@article {96074, title = {Detection and distribution of haematophagous flies and lice on cattle farms and potential role in the transmission of Theileria orientalis}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {298}, year = {2021}, month = {Oct-01-2021}, abstract = {

Highlights

On the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia, endemic Theileria orientalis infection of cattle has been reported on farms where no ticks have been observed, raising the question of how Theileria is transmitted in these areas. To investigate the potential role of mechanical transmission by insects, the present study investigated the seasonal dynamics of biting fly species trapped between December 2017 and May 2019 on six cattle farms in the region where the presence of Theileria was confirmed. These flies, sucking lice collected from these farms and pools of Culicoides species affecting cattle also trapped in the region were subjected to qPCR detection of T. orientalis. Eleven species from eight genera of biting flies were collected using unbaited Nzi traps. Tabanid species were present in all farms, with Dasybasis oculata (43.6 \%) and D. circumdata (27.6 \%) being the most abundant and widespread species. The effect of season on the mean count per trapping event was statistically significant and highest in the summer months for Lilaea fuliginosa and D. oculata, and the autumn months for D. circumdata, with no seasonal effect on the abundance of the undescribed Dasybasis spp. No biting flies were trapped during the winter months. Sucking (Linognathus vituli and Haematopinus eurysternus) and biting (Bovicola bovis) cattle lice were also collected from all farms with the latter detected in only one farm. PCR screening for T. orientalis of trapped hematophagous insects resulted in parasite detection in the tabanid and Stomoxyini flies, biting midges and sucking lice with the highest proportion of positive samples for Haematopinus eurysternus (4/4 pools) and H. irritans exigua (6/15 individuals). The detection of the parasite in these potential vectors indicates a possible role in the mechanical transmission of T. orientalis and may partly explain the ubiquitous presence of Theileria in areas where ticks are absent.

}, keywords = {C. victoriae, D. circumdata, Haematopinus irrtans exigua, Theileria orientalis}, issn = {0304-4017}, doi = {10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109516}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304401721001758}, author = {Biniam T. Lakew and Sarbast K. Kheravii and Shu-Biao Wu and Steve Eastwood and Nigel R. Andrew and Adrian H. Nicholas and Stephen William Walkden-Brown} } @article {95275, title = {Macroparasites of Pallas{\textquoteright}s squirrels (Callosciurus erythraeus) introduced into Europe}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {172}, year = {2010}, month = {08-2010}, pages = {172 - 176}, abstract = {

Introduced pets released in natura can lead to sanitary risks for native fauna and humans. We analysed the macroparasite fauna of a total of 49 Pallas\&$\#$39;s squirrels, Callosciurus erythraeus, from two populations introduced into urbanised areas in Europe (n=16 female symbol and 13 male symbol from Antibes, France, 43 degrees 33\&$\#$39;N-7 degrees 7\&$\#$39;E; n=11 female symbol and 9 male symbol in from Dadizele, Belgium, 50 degrees 52\&$\#$39;N-3 degrees 5\&$\#$39;E). Of the 185 identified ectoparasites from Antibes, 183 were sucking lice Enderleinellus kumadai, with male squirrels 10 times more intensely infested than females. The flea Nosopsyllus fasciatus was found on two hosts. No hard ticks were recovered. Of the 131 arthropods specimens from Dadizele, 45 belonged to E. kumadai, with male squirrels three times more intensely infested than females. Eighty-six arthropods belonged to another sucking louse, Hoplopleura erismata, with males infested twice as intensely as females. No fleas or hard ticks were found. We only found 12 immature Hymenolepis sp. cestodes in the small intestine of three squirrels from Antibes and two immature Mastophorus sp. female nematodes in the stomach of a squirrel from Dadizele. We found no other helminths in the body cavity, heart, lung, liver, kidney or bladder. The macroparasite fauna of these two squirrel populations is consistent with what is expected from an introduced host, i.e., a few species dominated by specialist taxa imported with founders. The scarcity of other rodent species in the urbanized areas where Pallas\&$\#$39;s squirrels were sampled may explain the low variety of newly acquired macroparasites. The discrepancy in sucking lice infestations between males and females could be due to differences in either behaviour or physiology in this non-sexually dimorphic host. Based on the macroparasites found in this study, we expect minimal sanitary risks for both native fauna and humans in urbanized habitats such as those in our study.

}, keywords = {Helminths, Introduced pet, Pallas{\textquoteright}s squirrel, Parasitic arthropods}, issn = {03044017}, doi = {10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.04.021}, url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0304401710002402}, author = {Anne Dozi{\`e}res and Beno{\^\i}t Pisanu and Olivier Gerriet and C. Lapeyre and Jan Stuyck and Jean-Louis Chapuis} } @article {94407, title = {Lice induced immuno-oxidative wreckage of goats}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {242}, year = {2017}, month = {Jan-08-2017}, pages = {24 - 30}, abstract = {

The present study aimed to evaluate the immuno-oxidative patho-biology of lice infestation in goats. Sixty goats were divided into five groups; sucking lice (Linognathus africanus) infested (Group 1, n = 12), chewing lice (Bovicola caprae) infested-mild (Group 2, n = 12), chewing lice (B. caprae) infested-moderate (Group 3, n = 12), chewing lice (B. caprae) infested-severe (Group 4, n = 12) and healthy control (Group 5, n = 12). To assess the pathological changes, markers of oxidative stress (lipid peroxidation-LPO, reduced glutathione-GSH, superoxide dismutase-SOD, Catalase-CAT and total antioxidant capacity-TAC), the markers of immune status (Tumour necrosis factor alpha- TNF-\α, Interleukin-10- IL-10, Transforming growth factor beta 1- TGF-\β1, ratios of TNF-\α/IL-10 and TNF-\α/TGF-\β1) and hemato-biochemical status were evaluated. Significant anemia, hypoglycemia, hypoproteinemia and hypoalbuminemia were observed in caprine pediculosis irrespective of the type of lice infested. Remarkably increased oxidative stress was observed in chewing lice infested goats and no significant changes in oxidative stress markers were observed in sucking lice infested goats. TGF-\β mediated suppression of Th1 and Th2 immune responses was observed in sucking lice infested goats; whereas, a Th2 cytokine dominant inflammatory response was observed in chewing lice infested goats. From the present study, it may be concluded that sucking lice infestation produces remarkable immunosuppression and chewing lice infestation produces significant oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in goats.

