@article {47871, title = {Scalp infection with Phthirus pubis}, journal = {Archives of Dermatology}, volume = {125}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {133}, author = {Signor,R. J. and Love,J. and Boucree,M. C.} } @article {46519, title = {Pediculicides and ovicides}, journal = {Archives of Dermatology}, volume = {122}, year = {1986}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0372433; 0 (Insecticides); ppublish}, month = {1986}, pages = {373}, address = {UNITED STATES}, keywords = {child, humans, insecticide, Lice Infestations/therapy, Ovum/drug effects, Pediculus}, isbn = {0003-987X}, author = {McIlreath,F. J.} } @article {46449, title = {Scalp infestation with Phthirus pubis}, journal = {Archives of Dermatology}, volume = {125}, year = {1989}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0372433; ppublish}, month = {1989}, pages = {133}, address = {UNITED STATES}, keywords = {adult, animals, humans, Lice Infestations/parasitology, Lice/classification, scalp}, isbn = {0003-987X}, author = {Signore,R. J. and Love,J. and Boucree,M. C.} } @article {46104, title = {Comparative efficacy of treatments for pediculosis capitis infestations: update 2000}, journal = {Archives of Dermatology}, volume = {137}, year = {2001}, month = {2001}, pages = {287 - 292}, abstract = {

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the pediculicidal and ovicidal activity of 5 head lice products.DESIGN: In vitro pediculicidal and ovicidal product comparison. SETTING: Tropical field station in Panama. PARTICIPANTS: Head lice and eggs were harvested from healthy children infested with Pediculus capitis. INTERVENTION: Within 2 hours of capture, lice were placed in continuous, direct contact with the pediculicide products and observed at regular intervals. Fresh, viable eggs were immersed in the pediculicides for 10 minutes, rinsed, air-dried, and incubated for 2 weeks. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Percentage of lice dead at regular observation intervals between 5 minutes and 3 hours of continuous exposure to the pediculicide and percentage of eggs not hatched after 2 weeks. RESULTS: All lice treated with Ovide lotion (0.5\% malathion) were dead within 10 minutes and none of the eggs hatched. There was no significant change in the effectiveness of 0.5\% malathion lotion or A-200 shampoo compared with the results of an earlier study (1986). There were significant declines in the pediculicidal activity of RID and the ovicidal activity of lindane. Nix (1\% permethrin), which was not on the market at the time of the original study, killed lice in less than 30 minutes, and ovicidal activity ranged from 73\% to 90\% (diluted and undiluted, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Ovide lotion (0.5\% malathion) was the fastest-killing pediculicide and the most effective ovicide. One percent lindane shampoo was the slowest-acting pediculicide and least effective ovicide. Nix was highly effective in both undiluted and diluted forms.

}, keywords = {animals, child, Comparative Study, hair, humans, In Vitro, insecticide, Lice Infestations/drug therapy, Malathion, Pediculus, Pyrethrum, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, scalp dermatoses}, doi = {10-1001/pubs.Arch Dermatol.-ISSN-0003-987x-137-3-dst00109}, url = {https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/fullarticle/478258}, author = {Meinking,Terri Lynn and Entzel,P. and Villar,M. E. and Vicaria,M. and Lemard,G. A. and Porcelain,S. L.} } @article {46065, title = {Comparative in vitro pediculicidal efficacy of treatments in a resistant head lice population in the United States}, journal = {Archives of Dermatology}, volume = {138}, year = {2002}, month = {2002}, pages = {220 - 224}, abstract = {

OBJECTIVE: To compare the pediculicidal activity of 5 head lice products available in the United States on head lice from south Florida.

DESIGN: In vitro pediculicidal product comparison.

SETTING: Lice Source Services, Inc, located in Plantation, Fla, a clinic for the treatment and grooming of individuals with pediculosis capitis.

PARTICIPANTS: Head lice were collected from healthy clients with Pediculus capitis that came to Lice Source Services, Inc, to seek their services.

INTERVENTIONS: Within 2 to 6 hours of capture, lice were placed in continuous direct contact with the pediculicide products and observed at regular intervals. Results were compared with findings of a recent study of a treatment-sensitive population of head lice conducted in Panama.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Percentage of lice dead at regular observation intervals between 5 minutes and 3 hours of continuous exposure to the pediculicides.

