@article {94989, title = {Cladistics analysis of species infesting (Ischnocera: Philopteridae) Fowls of District Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan}, journal = {International Journal of Zoology Studies}, volume = {4}, year = {2019}, month = {9-2019}, pages = {11-18}, abstract = {

The present research work covers the phylogentic relationship of four species belonging to a family Philopteridae (Ischnocera: Phithraptera), recovered from variety of fowls as host from district Hyderabad, Sindh Pakistan. These are analyzed caldistically by cladogram, using of their apomorphic characters. The Key to the four species of family Philopteridae has also been developed for the four genera. This is the first attempt to cladistics analysis of the family Philopteridae from district Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan.

}, keywords = {cladistic analysis, Hyderabad, Ischnocera, Mallophaga, Philopteridae}, issn = { 2455-7269}, url = {http://www.zoologyjournals.com/archives/2019/vol4/issue6/4-5-12}, author = {Shaikh, Farheen and Naz,Saima and Birmani, Nadir Ali} } @article {81796, title = {Two new species of Philopteroides (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera: Philopteridae) of the beckeri species-group, from New Guinean painted berrypeckers (Aves: Passeriformes: Paramythiidae)}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4139}, year = {2016}, month = {Oct-07-2017}, pages = {527}, abstract = {

Two new species of the louse genus Philopteroides Mey, 2004 are described and illustrated from two host species of paint- ed berrypeckers, endemic to New Guinea: Philopteroides sinancorellus n. sp. ex Oreocharis arfaki (Meyer, 1875) (tit ber- rypecker), and Philopteroides gigas n. sp. ex Paramythia montium De Vis, 1892 (crested berrypecker). Both louse species belong to the beckeri species-group based on their short, broad preantennal areas, and shallow median indentations of the hyaline margin. The description of these two new species brings the total number of Philopteroides species to 15. An amended key to the beckeri species-group is included.

}, keywords = {beckeri species-group, berrypeckers, Ischnocera, lice, New Guinea, new species, Paramythiidae, Passeri- formes, Philopteridae, Philopteroides, Phthiraptera}, issn = {1175-5326}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.4139.410.11646/zootaxa.4139.4.5}, url = {http://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/issue/view/zootaxa.4139.4}, author = {Tomas Najer and Daniel R Gustafsson and Old{\v r}ich Sychra} } @article {68929, title = {Immature Stages of Chewing Lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) from Neotropical Icteridae (Aves: Passeriformes), and Descriptions of Three New Species}, journal = {Annales Zoologici}, volume = {65}, year = {2015}, month = {Jan-09-2015}, pages = {491 - 521}, abstract = {

A morphological study of six little known or undescribed species of chewing lice parasitic on cowbirds (Icteridae) is given, based on a holistic approach which includes descriptions of the pre-imaginal stages. Both sexes, the last two nymphal stages and eggs of the new species Myrsidea amblyramphidis (Amblycera: Menoponidae) are described and illustrated (type host: Amblyramphus holosericeus (Scopoli)). Also, the male with all pre-imaginal stages (including hatching organ of nymph, egg and the three nymphal stages) of Menacanthus leistidis Cicchino, 1984 from Leistes superciliaris (Bonaparte) is described for the first time and the female is redescribed; a discussion of the morphological affinities with its closest species, M. sturnellae Price, 1977 is included. Among the Ischnocera (Philopteridae s.l.), both sexes and the last pre-imaginal stages of two incompletely known species of Brueelia K{\'e}ler, 1936, B. mirabile Carriker, 1963 from Molothrus o. oryzivorus (Gmelin), and B. oxypyga (Giebel, 1874) from A. holosericeus are described. Furthermore, two new species of Brueelia, B. chopi from Gnorimopsar chopi (Vieillot), and B. paradoxa from Leistes superciliaris are described from both sexes and their last two pre-imaginal stages, and eggs.

