@article {46521,
	title = {Susceptibility of poultry biting lice (Mallophaga) to Dipel and bacilan (Bacillus thuringiensis)},
	journal = {Angewandte Parasitologie},
	volume = {27},
	year = {1986},
	month = {1986},
	pages = {35 - 37},
	abstract = {<p>Dipel (Abbott Laboratories, N. Chicago, U.S.A.) and Bacilan (PPR, Walcz, Poland), commercial preparation of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki, containing 16,000 IU/mg were tested in vitro on Menopon gallinae (L.) and Eomenacanthus stramineus (Nitzsch). The insects were placed in feathers, in Petri plates, and sprayed with 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 2, 4 and 10\% solutions of insecticides. Each concentration was tested on a group of 10 insects, in three replications. The viability was observed after 10, 20, 30, 60 min and then 10 times within 1 hr intervals. Dipel was effective in lower concentrations [LC50 = 2.2 (1.4-3.5)\% against E. stramineus and 2.9 (1.8-4.6) against M. gallinae]. LC50 of Bacilan were 2.9 (1.8-4.3) for E. stramineus and 3.2 (2.5-4.0)\% for M. gallinae respectively. The ingestion of microbial insecticides was proved by the presence of spores B. thuringiensis in the insects being previously exposed to indirect activity of 2.2\% Dipel and 2.9\% Bacilan. Moreover, the growth of B. thuringiensis colonies in the lice culture was observed. 3\% Dipel solution proved to be effective in killing the insects on the host, but no earlier than after the second application within 24 hr intervals.</p>
},
	keywords = {animals, Bacillus thuringiensis, chicken, insecticide, Mallophaga, Pest Control},
	isbn = {0003-3162},
	url = {https://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/46521.pdf},
	author = {Lonc,Elzbieta and Mazurkiewicz,M. and Szewczuk,V.}
}
@article {46488,
	title = {Insecticidal activity of Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies against Menopon gallinae (Mallophaga: Menoponidae)},
	journal = {Angewandte Parasitologie},
	volume = {28},
	year = {1987},
	month = {1987},
	pages = {173 - 176},
	abstract = {10 Bacillus thuringiensis strains were used to determine the susceptibility of Menopon gallinae (L). In order to identify B. thuringiensis from dead insects, previously exposed to bacteria, the streptomycin-resistant mutants of strains were also applied. The experiments were conducted in a group of 20 specimens, in three replications. The absorbtion at 750 nm directly corresponded to the concentration of 23 X 10(6) spores/ml in each assay. The biting lice were exposed on agar plates, inoculated by 0.2 ml of B. thuringiensis preparations dipping for 2, 4 and 8 s or spraying with 0.5 ml of adequate strain. Laboratory trials showed that M. gallinae was susceptible to toxic activity of all tested strains. While the susceptibility to various serotypes varied, depending on the time and mode of infection, 3 subspecies: kurstaki, finitimus and kenyae were usually the most active. The least active strains were the subsp. galleriae and aizawi. The microbiological examination of dead mallophaga treated with B. thuringiensis proved the presence of this bacterium in smears taken from the insects. A comparison of morphological as well as biochemical properties of the antibiotics sensitive and the antibiotics-resistant mutants revealed no difference.},
	keywords = {animals, Bacillus thuringiensis, chicken, Mallophaga, Pest Control},
	isbn = {0003-3162},
	author = {Lonc,Elzbieta and Lachowicz,T. M.}
}
