore usually composite, are restricted to one type host and redescribed and figured.Neotypes have been erected for species of which the original type material is presumed to be lost and where material from the type host is available. LIST OF SPECIES DISCUSSED, WITH TYPE HOSTS (Synonyms in brackets) Saemundssonia atlantica (Kellogg), 1914 Stercorarius parasiticus (Linne) hopkinsi, new species Sterna aurantia J. E. Grav laticaudata (Rudow), 1869 Thalasseus s. sandvicensis \&(Latham) [brevicornis (Giebel), 1874 Thalasseus s. acuflavidus (Cabot)] lobaticeps (Giebel), 1874 Chlidonias n. nigra (Linne) [pustuliferus (Picaglia) , 1885 Chlidonias nigra surinamensis (Gmelin) ] [laricola (Giebel), 1874 Chlidonias h. hybrida (Pallas) ] lockleyi, new species. Sterna vitata georgiae Reichenow melanocephalus (Burmeister), 1838. Sterna a. albifrons Pallas . peristica (Kellogg and Kuwana),1902Sterna fuscata crissalis (Lawrrence) snyderi (Kellogg and Paine), 1910. . Sterna lunata Peale stemae (Linne), 1758 Sterna h. hirundo Linne [fornicatus (Olfers), 1816 Sterna h. hirundo Linne] [5-maculatus (Piaget), 2885 (Chelidon u. urbica (Linne) ]. In error

}, keywords = {mtax, PHP}, url = {https://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/37348.pdf}, author = {Theresa Clay} } @article {39166, title = {Mallophagan parasites from Indian birds. Part IV. Species belonging to the genera Philopterus, Capraiella and Pectinopygus (Superfamily Ischnocera)}, journal = {Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 12)}, volume = {5}, year = {1955}, note = {New and old taxa from Indian birds are described: Philopterus sclerotifrons, n. sp., type host Cinnyris a. asiatica Philopterus excisus microsomaticus, n. ssp., host Hirundo r. rustica and Hirundo rustica Capraiella subcuspidata, host Coracias b. benghalensis and Coracias g. garrulus Pectinopygus acutofasciatus, host Anhinga melanogaster All descriptions are good with figures.}, month = {1955}, pages = {417 - 433}, abstract = {

PHP;

}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/0579.pdf}, author = {Tandan,Bhup Kishore} } @article {39095, title = {New Mallophaga, II, from land birds; together with an account of the Mallophagous mouth-parts}, journal = {Proceedings of the California Academy of Science (Series 2)}, volume = {6}, year = {1896}, note = {b; A detailed account with figures primarily by R. E. Snodgrass is given for two Amblycera Ancistrona gigas and Laemobothrium sp., and the Ischnocerans Eurymetopus taurus and Goniodes cervinicornis is given. In addition a review of the previous studies on the mouthparts of Mallopahag is given. Furthermore the following taxa are described: Docophorus taurocephalus n. sp., from an American rough-legged hawk, Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis Docophorus alienus n. sp., from a Yellow-shafted flicker, Colaptes auratus Docophorus incisus n. sp., from a bluebird, Sialia sialis and a Cedar waxwing, Ampelis cedrorum Docophorus domesticus n. sp., from a purple martin, Progne subis Docophorus distinctus n. sp., from a American raven, Corvus corax sinuatus Docophorus transposiyus n. sp., from a cow bunting, Molothrus ater Docophorus alienus n. sp., from a Yellow-shafted flicker, Colaptes auratus Docophorus evagans n. sp., from a downy woodpecker, Dryobates pubescens Docophorus jungens n. sp., from a flicker, Colaptes auratus Docophorus californiensis n. sp., from a Californian woodpecker, Melanerpes formicivorous bairdi Docophorus cursor from a great horned owl, Bubo virginianus Docophorus ceblebrachys from a snowy owls, Nyctea nyctea Docophorus rostratus from a European barn owl , Strix flammea and the American barn owl Strix pratincola Docophorus communis from a several species Docophorus excisus from a cliff swallow, Petrochelidon lunifrons and the tree swallow Tachycineta bicolor Nirmus longus n. sp., from a tree swallow, Tachcineta bicolor, and from the cliff swallow, Pterochelidon lunifrons Nirmus simplex n. sp., from a robin, Merula migratoria Nirmus eustigmus n. sp., from a Anna{\textquoteright}s hummingbird, Trochilus anna Nirmus illustris n. sp., from a red-winged blackbird, Agelaius phoeniceus Nirmus vulgatus n. sp., from a several passerines Nirmus discocephalus n. sp., from a bald eagle, Halioeetus