}, keywords = {adults, Brueelia, eggs, Icteridae., Menacanthus, Menoponidae, Myrsidea, new species, nymphs, Philopteridae}, issn = {0003-4541}, doi = {10.3161/00034541ANZ2015.65.3.006}, url = {http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.3161/00034541ANZ2015.65.3.006}, author = {Michel Paiva Valim and Armando Conrado Cicchino} } @article {68924, title = {Four new species of Brueelia K{\'e}ler, 1936 (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera: Philopteridae) from African songbirds (Passeriformes: Sturnidae and Laniidae)}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {4013}, year = {2015}, pages = {503{\textendash}518}, abstract = {

Four new species in the louse genus Brueelia K\éler, 1936 are described from African hosts of the families Sturnidae and Laniidae. They are: Brueelia rigbyi n. sp. ex Corvinella melanoleuca (Jardine, 1831), B. clara n. sp. ex Lamprotornis australis (A. Smith, 1836), B. tkachi n. sp. ex Spreo albicapillus albicapillus Blyth, 1856, and B. coryliventer n. sp. ex Creatophora cinerea (Meuschen, 1787). These four species are characterized by a unique abdominal chaetotaxy and a sin- uous thickening of the distal margin of the male mesosome. These four species are very similar, and we consider them to form one species group. A key to the species of the group is provided.

}, keywords = {Africa, Brueelia, Ischnocera, Laniidae, new species, Philopteridae, Phthiraptera, Sturnidae}, url = {http://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/68924.pdf}, author = {Daniel R Gustafsson and Sarah E. Bush} } @article {68819, title = {Two new species of Paraphilopterus Mey, 2004 (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera: Philopteridae) from New Guinean bowerbirds (Passeriformes: Ptilonorhynchidae) and satinbirds (Passeriformes: Cnemophilidae)}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {3873}, year = {2014}, month = {Mar-10-2015}, pages = {155}, abstract = {

Two new species of Paraphilopterus Mey, 2004 are described and named. Paraphilopterus knutieae n. sp. is described from two subspecies of Macgregor\&$\#$39;s bowerbirds: Amblyornis macgregoriae nubicola Schodde \& McKean, 1973 and A. m. kombok Schodde \& McKean, 1973, and Sanford\&$\#$39;s bowerbird: Archboldia sanfordi (Mayr \& Gilliard, 1950) (Ptilono- rhynchidae). Paraphilopterus meyi n. sp. is described from two subspecies of crested satinbirds: Cnemophilus macgrego- rii macgregorii De Vis, 1890 and C. m. sanguineus Iredale, 1948 (Cnemophilidae). These new louse species represent the first records of the genus Paraphilopterus outside Australia, as well as from host families other than the Corcoracidae. The description of Paraphilopterus is revised and expanded based on the additional new species, including the first de- scription of the male of this genus. Also, we provide a key to the species of Paraphilopterus.

}, keywords = {Chewing lice, Cnemophilidae, Ischnocera, New Guinea, new species, Paraphilopterus, Philopteridae, Phthiraptera, Ptilonorhynchidae}, issn = {1175-5326}, doi = {10.11646/zootaxa.3873.210.11646/zootaxa.3873.2.3}, url = {http://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/issue/view/zootaxa.3873.2http://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3873.2.3}, author = {Daniel R Gustafsson and Sarah E. Bush} } @article {47722, title = {Birds collected by the Atlantide-Epedition to West Africa 1945-46}, journal = {Atlantide Report}, volume = {1}, year = {1950}, month = {1950}, pages = {131 - 149}, keywords = {Mallophaga, Mulcticola, Philopteridae, Survey}, author = {Wolff,T.} } @article {47143, title = {Craspedorrhynchus linardii, a new species of chewing louse (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera: Philopteridae) from the Gray-headed Kite (Aves: Falconiformes: Accipitridae)}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {1173}, year = {2006}, note = {46249}, month = {2006}, pages = {57 - 62}, abstract = {

A new species of the genus Craspedorrhynchus K\éler, 1938 (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera: Philopteridae) is described and illustrated based on specimens from a Gray-headed Kite, Leptodon cayanensis (Latham, 1790) (Aves: Falconiformes: Accipitridae), collected in Fazenda \Água Limpa, Bras\ília-DF, Brazil. This is the first species of chewing louse described from the Gray-headed Kite.