}, keywords = {Caprine pediculosis, Cytokine response, Immunosuppression, Oxidative impairments}, issn = {03044017}, doi = {10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.05.019}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0304401717302200}, author = {Y. Ajith and Umesh Dimri and Shanker K. Singh and Arumugam Gopalakrishnan and Gopinath Devi and Med Ram Verma and Vivek Joshi and Shahjahan Alam} } @article {47464, title = {Therapeutic and persistent efficacy of spinosad applied as a pour-on or a topical spray against natural infestations of chewing and sucking lice on cattle}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, year = {2006}, month = {2006}, abstract = {Studies were conducted in Wisconsin and Illinois, USA, to assess and compare the therapeutic and persistent efficacy of spinosad when applied as either a pour-on or topical spray and compared with cyfluthrin pour-on and coumaphos topical spray for controlling natural infestations of chewing (Bovicola bovis) and sucking (Linognathus vituli, Solenopotes capillatus and Haematopinus eurysternus) lice on cattle. Thirty-five animals at each trial site were blocked according to pre-treatment lice counts and randomly allocated to one of five treatment groups: single treatments of spinosad (25g/L), diluted with water to 0.04\% active ingredient and applied as a whole-body topical spray; spinosad (25g/L) applied as a neat pour-on at 2mg/kg body weight; Co-Ral((R)) Emulsifiable Livestock Insecticide (5.8\% coumaphos), diluted to 0.03\% active ingredient and applied as a whole-body topical spray; CyLence((R)) Pour-on Insecticide (1\% cyfluthrin), applied as a neat pour-on at the manufacturer{\textquoteright}s recommended use rate for lice; and untreated control. Both spinosad treatments and cyfluthrin provided >/=96\% control of B. bovis for up to 7 weeks, whereas the efficacy of coumaphos dropped to <90\% after week 5 at one site. Spinosad spray had the best therapeutic and residual control of all treatments against L. vituli, >/=98\% for at least 5 weeks at both sites, compared with 3 weeks for coumaphos at one site. Spinosad and coumaphos sprays provided 100\% control of S. capillatus for at least 8 weeks compared with >/=97\% control for spinosad and cyfluthrin pour-on treatments over the same interval. While H. eurysternus burden was low and limited to one study site, all four treatments provided 100\% control for at least 6 weeks. These studies showed that topically applied spinosad provided a high degree of therapeutic and residual control against both sucking and chewing lice.}, keywords = {Bovicola, bovis, capillatus, eurysternus, Haematopinus, Linognathus, Solenopotes, vituli}, author = {White,W. Hunter and Hutchens,Douglas E. and Jones,Carl and Firkins,Larry D. and Paul,Allan J. and Smith,Larry L. and Snyder,Daniel E.} } @article {46603, title = {Systemic activity of nifluridide against sucking lice and the common scabies mite on cattle}, journal = {Veterinary parasitology}, volume = {11}, year = {1982}, note = {LR: 20031114; JID: 7602745; 0 (Nitrobenzenes); 61444-62-0 (nifluridide); ppublish}, month = {1982}, pages = {253 - 260}, address = {NETHERLANDS}, abstract = {Psoroptes ovis [Hering] mites and sucking lice (Linognathus vituli Linnaeus) were eliminated from light to heavily infested calves with a single subcutaneous injection of nifluridide in five separate experiments. The compound was incorporated in a copolymer vehicle in a sesame oil suspension. In the first two experiments, mites were eliminated within 10 days following a 20 mg kg-1 injection. Eight out of 9 calves were cleared of mites within 7 days post injection of nifluridide at 4, 6 and 9 mg kg-1 in the third experiment. At the end of the 65 day trial, no live mites were isolated from any of the treated animals. In the last two experiments nifluridide eliminated sucking lice populations at all dosage levels. Complete control of the biting lice (Bovicola bovis) was not obtained. No toxic signs were observed in treated calves.}, keywords = {animals, Anoplura, cattle, Cattle Diseases, Drug Evaluation/veterinary, Lice Infestations/drug therapy/veterinary, Mites/drug effects, Nitrobenzenes/therapeutic use, Scabies}, isbn = {0304-4017}, author = {Boisvenue,R. J. and Clymer,B. C.} } @article {46509, title = {Influence of hog lice, Haematopinus suis, on blood components, behavior, weight gain and feed efficiency of pigs}, journal = {Veterinary parasitology}, volume = {22}, year = {1986}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 7602745; ppublish}, month = {1986}, pages = {307 - 314}, address = {NETHERLANDS}, abstract = {Blood components, behavior, weight gain and feed efficiency were studied in 40 weaner pigs infested with lice and 40 left uninfested (controls). Packed cell volumes and concentrations of hemoglobin, serum proteins, leukocytes, serum globulins, and serum albumins increased significantly in both groups. Eosinophil concentrations increased and neutrophil concentrations decreased in the infested group but not in the controls. There was a significant increase in erythrocyte concentrations in the control group while the infested group{\textquoteright}s erythrocyte concentrations decreased at the middle of the experiment. Blood of infested and uninfested pigs showed no significant differences from pre-infestation values in sedimentation rates and concentrations of fibrinogen, basophils, and monocytes. Control pigs spent more time at feeders and more time active while not at feeders. Nevertheless, average daily gains (ADG) and feed efficiencies (FE) of the two groups were not significantly different. When ADG and FE were grouped by severity of Haematopinus suis infestation, pigs with more H. suis had higher ADG and better FE than pigs with fewer or no lice. The results suggest that a decrease in activity by infested pigs allows them to save energy which is then available for growth.}, keywords = {animals, Behavior, Animal, Body Weight, lice, Lice Infestations/blood/physiopathology/veterinary, Random Allocation, Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S., Swine, Swine Diseases/blood/physiopathology}, isbn = {0304-4017}, author = {Davis,D. P. and Williams,R. E.} } @article {46414, title = {Isolation and characterization of an immunogen from the louse Polyplax spinulosa}, journal = {Veterinary parasitology}, volume = {38}, year = {1991}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 7602745; 0 (Antigens); 0 (Glycoproteins); 0 (Histocompatibility Antigens Class II); ppublish}, month = {1991}, pages = {225 - 234}, address = {NETHERLANDS}, abstract = {The reaction of Polyplax spinulosa protein components with antigen-specific rat antisera and with five plant lectins is described. In immunoblotting, the antisera from rats infested with the louse P. spinulosa specifically recognized from 7 to 11 antigenic components of louse whole-body homogenates. Affinoblotting analysis with lectins showed that 10 of these components were glycoproteins with different types of glycan structure. Only one immunogenic antigen was isolated using immunoaffinity chromatography with the gammaglobulin fraction of an antigen-specific antiserum as immunospecific ligand. Further electrophoretic and immunochemical analyses revealed that it was a glycoprotein with relative molecular weight (RMW) 31 kDa and with high mannose type of oligosaccharide.}, keywords = {animals, Antigens/analysis, Glycoproteins/analysis, histamine, Immunoblotting, Lice/immunology, rat, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t}, isbn = {0304-4017}, author = {Volf,P. and Grubhoffer,L.} } @article {46367, title = {Spectrum of activity of doramectin against cattle mites and lice}, journal = {Veterinary parasitology}, volume = {49}, year = {1993}, note = {LR: 20031114; JID: 7602745; 0 (Insecticides); 117704-25-3 (doramectin); 70288-86-7 (Ivermectin); ppublish}, month = {1993}, pages = {67 - 73}, address = {NETHERLANDS}, abstract = {A series of 16 studies was conducted involving 288 cattle with naturally acquired or experimentally induced mite or louse infestations to evaluate the efficacy of doramectin. Four studies were conducted against the mite species Psoroptes bovis and two against the mite species Sarcoptes scabiei. Ten studies involved cattle with one or more of the following louse species: Damalinia bovis, Haematopinus eurysternus, Linognathus vituli and Solenopotes capillatus. In each study, a group of at least nine but not more than 25 cattle were randomly allocated to a control or a treated group. One group was treated with doramectin at 200 micrograms kg-1 and the other group received no medication. Mites or lice were quantified by species immediately before treatment and at weekly intervals for 4 weeks thereafter. Doramectin was 100\% efficacious against infestations of P. bovis, Sarcoptes scabiei, H. eurysternus, L. vituli and Solenopotes capillatus. The drug reduced infestations of D. bovis by a mean of 82\%.}, keywords = {animals, Anoplura, cattle, Cattle Diseases, Injections, insecticide, Ivermectin/administration \& dosage/analogs \& derivatives/therapeutic use, Lice Infestations/drug therapy/veterinary, Mallophaga, Mite Infestations/drug therapy/veterinary, Scabies}, isbn = {0304-4017}, author = {Logan,N. B. and Weatherley,A. J. and Phillips,F. E. and Wilkins,C. P. and Shanks,D. J.} } @article {46299, title = {Doramectin systemic activity against cattle grubs, Hypoderma lineatum and H. bovis (Diptera: Oestridae), and cattle lice, Bovicola bovis (Mallophaga: Trichodectidae), Linognathus vituli and Solenopotes capillatus (Anoplura: Linognathidae), and Haematopinu}, journal = {Veterinary parasitology}, volume = {63}, year = {1996}, note = {LR: 20031114; JID: 7602745; 0 (Insecticides); 117704-25-3 (doramectin); 70288-86-7 (Ivermectin); ppublish}, month = {1996}, pages = {307 - 317}, address = {NETHERLANDS}, abstract = {Seven individual trials were conducted in Wyoming to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of doramectin administered subcutaneously at a dosage of 200 micrograms kg-1 against multiple, natural infestations of cattle grubs or cattle lice. Insect species present and the number of trials that included each species were: Hypoderma lineatum, 2; Hypoderma bovis. 1; Bovicola bovis, 5; Haematopinus eurysternus, 1; Linognathus vituli, 5; and Solenopotes capillatus, 3. Examinations for lice were performed prior to treatment and either weekly or bi-weekly thereafter for 28 days. Examinations for cattle warbles were performed either weekly or every 4 to 5 weeks from time of first appearance through last appearance in the backs of the cattle. No H. lineatum, H. bovis, H. eurysternus, L. vituli, or S. capillatus were found on doramectin-treated animals at any time following treatment. By 28 days following treatment, the number of B. bovis was reduced between 58 and 98\%. Treatments applied later in the season, i.e. in March, were more efficacious against B. bovis than those applied in January or February.}, keywords = {animals, Anoplura, cattle, Cattle Diseases, Hypodermyiasis, Injections, insecticide, Ivermectin/administration \& dosage/analogs \& derivatives/therapeutic use, Lice Infestations/drug therapy/parasitology/veterinary, Mallophaga, Seasons, Time Factors}, isbn = {0304-4017}, author = {Lloyd,J. E. and Kumar,R. and Waggoner,J. W. and Phillips,F. E.