leucocephalus Nirmus fuscus from several hawks Lipeurus introductus n. sp., from Silver pheasent, Phasianus nycthemerus Lipeurus snodgrassi n. sp., from a Red-backed rufous hummingbird, Trochilus rufous Lipeurus macrocephalus n. sp., from Western night hawk, Chordeiles virginianus Lipeurus baculus from domestic pigeon, Columba livia Lipeurus dissimilis from a Bob-white, Colinus virginianus Lipeurus docophoroides from a Californian Partridge, Callipepla californica Goniodes cervinicornis from Silver pheasent, Phasianus nycthemerus Goniodes mammillatus from a Californian partridge, Callipepla californica Goniocotes creber, n. sp., from a Silver pheasent, Phasianus nycthemerus Goniocotes compar from a domestic pigeon, Columba livia Physostomum microcephalum n. sp., from the house finch, Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis Physostomum sucinaceum n. sp., from a Western flycatcher, Empidonax difficilis Physostomum angulatum n. sp., from a kingbird, Tyrannus tyrannus Physostomum australa n. sp., from a Western Nonpareil, Passerina versicolor Physostomum diffusum n. sp., from a sandwich sparrow, Passerculus sandvicensis Colpocephalum chrysophaeum n. sp., from the Samuel{\textquoteright}s long sparrow, Melospiza fasciata samuelis Colpocephalum osborni n. sp., from a White tailed kite, Elanus glaucus Colpocephalum fumidum n. sp., from a least bushtit, Psaltriparus minimus Colpocephalum flavescens from a bald eagles, Haliaeetus leucocephalus and an American rough necked hawk, Archibuteo lagropus sancti-johannis Colpocephalum subaequale from an American crow, Corvus americanus Menopon decoratum n. sp., from a white-tailed kite, Elanus leucurus Menopon robustum n. sp., from a least bush tit, Psaltriparus minimus Menopon monostoechum n. sp., from a Silver pheasant, Phasianus nycthemerus Menopon melanorum n. sp., from a towhee, Pipilo erythrophthalmus Menopon incertum n. sp., from a American gold fince, Spinus tristis and a russet-backed thrush, Turdus ustulatus Menopon longicephalum n. sp., from a domestic pigeon, Columba livia Menopon dissimile n. sp., from a Purple martin, Progne subis Menopon mesoleucum n. sp., from the American crow, Corvus americanus Menopon dubius n. sp., from a chimney swift, Chaetura pelasgica A brief discussion of the distribution of these lice is given. In addition a checklist of hosts and parasites is provided and an extensive number of labeled plates.}, month = {1896}, pages = {431 - 548}, keywords = {mtax, Myrsidea, PHP}, url = {https://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/0474.pdf}, author = {Kellogg,Vernon Lyman} } @article {39088, title = {Mallophaga from birds of Costa Rica, Central America}, journal = {University of Nebraska Studies}, volume = {3}, year = {1903}, note = {Carriker describes the following taxa, many of which are new from his 1902 collecting trip in Costa Rica: Docophorus bisignatus from Guara alba Docophorus platystomas from Buteo borealis costaricensis \& Buteo abbreviatus Docophorus platystoma umbrosus n. var., from Leucopternis semiplumbea Docophorus transversifrons n. sp., from Micrastur guerilla Docophorus californiensis from Melanerpes formicivorus, Dryobates villosus jardinii, Chloronerpes yucatanensis, and Melanerpes aurifrons hoffmani Docophorus bruneri n. sp., from Menacus candaei Docophorus underwoodi n. sp., from Psilorhinus mexicanus Docophorus comminis from Many hosts Docophorus cancellosus n. sp., from Rhamphastos tocard Nirmus fuscus epustulatus n. var., from Accipiter bicolor Nirmus curvilineatus from several hosts Nirmus atopus from several hosts Nirmus rhamphasti n. sp., from Rhamphastos tocard Nirmus hastiformisi n. sp., from Trogon caligatus Nirmus parabolocybe n. sp., from Muscivora tyrannus \& Tyrannus melancholicus Nirmus marginellus from Momotus lessoni Nirmus francisi n. sp., from Zarhynchus wagleri Nirmus melanacocus n. sp., from Piranga bidentata sanguinolenta Nirmus pseudophaeus n. sp., from Pezopetes capitalis Nirmus brachythorax ptiliogonis n. var., from Ptiliogonys caudatus Nirmus caligineus n. sp., from Merula grayi Lipeurus longipes tinami n. var., from Tinamus robustus Lipeurus longisetaceus from Tinamus robustus Lipeurus postemarginatus n. sp., from Ortalis cinereiceps Lipeurus assesor from Gypagus