}, keywords = {cayanensis, Craspedorrhynchus, ectoparasite, Leptodon, linardii, n. sp. chewing lice, new species, Philopteridae}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1173.1.3}, url = {http://www.academia.edu/31256617/Craspedorrhynchus_linardii_a_new_species_of_chewing_louse_Phthiraptera_Ischnocera_Philopteridae_from_the_Gray-headed_Kite_Aves_Falconiformes_Accipitridae_}, author = {Michel Paiva Valim} } @article {47142, title = {Two new species of Picicola Clay \& Meinertzhagen, 1938 (Phthiraptera: Philopteridae) from Piciformes (Bucconidae and Galbulidae) in Brazil}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {1172}, year = {2006}, note = {46248}, month = {2006}, pages = {21 - 29}, abstract = {

Two new species, Picicola serrafreirei and Picicola galbulica, are described and illustrated from specimens of lice collected from the white-eared puffbird (Nystalus chacuru (Vieillot, 1816)) and the rufous-tailed jacamar (Galbula ruficauda Cuvier, 1816) in Brazil. The morphological relationships of the two new species are discussed. P. serrafreirei is the second species of Picicola recorded from the avian family Bucconidae, while P. galbulica represents the first record from the Galbulidae.

}, keywords = {Bucconidae, Chewing lice, Galbulidae, jacamars, Philopteridae, Picicola, Phthiraptera, Piciformes, puffbird}, url = {http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2006f/z01172p029f.pdf}, author = {Michel Paiva Valim and Pedro Marcos Linardi} } @article {47086, title = {A new species of Brueelia K{\'e}ler, 1936 (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera: Philopteridae) from the blue-black grassquit (Aves: Passeriformes: Emberizidae) in Brazil}, journal = {Zootaxa}, volume = {1153}, year = {2006}, note = {46191}, month = {2006}, pages = {27 - 32}, abstract = {

A new species of Brueelia K\éler, 1936 is described and illustrated, based on lice collected from the blue-black grassquit, Volatinia jacarina (Linnaeus, 1766), in Brazil. This is the first species of Philopteridae recorded from this Neotropical passeriform species

}, keywords = {blue-black grassquit, Brueelia, Chewing lice, new species, Passeriformes, Philopteridae, Phthiraptera, Volatinia}, url = {https://mapress.com/zootaxa/2006/zt01153p032.pdf}, author = {Michel Paiva Valim and Ricardo L. Palma} } @article {47079, title = {A redescription of Neophilopterus tricolor (Burmeister, 1838) (Insecta: Phthiraptera: Ischnocera: Philopteridae) from the black stork Ciconia nigra (L.) (Aves) with notes on its prevalence}, journal = {Journal of Natural History}, volume = {39}, year = {2005}, month = {2005}, pages = {3471 - 3480}, abstract = {

A redescription of Neophilopterus tricolor (Insecta: Phthiraptera: Ischnocera: Philopteridae) is presented and its prevalence on black stork nestlings from Comunidad de Madrid (central Spain) is reported for 4 consecutive years. The presence of four long and two short temporal marginal setae, the second row of abdominal tergal setae located across the midline of the segment, and details of the male genitalia are the key differences between N. tricolor and N. incompletus (Denny, 1842). Lice were found only on birds sampled in the last 2 years of this study, infesting 11 nestlings from 19 nests. The overall prevalence for the 4 years is 22\% (11 lousy hosts out of 50 nestlings examined). As far as we know, these are the first records and data on prevalence of Neophilopterus tricolor in the Spanish population of Ciconia nigra (L.).

}, keywords = {Black stork nestlings, Ciconia nigra, mtax, Neophilopterus, parasites, Philopteridae, Phthiraptera, Prevalence, Survey, tricolor}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/46184.pdf}, author = {Lanzarot,M. P. and Mar{\'\i}a Paz Mart{\'\i}n-Mateo and Merino,S. and Fern{\'a}ndez-Garc{\'\i}a,M.} } @article {40514, title = {The population genetics of host specificity: genetic differentiation in dove lice (Insecta : Phthiraptera)}, journal = {Molecular Ecology}, volume = {11}, year = {2002}, month = {2002}, pages = {25 - 38}, abstract = {