} } @article {46289, title = {Activity of doramectin against nematode and arthropod parasites of swine}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {66}, year = {1996}, month = {1996}, pages = {87 - 94}, abstract = {The efficacy of doramectin, a novel avermectin, was assessed against both naturally-acquired and experimentally-induced infections of gastrointestinal roundworms, lungworms, kidneyworms, lice and mites in studies conducted across North America and Europe. Twenty-two studies evaluated efficacy against fourth larval and adult stages of the following nematode species: Hyostrongylus rubidus, Ascaris suum, Strongyloides ransomi, Oesophagostomum dentatum, Oesophagostomum quadrispinulatum, Trichuris suis, Metastrongylus spp. and Stephanurus dentatus. Efficacy was evaluated against the louse Haematopinus suis in six studies and against the mite Sarcoptes scabiei in four studies. A common study design was employed for each study type. In all studies, animals were allotted at random to a doramectin-treated or a saline-treated group. The doramectin-treated group received the drug at 300 micrograms kg-1 by intramuscular injection while the saline-treated group received saline by the same route. In the nematode studies, worm burdens were determined for each animal at slaughter 14-16 days after treatment. Efficacy against each nematode species/stage was assessed on the basis of percentage reduction in geometric mean worm burden in doramectin-treated animals compared with saline-treated controls. In louse and mite studies, counts were made immediately before treatment and then at weekly intervals for four weeks. Efficacy was based on a comparison of the level of infestation on the day of treatment with that on the last day of test. Data from individual studies were combined to derive a single estimate of efficacy against each of the parasite species represented in the study program. Efficacy of doramectin was 98\% or greater against all nematode species except T. suis for which the efficacy was 87\% and 79\% against adult and fourth larval stage, respectively. Efficacy was 100\% against both Haematopinus suis and Sarcoptes scabiei.}, keywords = {animals, anthelmintic, Feces/parasitology, Injections, insecticide, Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/drug therapy/parasitology/veterinary, Ivermectin/administration \& dosage/analogs \& derivatives/pharmacology/therapeutic use, lice, Lice Infestations/drug therapy/parasitology/veterinary, Lung Diseases, Parasitic/drug therapy/parasitology/veterinary, Nematoda/drug effects, Nematode Infections/drug therapy/parasitology/veterinary, Random Allocation, Sarcoptes scabiei, Scabies, Skin/parasitology, Swine, Swine Diseases/drug therapy/parasitology, Urine/parasitology}, author = {Logan,N. B. and Weatherley,A. J. and Jones,R. M.} } @article {46272, title = {Eprinomectin: a novel avermectin for control of lice in all classes of cattle}, journal = {Veterinary parasitology}, volume = {73}, year = {1997}, note = {LR: 20031114; JID: 7602745; 0 (Insecticides); 160902-72-7 (4{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}-epiacetylamino-4{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}-deoxyavermectin B1); 70288-86-7 (Ivermectin); ppublish}, month = {1997}, pages = {153 - 161}, address = {NETHERLANDS}, abstract = {Eight trials were conducted in the United States to determine the efficacy of eprinomectin applied topically against four common species of lice in cattle. In two dose titration trials, eprinomectin dosages of 125 to 750 mcg/kg body weight applied topically were compared to untreated controls. In dose confirmation studies, animals treated topically with eprinomectin applied at the rate of 500 mcg/kg were compared to vehicle-treated controls. Four species of lice were present in these trials: Linognathus vituli, Haematopinus eurysternus, Solenopotes capillatus, all sucking lice, and Damalinia (Bovicola) bovis, the cattle biting louse. Louse counts were made on six to nine predilection sites (the same number of sites in all animals in the same trial) prior to treatment. The same sites were counted again seven days after treatment and weekly thereafter until trial termination eight weeks after treatment. When no lice were found in the predilection sites, a modified whole body search was conducted. Each species of lice was present on at least six animals in each treatment group on at least one counting date in two or more trials. No lice were found on any animal treated topically with eprinomectin at a dosage of > or = 500 mcg/kg after 14 days posttreatment until termination of the trials eight weeks after treatment.}, keywords = {animals, Anoplura, cattle, Cattle Diseases, Dose-Response, insecticide, Ivermectin/analogs \& derivatives/therapeutic use, Lice Infestations/prevention \& control/veterinary, Mallophaga}, isbn = {0304-4017}, author = {Holste,J. E. and Smith,L. L. and Hair,J. A. and Lancaster,J. L. and Lloyd,J. E. and Langholff,W. K. and Barrick,R. A. and Eagleson,J. S.} } @article {46195, title = {The persistent efficacy of doramectin pour-on against biting and sucking louse infestations of cattle}, journal = {Veterinary parasitology}, volume = {87}, year = {2000}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 7602745; 0 (Insecticides); 117704-25-3 (doramectin); 62-73-7 (Dichlorvos); 70288-86-7 (Ivermectin); ppublish}, month = {2000}, pages = {183 - 192}, address = {NETHERLANDS}, abstract = {A repeated-exposure challenge model was used to evaluate the pour-on formulation of doramectin in preventing the establishment of louse infestations in cattle. Twenty calves cleared of preexisting biting and sucking louse infestations were randomly and equally allocated to either a doramectin-treated or untreated control group, with five replicates per group. Doramectin pour-on was administered topically at a dose rate of 500 microg/kg body weight. Every 14 days, from a pool of seeder calves with infestations of at least 50 biting and 50 sucking lice each, 10 calves were selected and 1 was placed in each replicate pen. Every week during the 112-day study, 9 predilection sites on the doramectin-treated and untreated calves were examined to estimate the louse population density. A calf met the infestation criterion for a louse species when two or more live lice were counted on two or more body regions for two consecutive count days. Because only 4 of 10 untreated calves acquired Solenopotes capillatus infestations, the persistent efficacy of doramectin against S. capillatus was not evaluated. Bovicola bovis and Linognathus vituli infestations in the untreated calves developed shortly after exposure to infested seeder calves. The acquisition of B. bovis and L. vituli infestations in the doramectin-treated group was delayed for 77 days and 105 days, respectively.}, keywords = {Administration, Topical, animals, Anoplura, cattle, Cattle Diseases, insecticide, Ivermectin/administration \& dosage/analogs \& derivatives/pharmacology, Lice Infestations/drug therapy/prevention \& control, Mallophaga, Random Allocation, Wisconsin}, isbn = {0304-4017}, author = {Skogerboe,T. L. and Smith,L. L. and Karle,V. K. and Derozier,C. L.} } @article {46103, title = {Comparative efficacy of several insecticides for control of cattle lice (Mallophaga: Trichodectidae and Anoplura: Haematopinidae)}, journal = {Veterinary parasitology}, volume = {96}, year = {2001}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 7602745; 0 (Insecticides); 0 (Organothiophosphorus Compounds); 0 (Pyrethrins); 29232-93-7 (pirimiphos methyl); 52645-53-1 (Permethrin); ppublish}, month = {2001}, pages = {155 - 164}, address = {Netherlands}, abstract = {Several insecticides were applied to cattle at various rates, mixtures, application methods and numbers of treatments and evaluated for control of cattle lice. The insecticides included permethrin at various rates as a pour-on with and without the synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO), and also at various rates as a spray with and without PBO. Pirimiphos-methyl was evaluated as a pour-on at various rates and with one or two applications. Lambda cyhalothrin in microencapsulated formulation was compared to a non-microencapsulated formulation. Rabon(R) was applied as a pour-on at two rates and at one or two treatments for each rate. Dimilin(R) was applied as a pour-on at two rates and mixed with permethrin and applied at two rates. Five endectocides, Eprinex(R), Ivomec(R), Dectomax(R), Cydectin(R) and Phoenectin(R) were all applied at the same rate. The cattle utilized in this research were all infested with a mixture of lice species. The species included: Bovicola (Damalinia) bovis (L.), Haematopinus eurysternus (Nitzsch), Linognthus vituli (L.) and Solenoptes capillatus (Enderlein). Most of the cattle were infested with at least two species and some had three or all four species present. All of the treatments except permethrin 1.0\%+5\% PBO, at a rate of 3ml/45.4kgwt. provided acceptable lice control with one application. Data indicated that applying the insecticides in early January should provide enough control to render the need for a second treatment unnecessary.}, keywords = {animals, cattle, Cattle Diseases, Drug Administration Schedule/veterinary, insecticide, Lice Infestations/drug therapy/veterinary, Mallophaga, organophosphate, Permethrin, Pyrethrum, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t}, isbn = {0304-4017}, author = {Campbell,J. B. and Boxler,D. J. and Davis,R. L.} } @article {46072, title = {Persistent efficacy of doramectin topical solution against induced infestations of Bovicola bovis and Solenopotes capillatus}, journal = {Veterinary parasitology}, volume = {102}, year = {2001}, note = {LR: 20031114; JID: 7602745; 0 (Anthelmintics); 0 (Solutions); 117704-25-3 (doramectin); 70288-86-7 (Ivermectin); ppublish}, month = {2001}, pages = {235 - 241}, address = {Netherlands}, abstract = {A study was conducted in two locations, Wyoming and Wisconsin, USA, to evaluate the persistent efficacy of doramectin topical solution at a dose rate of 500 microg/kg body weight against artificially induced infestations of Bovicola bovis and Solenopotes capillatus on cattle. At each location, lice-free beef calves were individually housed and randomly allocated to treatment. Both B. bovis and S. capillatus were transferred from untreated donor animals to doramectin-treated cattle at the end of 35, 63, 91 or 126 day post-treatment periods. Cattle treated with a saline pour-on served as the control. Based on the geometric means of lice counts 2 weeks following transfer, the persistent efficacy of a single treatment with doramectin topical solution against induced infestations of B. bovis was 100.0, 100.0, 99.5, and 100.0\% at post-treatment days of 35, 63, 91, and 126, respectively. Persistent efficacy against induced infestations of S. capillatus, for the same intervals, were 100.0, 94.9, 86.3, and 74.9\%.}, keywords = {Administration, Topical, animals, Anoplura, anthelmintic, cattle, Cattle Diseases, Ivermectin/administration \& dosage/analogs \& derivatives/pharmacology, Lice Infestations/drug therapy/prevention \& control/veterinary, Mallophaga, parasite, Random Allocation, Solutions, Time Factors, Treatment Outcome}, isbn = {0304-4017}, author = {Lloyd,J. E. and Kumar,R. and Grubbs,M. A. and Waggoner,J. W. and Norelius,E. E. and Smith,L. L. and Brake,A. C. and Skogerboe,T. L. and Shostrom,V. K.} } @article {46067, title = {Persistent activity of moxidectin pour-on and injectable against sucking and biting louse infestations of cattle}, journal = {Veterinary parasitology}, volume = {104}, year = {2002}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 7602745; 0 (Anti-Bacterial Agents); 0 (Insecticides); 0 (Macrolides); 51570-36-6 (milbemycin); ppublish}, month = {2002}, pages = {319 - 326}, address = {Netherlands}, abstract = {