RESULTS: Two prescription products, Ovide lotion (0.5\% malathion) and 1\% lindane shampoo, were ranked in the same order as in 2 previous studies (first and last, respectively). The order of effectiveness from most to least effective was as follows: Ovide lotion, A-200 shampoo (a natural pyrethrin product synergized with piperonyl butoxide), undiluted Nix (1\% permethrin), diluted Nix, RID (a natural pyrethrin product synergized with piperonyl butoxide), and 1\% lindane shampoo.

CONCLUSIONS: There were statistically significant differences in the efficacy of all the products when compared with the results found in the recent study in Panama, except for Ovide lotion. Of those tested, Ovide was the only pediculicide in the United States that had not become less effective. The difference in efficacy of 1\% lindane, Nix, and pyrethrins between the Panama and Florida studies supports the argument that some head lice in the United States have become resistant to these treatments.

}, keywords = {adult, animals, child, Comparative Study, hair, humans, In Vitro, insecticide, Insecticide resistance, Kerosene, Lice Infestations/drug therapy, Lindane/pharmacology, Malathion, Pediculus, Piperonyl Butoxide, Pyrethrum, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, scalp dermatoses}, doi = {10.1001/archderm.138.2.220}, url = {https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/fullarticle/478698}, author = {Meinking,Terri Lynn and Serrano,L. and Hard,B. and Entzel,P. and Lemard,G. and Rivera,E. and Villar,M. E.} } @article {45982, title = {Drug-resistant lice}, journal = {Archives of Dermatology}, volume = {139}, year = {2003}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0372433; 0 (Insecticides); 121-75-5 (Malathion); 52645-53-1 (Permethrin); CON: Arch Dermatol. 2003 Aug;139(8):994-1000. PMID: 12925385; ppublish}, month = {2003}, pages = {1061 - 1064}, address = {United States}, abstract = {

IN THIS ISSUE, Yoon et al1 compare the effects of Ovide (Medicis Pharmaceutical Corporation, Phoenix, Ariz) and its active ingredient (malathion) with Nix (Pfizer/Warner-Lambert, Morris Plains, NJ) and its active ingredient (permethrin), using in vitro filter paper and contact bioassays. Lice from one location in Ecuador were compared with lice from 3 locations in the United States. In their assay, lice from a location in south Florida showed a slower response to permethrin compared with the Ecuadorian lice. In the Florida lice, Ovide and malathion showed an effect earlier than Nix or permethrin. The presence of 2 gene mutations (T929I and L932F) in permethrin-resistant lice from south Florida was confirmed by DNA sequencing. These mutations have been associated with knockdown resistance (kdr). In this assay, south Florida lice showed evidence of resistance to permethrin, but not to malathion.

}, keywords = {animals, humans, insecticide, Insecticide resistance, Lice Infestations/drug therapy/genetics, Malathion, Pediculus, Permethrin}, isbn = {0003-987X}, doi = {10.1001/archderm.139.8.1061}, url = {https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/article-abstract/479426}, author = {Dirk M. Elston} } @article {45983, title = {Permethrin-resistant human head lice, Pediculus capitis, and their treatment}, journal = {Archives of Dermatology}, volume = {139}, year = {2003}, month = {2003}, pages = {994 - 1000}, abstract = {

OBJECTIVE: To compare the pediculicidal activity of Ovide lotion and its active ingredient, 0.5\% malathion, with Nix and its active ingredient, 1\% permethrin, in permethrin-resistant head lice. DESIGN: In vitro pediculicidal product and active ingredient comparison. The presence of knockdown resistance-type mutations (T929I and L932F) was validated by DNA sequencing. SETTING: University of Massachusetts-Amherst; University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Fla; Plantation and Homestead, Fla; and Mathis, Tex.Other PARTICIPANTS: Lice were collected in 3 geographical regions within the United States and in Yamburara, Ecuador, from healthy but infested individuals.Intervention Within 3 to 6 hours of collection, lice were given a blood meal, exposed to products or active ingredients, and observed at regular intervals. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Percent mortality of lice at regular intervals after exposure to products or active ingredients and presence of T929I and L932F mutations. RESULTS: South Florida lice exhibited a significantly slower mortality response to permethrin compared with susceptible Ecuadorian lice. Ovide and malathion killed permethrin-resistant lice faster than Nix or permethrin. The presence of T929I and L932F in permethrin-resistant south Florida lice was confirmed by DNA sequencing. The population of Texas lice from Mathis was slightly resistant to permethrin and included 13\% with resistant genotypes. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of the T929I and L932F mutations was confirmed by DNA sequencing in lice collected from children in south Florida that were resistant to the pediculicidal effects of permethrin and the leading permethrin-based head lice product, Nix. Malathion resistance was not observed in this study. The data also show that Ovide killed these same permethrin-resistant head lice approximately 10 times faster than permethrin or Nix.