Some species of parasites occur on a wide range of hosts while others are restricted to one or a few host species. The host specificity of a parasite species is determined, in part, by its ability to disperse between host species. Dispersal limitations can be studied by exploring the genetic structure of parasite populations both within a single species of host and across multiple host species. In this study we examined the genetic structure in the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene of two genera of lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) occurring on multiple sympatric species of doves in southern North and Central America. One genus, Columbicola, is generally less host-specific than the other, Physconelloides. For both genera we identified substantial genetic differentiation between populations of conspecific lice on different host species, generally 10-20\% sequence divergence. This level of divergence is in the range of that often observed between species of these two genera. We used nested clade analysis to explore fine scale genetic structure within species of these feather lice. We found that species of Physconelloides exhibited more genetic structure, both among hosts and among geographical localities, than did species of Columbicola. In many cases, single haplotypes within species of Columbicola are distributed on multiple host species. Thus, the population genetic structure of species of Physconelloides reveals evidence of geographical differentiation on top of high host species specificity. Underlying differences in dispersal biology probably explain the differences in population genetic structure that we observed between Columbicola and Physconelloides.

}, keywords = {aves, Chewing lice, cladistic analysis, Columbiformes, differentiation, ectoparasite, Evolution, genetic, geography, lice, mitochondrial, Philopteridae, Phylogeny, rhagoletis pomonella}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/3307.pdf}, author = {Kevin P. Johnson and Williams,B. L. and Drown,Devin M. and Richard J. Adams and Clayton,Dale H.} } @article {40273, title = {Lice and cospeciation: a response to Barker}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {26}, year = {1996}, note = {This is largely a response to a paper by Barker in which we concludes that cospeciation and subsequent coevolution are not the prevailing patterns in the Phthiraptera. Barker is politely vilified for this statement and the paper is useful in that it details some of the evidence available for cospeciation with examples, considers possible explanations to explain why strict cospeciation does not always occur and summerises the basic requirements of any rigerous study of cospeciation.}, month = {1996}, pages = {213 - 218}, abstract = {

\"The student who intends working on the Mallophaga should take warning that he will be tried almost beyond endurance by the paradoxes and complexities which beset his subject but he will also find, in the dual and inter-related aspect of insect and bird, an infinite fascination.\" (Rothschild \& Clay, 1952: pp. 156-157). The study of host louse coevolution will benefit greatly from the phylogenetic perspective offered by recent advantages in molecular systematics. However, in order to make best use of phylogenies we need to appreciate the complexities of the possible relations between host and parasite phylogeny. At the same time, the very complexity of louse-host systems has a potentially useful consequence; the presence of multiple lineages of lice on the same hosts allow for replicated tests of coevolutionary hypotheses. For example, if a number of louse clades infest the same host clade but some lice show more cospeciation than others, we might ask whether there are features of louse biology that correlate with this difference in host tracking fidelity. It may further be possible to ascertain the relative importance of these features in ecological time through controlled transfer experiments. By beginning to appreciate \"the paradoxes and complexities\" of host-louse evolution, lice may offer us not only \"infinite fascination\" but also a chance to address important questions in coevolution.

}, keywords = {associations, coevolution, congruence, Evolution, gopher, Mallophaga, parasite, Philopteridae, Phylogeny, pocket, rock wallabies}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/2977.pdf}, author = {Page,Roderic D. M. and Clayton,Dale H. and Paterson,Adrian M.} } @article {40175, title = {New synonymy between Philopterus antarcticus and Saemundssonia nivea (Phthiraptera: Philopteridae)}, journal = {New Zealand Journal of Zoology}, volume = {21}, year = {1994}, month = {1994}, pages = {239 - 244}, abstract = {

A new synonymy is proposed between Philopterus antarcticus Wood, 1937 and Saemundssonia nivea Timmermann, 1956 (both with type host Pagodroma nivea (Forster, 1777)). It is based on the examination and comparison of the type specimens of both nominal species, as well as several additional samples of Saemundssonia lice from Pagodroma nivea and Thallassoica antarctica (Gmelin, 1789). The present status of the senior synonym is Saemundssonia (Saemundssonia) antarctica (Wood, 1937).