papa Goniocotes eurysema n. sp., from Odontophorus gutatus Ornicholax n. gen. Ornicholax robustus n. sp., from Tinamus robustus Kelloggia n. gen. Kelloggia brevipes n. sp., from Tinamus robustus Goniodes minutus n. sp., from Tinamus robustus Goniodes laticeps from Tinamus robustus Goniodes abberans n. sp., from Tinamus robustus Goniodes longipes from Odontophorus guttatus Laemobothrium delogramma n. sp., from Gypagus papa Laemobothrium oligothrix n. sp., from Buteo borealis costaricensis Physostomum jiminezi n. sp., from Amizillis tzacatl \& Selasphorus flammula Physostomum doratophorum n. sp., from Selasphorus flammula Physostomum leptosomusn. sp., from Myiarchus lawrencei nigricapillus and Myiozetetes cayanensis Physostomum angulatum from Tanagra cana Physostomum australefrom Tanagra cana Physostomum subangulatum n. sp., from Tanagra cana Physostomum picturatum from Helminthophila peregrina Physostomum pallens from Protonotaria citrea \& Compsothlypis pitiayumi Colpocephalum gypagi n. sp., from Gypagus papa Colpocephalum osborni costaricense n. var., from Buteo borealis costaricensis Colpocephalum extraneum n. sp., from Nyctidromus albicollis Colpocephalum luroris n. sp., from Zarhynchus wagleri Colpocephalum mirabile n. sp., from Zarhynchus wagleri Nitzschia bruneri n. sp., from Aeronautes melanolencus Nitzschia bruneri meridionalis n. var., from Chaetura griseiventris Menopon tridens costaricense n. var., from Porzana cinereiceps Menopon ortalidis n. sp., from Ortalis cinereiceps Menopon fasciatum from Gypagus papa Menopon macrocybe n. sp., from Buteo platypterus Menopon praecursor meredionale n. var., from Melanerpes aurifrons hoffmanni and Odontophorus leucolaemus Menopon tityrus n. sp., from Tityra personata Menopon distinctu m from Myiarchus cinerascens and Myiarchus lawrencei nigricapilus Menopon stenodesmum n. sp., from Empidonax atriceps and Tanagra palmerum melanoptera Menopon thoracicumn. sp., from several species Menopon thoracicum majus n. var., from Merula grayi and Tanagra cana Menopon thoracicum fuscum n. var., from Ramphocelus passerinii Menopon difficilen. sp., from Buarremom brunneinuchus Menopon pallorisn. sp., from Stelgidopteryx ruficollis Menopon laticorpusn. sp., from Thamnophilus doliatus; 20040717}, month = {1903}, pages = {123 - 197}, keywords = {Amblycera, Costa Rica, gen.nov., Ischnocera, mtax, Myrsidea, PHP, sp.nov.}, url = {https://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/0467.pdf}, author = {Melbourne Armstrong Carriker Jr.} } @article {38967, title = {Studies in neotropical Mallophaga, XI: bird lice of the suborder Amblycera, genus Dennyus Neumann}, journal = {Proceedings of the United States National Museum}, volume = {103}, year = {1954}, note = {a; Carriker presents a review of the genus Dennyus based on the specimens available to him. In addition he describes several new species and presents a key the species of Dennyus.Carriker states that the best characters for the separation of the species are "the gular plate and its chelotaxy, the shape and proportions of the thoracic segments, the prosternal plate and its chelotaxy, the mesosternal and metasternal plates, and a median sternal sclerite usually present in abdominal segments I and II (sometimes wanting)." Taxa described are as follows: Dennyus australis from Apus a. andecolus Dennyus dubius from Chaetura pelagica Dennyus bruneri from Aeronautes melanoleucus = A. s. saxatilis Dennyus meridionalis from Chaetura griseiventris = C. spinicauda fumosa Dennyus limbus n. sp., from Chaetura spinicauda fumosa Dennyus gossei from Tachornis p. phoenicobia Dennyus distinctus from Collocalia sp. Dennyus major from Hirundapis c. caudacutus Dennyus minor from Apis a. affinis Dennyus brecicapitis n. sp., from Chaetura b. brachyura Dennyus intonsus n. sp., from Chaetura chapmani viridipennis Dennyus spininotus n. sp., from Cypseloides fumigatus Dennyus rotundocapitis n. sp., from Streptoprocne zonaris albicincta Dennyus brunneitorques n. sp., from Chaetura rutila brunneitorques Dennyus similis n. sp., from Progne c. chalybea; 20040717}, month = {1954}, pages = {533 - 549}, keywords = {mtax, PHP}, url = {https://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/0332.pdf}, author = {Melbourne Armstrong Carriker Jr.} }