To evaluate the persistent activity of pour-on and injectable moxidectin against natural challenge by sucking (predominantly Linognathus vituli) and chewing (Bovicola bovis) cattle lice, 96 mixed-breed calves that had been treated to remove all lice were blocked by body weight and randomly allocated to three treatments: untreated control, moxidectin at 500 microg/kg by topical application and moxidectin at 200 microg/kg by subcutaneous injection. Twelve pens were blocked into groups of four and randomly allocated to four challenge times: 14, 21, 28 and 35 days post-treatment. Treatment groups were assigned to challenge pens randomly. Two donor calves, with demonstrated infestations of both sucking and chewing lice, were introduced into each pen containing eight principal calves at the start of each challenge time. Donors remained in the challenge pen for 7 days. Principal calves were examined for lice, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after donor removal using a standardized hair-parting technique. Moxidectin injectable prevented re-infestation with L. vituli for up to 42 days, but did not provide persistent activity against B. bovis longer than 35 days post-treatment. Moxidectin pour-on demonstrated persistent activity against both B. bovis and L. vituli for 42 days.

}, keywords = {Administration, Topical, animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration \& dosage/pharmacology, cattle, Cattle Diseases, Injections, insecticide, Lice Infestations/prevention \& control/veterinary, Macrolides, Mallophaga, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t}, isbn = {0304-4017}, author = {Douglas D. Colwell} } @article {46039, title = {Linognathus vituli (Anoplura: Linognathidae): population growth, dispersal and development of humoral immune responses in naive calves following induced infestations}, journal = {Veterinary parasitology}, volume = {108}, year = {2002}, note = {LR: 20031114; JID: 7602745; 0 (Immunoglobulin G); ppublish}, month = {2002}, pages = {237 - 246}, address = {Netherlands}, abstract = {