}, keywords = {antarcticus, lice, mtax, new, nivea, Pagodroma, Philopteridae, Philopterus, PHP, Phthiraptera, Saemundssonia, synonymy., Thallassoica}, url = {http://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/2821.pdf}, author = {Pilgrim,Robert L. C. and Ricardo L. Palma} } @article {40160, title = {Ectoparasites of the spotted owl}, journal = {Journal of Raptor Research}, volume = {28}, year = {1994}, month = {1994}, pages = {232 - 235}, abstract = {

We conducted a survey of spotted owl (Strix occidentalis) ectoparasite richness by examining live and museum specimens of the three subspecies of spotted owl. Seven ectoparasite species from five arthropod orders were collected. A tick (Dermacentor occidentalis), a mite (Euschoengastia sp.), and a flea (Opisodasys vesperalis) were collected, but were presumed to be accidental strays from prey. Strigiphilus lice were found on all the subspecies of spotted owl, while the louse Kurodaia magna was only collected from the northern spotted owl (S. o. caurina). The hippoboscid fly Icosta americana was found on the California spotted owl (S. o. occidentalis); this species had previously been well documented in the northern subspecies. The only hippoboscid By found infesting the Mexican spotted owl (S. o. lucida) was Ornithoica vicina.

}, keywords = {americana, associations, California, ectoparasite, Ischnocera, Kurodaia, magna, ornithoica, owl, parasitism, Philopteridae, spotted, strigiphilus, strix, strix occidentalis caurina, Survey, syrnii, vicina}, url = {http://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/40160.pdf}, author = {Hunter,John E. and Ricardo Gutierrez and Franklin,Alan B. and Olson,David} } @article {39968, title = {A revision of the genus Perineus (Phthiraptera, Philopteridae)}, journal = {New Zealand Journal of Zoology}, volume = {14}, year = {1987}, month = {1987}, pages = {563 - 586}, abstract = {

Six specimens of the genus Perineus Thompson, 1936 are recognised including one new species. These together with their hosts are: P. nigrolimbatus (Gibel, 1874) on Fulmarus glacialis glacialis, F. glacialis auduboni, F. glacialis rodgersii, and F. glacialoides; P. concinnus (Kellogg \& Chapman, 1899) on Diomedea albatrus, D. immutabilis, and D. nigripes; P. concinnoides K\éler, 1957 on Diomedea exulans exulans, D. exulans chionoptera, D. epomophora epomophora, and D. epomophora sanfordi; P. oblongus K\éler 1957 on Diomedea melanophrys melanophrys, D. melanophrys impavida, D. cauta cauta, D. cauta slavini, D. cauta eremita, D. crysostoma, D. chlororhynchos, D. bulleri, Phoebetria palpebrata, and P. fusca; Perneus macronecti new species on Macronectes halli (type host) and Macronectes giganteus. A key and illustrations are provided to both male and female adults of all the species. Lecotypes are designated for two species already synonymised; these are Lipeurus mutabilis Piaget, 1880 and Lipeurus celer Kellog, 1896.

}, keywords = {mtax, new, Perineus, Philopteridae, PHP, Phthiraptera, species, systematics}, url = {https://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/2493.pdf}, author = {Ricardo L. Palma and Pilgrim,Robert L. C.} } @article {39795, title = {The species of Saemundssonia (Insecta : Phthiraptera : Philopteridae) from skuas (Aves : Stercorariidae)}, journal = {New Zealand Journal of Zoology}, volume = {27}, year = {2000}, month = {2000}, pages = {121 - 128}, abstract = {

Three species of Saemundssonia Timmermann, 1936 parasitic on skuas are recognised as valid: Saemundssonia (Saemundssonia) cephalus (Denny, 1842) on Stercorarius parasiticus; S. (S.) inexspectata Timmermann, 1951 on Stercorarius longicaudus; and S. (S.) euryrhyncha (Giebel, 1874) on Stercorarius pomarinus as well as on all species of Catharacta. The name,Saemundssonia stresemanni Timmermann, 1949 is proposed as a junior synonym of S. (S.) euryrhyncha. Measurements and illustrations to facilitate the identification of these three species of Saemundssonia are given.