}, keywords = {animals, child, Comparative Study, Genotype, humans, In Vitro, insecticide, Insecticide resistance, Lice Infestations/drug therapy/genetics, Malathion, Pediculus, Permethrin, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S., scalp dermatoses, Time Factors}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/10609106_Permethrin-Resistant_Human_Head_Lice_Pediculus_capitis_and_Their_Treatment}, author = {Kyong Sup Yoon and Gao,Jian-Rong and Si Hyeock Lee and Clark,J. Marshall and Brown,Leon and Taplin,David} } @article {45942, title = {Head lice revisited: in vitro standardized tests and differences in malathion formulations}, journal = {Archives of Dermatology}, volume = {140}, year = {2004}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0372433; 121-75-5 (Malathion); CON: Arch Dermatol. 2003 Aug;139(8):994-1000. PMID: 12925385; ppublish}, month = {2004}, pages = {488 - 489}, address = {United States}, abstract = {

The recent article \"Permethrin-Resistant Human Head Lice, Pediculus capitis, and Their Treatment\" by Yoon and colleagues1 contained valuable information and data, including assessment of knockdown resistance by DNA sequencing. Indeed, the study of insect control is entering a genomic era. For example, I have been investigating 2 features of the head louse that may act as targets for future treatments, namely, the bacterial symbionts within head lice (with 16S rRNA sequencing and molecular phylogenetic analysis) and the glue extruded from the louse (which after deposition upon the hair shafts, oxidizes within seconds and becomes the nit sheath).2 In terms of the sheath, it is composed of 4 major bands of protein with some cross-linking to aliphatic components.2

}, keywords = {animals, Drug Resistance, Microbial, humans, In Vitro, incidence, Lice Infestations/diagnosis/drug therapy/epidemiology, Malathion, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Pediculus, Recurrence, Risk Assessment, scalp}, isbn = {0003-987X}, doi = {doi:10.1001/archderm.140.4.488}, url = {https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/article-abstract/480391}, author = {Burkhart,Craig N. and Craig G. Burkhart} } @article {45685, title = {Pediculosis pubis of the scalp}, journal = {Archives of Dermatology}, volume = {107}, year = {1973}, month = {1973}, pages = {916 - 917}, keywords = {crabs, Pediculosis, Pthirus, Pthirus pubis, scalp}, author = {Elgart,M. L. and Higden,R. S.} } @article {45540, title = {Pediculicide performance, profit and the public health}, journal = {Archives of Dermatology}, volume = {122}, year = {1986}, month = {1986}, pages = {259 - 261}, abstract = {

A glance at the full-page advertising in the public health, education, or nursing journals published in 1985 makes it clear how fiercely competitive the pediculicide market is today. Unfortunately, promotional literature generated by pharmaceutical companies vying for a share of that market has been the primary resource for many health professionals dealing with head lice on the front lines\—to the detriment of establishing consistent protocols for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Assured by the manufacturers that pediculicides constitute fully effective treatment and by the medical literature that head lice do not transmit disease, physicians have deemed pediculosis of low importance both as a topic of research and in clinical practice.1 At the same time, anxious to eliminate a distasteful infestation, patients are desperate to believe in any promised cure-all. As a result, we have all been fair game for misleading pharmaceutical information. We have proceeded on the basis of too

}, keywords = {Pediculosis}, doi = {doi:10.1001/archderm.1986.01660150037009}, url = {http://www.headlice.org/news/research/afpmb/altschuler\%20and\%20kenney\%201986.pdf}, author = {Altschuler,Deborah Z. and Kenney,Leslie R.} }