Growth of Linognathus vituli populations following establishment at a point source was followed for 16 weeks on eight louse-naive Holstein calves. Dispersal of lice from the point of infestation (withers) was monitored by examination of known louse predilection sights. Mean louse indices increased during the initial weeks reaching maximum mean values at 8 weeks post-infestation (p.i.). Subsequently, mean indices decreased, reaching a plateau that persisted through weeks 14 and 15 p.i. There was little movement away from the withers until 5 weeks p.i. Subsequently, numbers of lice on the withers declined, while increasing at sites on the head. A few lice were noted on the dewlap and topline sites. Host antibody responses to crude nymph antigens, measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), were generally evident within 2-4 weeks of infestation. Examination of individual host data showed louse populations could be categorized relative to the mean population size for the group. Two animals were considered \&$\#$39;chronic\&$\#$39;, having louse populations that persisted throughout the study and whose louse indices were \>150\% of the group mean. Two animals were classified as \&$\#$39;resistant\&$\#$39; having lice present for only a portion of the study and whose louse indices \<40\% of the group mean. The remaining animals had louse indices between 62 and 137\% of the group mean. Antibody profiles of the individuals were not as clearly categorized, although the \&$\#$39;resistant\&$\#$39; animals were only positive for short periods of time, roughly corresponding to the time when lice were observed.