}, keywords = {lice, mtax, new, Philopteridae, PHP, Saemundssonia, skuas, synonymy}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/37981.pdf}, author = {Ricardo L. Palma} } @article {39793, title = {Philopterus novaezealandiae, a new species of chewing louse (Phthiraptera : Philopteridae) from the kokako (Passeriformes : Callaeidae)}, journal = {Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand}, volume = {30}, year = {2000}, month = {2000}, pages = {293 - 297}, abstract = {

The new species Philopterus novaezealandiae is described from three samples of lice collected from the two subspecies of kokako (Callaeas cinerea (Gmelin)). The possible origin of P. novaezealandiae is discussed. This is the first louse species to be described from an extant species of the passerine host family Callaeidae, the New Zealand wattlebirds.

}, keywords = {Callaeidae, kokako, lice, mtax, new, Philopteridae, Philopterus, PHP, Phthiraptera, species}, url = {http://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/39793_0.pdf}, author = {Ricardo L. Palma and Roger D. Price} } @article {39697, title = {A new Craspedorrhynchus species (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera) from Austrailia, with an annotated checklist of this chewing louse genus}, journal = {Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift}, volume = {48}, year = {2001}, month = {2001}, pages = {117 - 132}, abstract = {

Craspedorrhynchus reichelti sp. n. ex Aquila a. audox (Latham) from Victoria (Australia) is described. In this context, research history and present status of taxonomic knowledge of the genus Craspedorrhynchus Keler (Philopteridae sensu lato) are outlined and morphological characters are suggested to enable a further subdivision of the same to species groups in advance of a revision of the genus. All species are presented in a numbered annotated checklist, with type locality, hosts, previous descriptions (including synonyms), and other relevant taxonomic comments, giving the following picture: 37 species have been +/- recognizably described (a fraction of the actual expected number). They exclusively infest members of the Falconiformes, almost always one Craspedorrhynchus species to one host. Subspecies are not distinguished, although slight morphological differences between those on hosts of differing origins seem to offer some justification for doing so. The type host of C. insolitus K\éler is not Aquila wahlbergi but possibly an African Accipiter species. Type material no longer exists for 10 other species described in the l9th century. It is recommended that \"Docophorus cicatricosus Percheron, 1835\" ex \"Aigle\", should in future be suppressed as a nomen oblitum.

}, keywords = {annotated, Australia, checklist, Craspedorrhynchus, Ischnocera, mtax, Philopteridae, PHP, sp.nov., species}, url = {https://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/1284.pdf}, author = {Eberhard Mey} } @article {39314, title = {Comparative ecology of neotropical bird lice (Insecta, Phthiraptera)}, journal = {Journal of Animal Ecology}, volume = {61}, year = {1992}, note = {Includes an extensive appendix describing the host associations and louse number from the Andian foothill birds of south-eastern Peru.}, month = {1992}, pages = {781 - 795}, abstract = {

1. Data are presented comprising the first quantitative survey lice from Neotropical birds. The data were collected in the Andean foothills of south-eastern Peru using a novel scheme for quantitative sampling of ectoparasites from freshly killed hosts. 2. In total, 685 birds representing 127 species in 26 families were sampled for lice; 327 (47.7\%) birds were parasitized, with a mean intensity of 6.6 lice per bird and a mean richness of 1.1 louse species per host species. 3. The bulk of variation in louse load was among host species nested within genera, although some variation occurred at higher taxonomic levels. 4. Lice were extremely host-specific; nearly all species were restricted to a single species of host (monoxenous). 5. Thirteen metapopulations of lice (10\%) had significantly skewed sex ratios, of which four were skewed toward males, representing the first male-biased sex ratios reported for chewing lice. Thirty-four metapopulations (27\%) had significantly skewed age ratios and showed an overall bias toward adults. 6. Results are discussed in relation to current life-history theory and are compared with the findings of a recent survey of lice from temperate-zone birds. Tropical lice are neither more speciose nor more abundant than temperate-zone lice, which is consistent with the view that the environment for chewing lice is delimited by the body of the host rather than by \&$\#$39;external\&$\#$39; conditions. 7. Non-quantitative host-parasite records are reported for lice collected from an additional 75 birds representing 45 species in 20 families.