}, keywords = {animals, Anoplura, cattle, Cattle Diseases, enzyme, immunization, Lice Infestations/blood/immunology/parasitology/veterinary}, isbn = {0304-4017}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4017(02)00206-6}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304401702002066?via\%3Dihub}, author = {Douglas D. Colwell and Himsl-Rayner,C.} } @article {45943, title = {Persistent activity of moxidectin long-acting injectable formulations against natural and experimentally enhanced populations of lice infesting cattle}, journal = {Veterinary parasitology}, volume = {120}, year = {2004}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 7602745; 0 (Insecticides); 0 (Macrolides); 51570-36-6 (milbemycin); 2004/01/23 [received]; ppublish}, month = {2004}, pages = {215 - 227}, address = {Netherlands}, abstract = {A study was conducted under a common protocol in Wisconsin and Wyoming, USA, to evaluate therapeutic and persistent efficacy of two long-acting injectable formulations of moxidectin against lice populations infesting cattle. At each site, 30 beef calves were blocked into groups of three based on naturally acquired Linognathus vituli populations, then randomly assigned to treatments within blocks. Treatments, injected subcutaneously into the proximal third of the ear on Day 0, included saline, a long-acting oil-based formulation containing 10\% moxidectin given at the rate of 1 mg moxidectin/kg body weight (M10/1.0), or a long-acting oil-based formulation containing 15\% moxidectin given at the rate of 0.75 mg moxidectin/kg b.w. (M15/0.75). Species of sucking and chewing lice were quantified on nine predilection sites before treatment, then 28, 63, 98, 133 and 168 days after treatment. During intervals between lice counts after Day 28, study animals from the three treatment groups were commingled for 32 days with two lice-free sentinels plus four to six seeder calves with infestations of both sucking and chewing lice. Following each 32-day commingling interval, seeder and sentinel animals were removed, and principal animals were sorted into pens by treatment. Lice were quantified on sentinel animals on the day of removal, and lice were quantified on principal study animals 3 days after removal of sentinel and seeders. Moxidectin was generally not efficacious against Bovicola bovis in the injectable formulations tested, whereas Haematopinus eurysternus infestations were inadequate to judge product effectiveness. Based on geometric means, both M15/0.75 and M10/1.0 provided statistically significant therapeutic efficacy against existing infestations of L. vituli and Solenopotes capillatus (100\% efficacy on Day 28), and provided persistent protection against reinfestation with L. vituli and S. capillatus (efficacy >97\%) for at least 133 days following treatment.}, keywords = {animals, cattle, Cattle Diseases, Injections, insecticide, Least-Squares Analysis, Lice Infestations/parasitology/prevention \& control/veterinary, Lice/growth \& development, Macrolides, Random Allocation}, isbn = {0304-4017}, author = {Cleale,R. M. and Lloyd,J. E. and Smith,L. L. and Grubbs,M. A. and Grubbs,S. T. and Kumar,R. and Amodie,D. M.} } @inbook {42527, title = {Anoplura}, booktitle = {Veterinary parasitology}, year = {1956}, note = {364; Veterinary parasitology}, month = {1956}, pages = {964pp., Anoplura pp.571 - 585, figs. 301-302, 329-341}, address = {Edinburgh and London}, keywords = {Anoplura, Artiodactyla, Haematopinus, Linognathus, Perissodactyla, Solenopotes, Troester}, author = {Lapage,G.} } @article {42307, title = {Large scale management systems and parasite populations: Ectoparasites}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {11}, year = {1982}, note = {1732}, month = {1982}, pages = {61 - 68}, keywords = {Anoplura, Artiodactyla, Control, Haematopinus suis, linognathus vituli, Mallophaga, Solenopotes, Troester}, author = {Hiepe,P. T.} } @article {40354, title = {Density and distribution of cattle lice (Phthiraptera: Haematopinidae, Linognathidae, Trichodectidae) on six steers}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {69}, year = {1997}, month = {1997}, pages = {283 - 296}, abstract = {

The density and distribution of four species of cattle louse, Bovicola bovis (L.), Haematopinus eurysternus (Nitzsch), Linognathus vituli (L.), and Solenopotes capillatus (Enderlein), were elucidated from the hides of six slaughtered steers. Adult and nymphal lice were first removed from one hide by hand and the location of each specimen mapped. The remaining lice were removed by a detergent wash, and KOH dissolution of hide and hair. Lice from the remaining five hides were removed using KOH dissolution of cattle hair and subsequent filtration of the effluent. Bovicola bovis was most abundant, followed by H. eurysternus, L. vituli and S. capillatus. Significant variation was observed in B. bovis, H. eurysternus and L. vituli population densities. Solenopotes capillatus population densities did not differ significantly. All species were contagiously distributed, i.e. \&$\#$39;clumped\&$\#$39;, suggesting species dependant predilection sites, Predilection sites were ranked according to louse density to facilitate the development of field sampling strategies. Additional biological data were gathered on sex and life stage ratios for each species. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.

}, keywords = {Anoplura, Bovicola, capillatus, cattle, Chewing lice, Haematopinus, Linognathus, little, longnosed, louse, Mallophaga, shortnosed, Solenopotes}, url = {http://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/3087.pdf}, author = {Watson,D. W. and Lloyd,J. E. and Kumar,R.} } @article {40351, title = {Evaluation of the protective efficacy of doramectin against sucking lice of cattle}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {72}, year = {1997}, month = {1997}, pages = {91 - 99}, abstract = {The protective efficacy of doramectin against sucking lice was evaluated under natural challenge conditions in Canada. Two studies with a similar experimental design were conducted in sequence. In each study, two groups of louse-free cattle received either doramectin at a dose of 200 CLg/kg by subcutaneous injection or no treatment and were then mixed with louse-infested animals for the winter housing period. All animals were examined for lice on treatment day and thereafter at weekly intervals for 13 weeks. In the preliminary study, acquisition of infestation in the face of a very mild challenge of Linognathus vituli was delayed by a mean period of 49 days in doramectin-treated animals compared with untreated controls. The difference in the delay between the groups was significant (P less than or equal to 0.04). In the second study, test animals experienced a moderate challenge of a mixed infestation of L. vituli and Solenopotes capillatus. Acquisition of infestation was delayed by a mean period of 25.6 days in doramectin-treated animals compared with controls, the difference between the two groups being highly significant (P less than or equal to 0.0001). These studies confirmed the protective efficacy of doramectin against sucking lice under natural challenge conditions showing that infestation is prevented for a period of about 4 weeks following administration of the drug at its recommended dose. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.}, keywords = {Anoplura, Calves, cattle, efficacy, lice, linognathus vituli, Mallophaga}, author = {Villeneuve,A. and Daigneault,J.} } @article {40259, title = {Field efficacy of moxidectin 0.5\% pour-on against Chorioptes bovis, Damalinia bovis, Linognathus vituli and Psoroptes ovis in naturally infected cattle}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {63}, year = {1996}, month = {1996}, pages = {119 - 130}, abstract = {Field efficacy of a pour-on formulation of moxidectin, a macrocyclic lactone endectocide, was evaluated in cattle naturally infested with Chorioptes bovis, Damalinia bovis, Linognathus vituli and Psoroptes ovis. In trial 1, two experimental groups of cattle naturally infested with P. ovis were formed. Group 1 animals remained as untreated controls whereas Group 2 animals were treated on day 0 with 0.5\% moxidectin cattle pour-on at a dose of 0.5 mg kg(-1) bw. Efficacy was assessed by (a) taking skin samples from each animal on days -4, 7, 14, 21, 28, 42 and 56 post treatment (PT) and observing the numbers of viable P. ovis mites and (b) clinical examination of animals on days 7, 14, 21, 28, 42 and 56 with the percentage of affected body surface calculated and live body weights recorded for each animal on days 4, 28 and 42. The pour-on formulation of moxidectin yielded excellent efficacy as no live mites were found in treated animals at 14, 21, 28, 42 and 56 days PT, except in one animal from which one adult mite was collected on day 42. Clinical indices showed a regular decrease in the affected body surface area. All untreated animals but one remained positive until day 28 and their clinical condition worsened rapidly. In trial 2, two experimental groups of cattle naturally infested with D. bovis and L. vituli were selected. Group 1 remained as untreated controls whereas Group 2 individuals were treated on day 0 with 0.5\% moxidectin cattle pour-on at a dose of 0.5 mg kg(-1) bw. Efficacy was assessed by identifying and counting lice on eight 15 cm hair partings at predefined anatomical sites on days 0, 14, 28 and 42. On the basis of animals cured and lice count reduction, efficacies were 100\% on day 14 and from then onwards for both species. In trial 3, 24 animals naturally infested with C. bovis were divided into three experimental groups comprising eight (Group 1), seven (Group 2) and nine animals (Group 3). Group 1 was the untreated control group whereas Groups 2 and 3 animals were treated on day 0 with 0.5\% moxidectin cattle pow-on at a dose of 0.25 mg and 0.5 mg kg(-1) bw, respectively. Efficacy was assessed as in trial 1. Skin scrapings were collected on days -3, 7, 14, 28, 42 and 56 PT. A clinical index was calculated for each animal on days 0, 28 and 56 whereas body weights were recorded on days 0 and 56. At 0.25 mg kg(-1) bw, the efficacy of moxidectin cattle pour-on against C. bovis was incomplete. In contrast, at a dose of 0.5 mg kg(- 1) bw, moxidectin cattle pour-on was fully effective and by day 14 PT ail animals were negative for C. bovis and remained so until the end of the trial. No side effects were observed during these three trials. These results indicate that at a dose of 0.5 mg kg(-1) bw, the pour-on formulation of moxidectin is highly effective against C. bovis, D. bovis, L. vituli and P. ovis.}, keywords = {Acari, Arthropoda, Bovicola, cattle, Choriaptes, Control, damalinia, Ivermectin, Linognathus, methods, moxidectin, Psoroptes, sheep}, author = {Losson,B. and Lonneux,J. F.} } @article {39830, title = {Arthropod parasites of Nubian ibexes (Capra ibex nubiana) and Gazelles (Gazella gazella) in Israel}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {83}, year = {1999}, month = {1999}, pages = {167 - 173}, abstract = {