}, keywords = {bird, comparative, differentiation, ecology, genetic, Ischnocera, lice, Mallophaga, Philopteridae, trichodectidae, tropical}, url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/5631.pdf}, author = {Clayton,Dale H. and Gregory,R. D. and Roger D. Price} } @article {39060, title = {The seasonal incidence of parasitism by Phthiraptera on starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) in England}, journal = {New Zealand Entomologist}, volume = {7}, year = {1983}, note = {INCOMPLETE: Add alternate title The paper also includes details on the effectiveness of the "Dri-Die" technique of collecting lice from passerine birds.}, month = {1983}, pages = {403 - 408}, abstract = {

The seasonal prevalence of chewing lice (Phthiraptera) on starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) from Hampshire and Sussex was monitored for one year. Four species of lice were recovered: the menoponids Menacanthus eurysternus and Myrsidea cucullaris, and the philopterids Brueelia nebulosa and Sturnidoecus sturni. Birds most frequently harboured populations of fewer than 10 lice. Juvenile birds were particularly lousy and their louse populations showed a dramatic decline after moulting. Menoponids were the most prevalent in August and September and Philopterids in June and July. From the data obtained, it appears that the chief factors which govern the size of louse populations are host behaviour (preening), moulting and climate.

}, keywords = {aves, England, Menoponidae, parasitism, Philopteridae, Phthiraptera, preening, Sternus}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/0430.pdf}, author = {Kettle,P. R.} } @article {38733, title = {The identity of Nirmus obtusus and other Quadraceps species (Phthiraptera: Philopteridae) from Clipperton Island and the Gal{\`a}pagos Islands}, journal = {Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand}, volume = {24}, year = {1994}, note = {b}, month = {1994}, pages = {267 - 276}, abstract = {

The identity of Nirmus obtusus Kellogg \& Kuwana, 1902 is clarified based on the examination of its holotype, relavent literature and other lice samples from several species of other Charadriiform birds. The host louse association between N. obtusus and its type host (Sterna fuscata crissalis (Lawrence, 1872)) is discussed and deduced to be erroneous. The birds Tringa incana (Gmelin, 1789) and Tringa totanus (Linnaeus, 1758) are regarded as regular hosts for N. obustus, and evidence is presented supporting the opinion that T. incanas was the original natural host for the holotype of N. obtusus. The present status for this louse species is Quadraceps obustus (Kellogg \& Kuwana, 1902); Degeeriella conformis Blagoveshtchensky, 1940 is regarded as the junior synonym (new synonym). Specimens of five other species of Quadraceps including Kellogg \& Kuwana\&$\#$39;s material are compared with Q. obustus and discussed in relation to their hosts and locality records.

}, keywords = {Galapagos, host parasite, island, Islands, mtax, new, Nirmus, Philopteridae, PHP, Phthiraptera, Quadraceps, synonomy}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/0020.pdf}, author = {Ricardo L. Palma} } @article {38734, title = {A revision of the genus Harrisoniella (Mallophaga: Philopteridae)}, journal = {New Zealand Journal of Zoology}, volume = {11}, year = {1984}, month = {1984}, pages = {145 - 166}, abstract = {

Four species of the genus Harrisoniella Bedford, 1929 are recognised. Two further species are placed in synonymy. These, together with their hosts are H. ferox (Giebel, 1867) (=D. irroratae K\éler, 1957 new synonymy; = H. chilensis Carriker, 1964 new synonymy) on Diomedea melanophrys melanophrys, D. m. impavida, D. irrorata, D. cauta cauta, D. c. salvini, and D. bulleri; H. densa (Kellogg, 1896) on D. albatrus and D. immutabilis; H. hopkinsi Eichler, 1952 on D. exulans exulans, D. e. chionoptera, D. epomophora epomophora, and D. e. sanfordi; H. copei Timmermann, 1969 on D. nigripes. A key and illustrations to adult males and females of the species are provided and a neotype is designated for Harrisoniella ferox(Giebel, 1867). The relationships of the host are discussed with respect to their lice; attention is drawn to the species of Diomedeidae from which no records of Harrsoniella spp. exist. A bibliography of the genus and of all species, valid and synonymised, is given.

}, keywords = {Chewing lice, Diomedea, Diomedeidae, Harrisoniella, host, lice, Mallophaga, mtax, new, Philopteridae, PHP, specimens, synonymies, systematics, taxonomy, type}, url = {https://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/0023.pdf}, author = {Ricardo L. Palma and Pilgrim,Robert L. C.} }