In a 20-year survey the following ectoparasites were collected from Nubian ibexes: larvae of an unidentified Oestrus sp. collected from the nasal cavities, sinuses and hems, hippoboscid flies (Lipoptena chalcomelaena) specific to the Nubian ibex, blood sucking lice (Linognathus africanus) and unidentified biting lice (Damalinia sp.). Ibexes were severely infested with the cattle tick, Boophilus annulatus; a few Hyalomma anatolicum excavatum ticks were also collected. In five ibexes kept in two toes, showing otitis, Psoroptes cuniculi, was identified, and from skin scrapings of nine animals with severe dermatitis in three other toes, Sarcoptes scabiei was isolated. Infestation of Nubian ibexes with sucking and biting lice as well as H. anatolicum excavatum is reported for the first time. The ectoparasites collected from gazelles were: hippoboscid flies (Lipoptena capreoli), calliphorid flies (Lucilia sericata and Calliphora sp.), sucking lice (Linognathus africanus and Solenopotes capillatus) and unidentified biting lice (Damalinia sp.), fleas (Ctenocephalides felis felis), and ticks, B, annalatus, Rhipicepahlus bursa, Rhipicephalus turanicus, H. anatolicum excavatum and H. marginatum rufipes. In skin scrapings of four gazelles with local dermatitis in the fetlocks Chorioptes bovis was identified. Neoschoengastia sp. was found in craters between the claws in three gazelles. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

}, keywords = {Capra, ectoparasite, Gazella, Ibex}, doi = {10.1016/S0304-4017(99)00073-4}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/12906213_Arthropod_parasites_of_Nubian_ibexes_Capra_ibex_nubiana_and_Gazelles_Gazella_gazella_in_Israel}, author = {Yeruham,I. and Rosen,S. and Hadani,A. and Braverman,Y.} } @article {39768, title = {Efficacy of chlorfenapyr (AC 303630) experimental pour-on and CyLence formulations against naturally acquired louse infestations on cattle in New York}, journal = {Veterinary Parasitology}, volume = {97}, year = {2001}, month = {2001}, pages = {123 - 129}, abstract = {The four chlorfenapyr formulations examined provided 100\% control of both the nymphal and adult stages of naturally acquired Bovicola bovis (L.) on cattle up to 35 days after application. Treatment with 6 mg chlorfenapyr per kg BW in a 0.12 mi per kg BW formulation was as effective as treatment with CyLence(TM) (cyfluthrin) in controlling naturally acquired Solenopotes capillatus (Enderlein) on cattle for 35 days. Percent reduction was never greater than 90\% with any chlorfenapyr application against Linognathus vituli (L.). However, percent reduction was greater than 90\% with CyLence(TM) from day 21 through 35. No adverse effects were noted on cattle from any of the chlorfenapyr dosages used. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.}, keywords = {Anoplura, Bovicola, Calves, capillatus, cattle, Chewing lice, Haematopinidae, lepidoptera, lice, Linognathus, little, longnosed, louse, Mallophaga, noctuidae, Solenopotes, susceptibility, trichodectidae}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/2196.pdf}, author = {Kaufman,P. E. and Rutz,D. A. and Doscher,M. E. and Albright,R.} }