@article {46703, title = {Struthiolipeurus rheae (Mallophaga: Philopteridae), an ectoparasite of the common rhea (Rhea americana)}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {60}, year = {1974}, month = {1974}, pages = {892 - 894}, keywords = {animals, bird, bird diseases, Lice Infestations/parasitology/veterinary, Mallophaga}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/3278929}, url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/3278929}, author = {Weisbroth,S. H. and Seelig,A. W.,Jr} } @article {46676, title = {The grey-breasted helmet guineafowl (Numida meleagridis galeata), a new host for Amyrsidea powelli (Bedford 1920) and Cuclotogaster occidentalis (Tendeiro 1954)}, journal = {Revue d{\textquoteright}elevage et de medecine veterinaire des pays tropicaux}, volume = {33}, year = {1980}, month = {1980}, pages = {303 - 304}, abstract = {

In the course of examination of 620 grey-breasted helmet guineafowl (Numida meleagridis galeata) from variouos parts of Northern Nigeria, two species of lice namely Amyrsidea powelli and Cuclotogaster occidentalis, hitherto unreported from these birds were recovered. A. powelli was present in 78 p. 100 birds, reaching pathogenic proportions on occasions while C. occidentalis was present in 17 p. 100 with all infestations being low.

}, keywords = {animals, bird diseases, Bird parasites, Lice Infestations/parasitology/veterinary, Lice/classification, Nigeria}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/45612.pdf}, author = {Fabiyi,J. P.} } @article {46661, title = {Dispersal of the northern fowl mite, Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Canestrini and Fanzago), and the chicken body louse, Menacanthus stramineus (Nitzsch), among thirty strains of egg-type hens in a caged laying house}, journal = {Poultry science}, volume = {59}, year = {1980}, note = {LR: 20031114; JID: 0401150; ppublish}, month = {1980}, pages = {1745 - 1749}, address = {UNITED STATES}, abstract = {

From September 1978 through Februrary 1979, dispersal of uncontrolled, naturally occurring populations of the northern fowl mite, Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Canestrini and Fanzago), and the chicken body louse, Menacanthus stramineus (Nitzch) was studied on 30 strains of egg-type pullets reared to 20 weeks old on four growing rations before being housed for egg production. Hens representing all 30 strains and each of the four feeding regimens had mites. The northern fowl mite spread from initial infestations down the entire length of the house in 1 month; after four months, the chicken body louse had spread approximately two-thirds the length of a cage row in the house. Populations of the northern fowl mite increased from very light to extra heavy within 1 month and then began a slow decline.

}, keywords = {animals, chicken, Housing, Animal, lice, Lice Infestations/parasitology/veterinary, Mite Infestations/parasitology/veterinary, Poultry Diseases}, isbn = {0032-5791}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0591745}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0032579119355919}, author = {J. A. DeVaney and Quisenberry,J. H. and Doran,B. H. and Bradley,J. W.} } @article {46612, title = {Technic for the collection of Mallophaga from live birds}, journal = {Angewandte Parasitologie}, volume = {23}, year = {1982}, month = {1982}, pages = {97 - 102}, abstract = {The author describes his technique of collecting Mallophaga on live birds (chiefly Passeres, size like sparrow or blackbird). The description comprises the collecting of Mallophaga and the thorough examination of the Mallophaga infestation typical of the host. By these examinations valuable information about biology and ecology of the biting lice species can be obtained. The examinations can be combined with the ringing of the birds. Whereas Ischnocera of one host usually allow qualitative and quantitative determination, Amblycera (with the exception of Ricinus) do not always. Considering the ectoparasitocoenosis and the condition of the bird the examination data are recorded on the spot. The material collected (e.g. the nits, too) has to be preserved in dry state.}, keywords = {animals, bird, bird diseases, English Abstract, Lice Infestations/parasitology/veterinary, Mallophaga, Specimen Handling/methods}, isbn = {0003-3162}, author = {Eberhard Mey} } @article {46546, title = {Scanning electron microscopic study of female Bovicola caprae and B. limbata (Mallophaga) of Capra hircus}, journal = {Angewandte Parasitologie}, volume = {26}, year = {1985}, month = {1985}, pages = {47 - 50}, keywords = {Abattoirs, animals, goats, Lice Infestations/parasitology/veterinary, Mallophaga, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning}, isbn = {0003-3162}, author = {Mar{\'\i}a D. Soler-Cruz and Florido-Navio,Ana M. and Revelles-Marin,F. and Osuna-Carrillo de Albornoz,A.} } @article {46524, title = {Infestacja go{\l}{\k e}bi domowych Columba livia dom., populacji wroc{\l}awskiej, wszo{\l}ami stwierdzona latem 1983 r.}, journal = {Wiadomosci parazytologiczne}, volume = {32}, year = {1986}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0420554; ppublish}, month = {1986}, pages = {79 - 81}, address = {POLAND}, abstract = {

Polish abstract: Columba livia dom, kosmopolityczny i synantropijny go{\l}{\k a}b, by{\l} przedmiotem wielu bada{\'n} parazytologicznych, ale przede wszystkim dotycz{\k a} cych biologii i ekologii najpospolitszego gatunku wszo{\l}\ów tj. Columbicola columbae columbae (L.) (Martin, 1934; Stenram, 1956; Rakshpal, 1958; Asb, 1960; El-Ziady, 1963; Rem i Z{\l}otorzycka, 1981). Mniej liczne prace dotycz{\k a} w og\óle parazytofauny wszo{\l}\ów tego ptaka (Mustafajeva i Hadjiyev, 1978; Selim i wsp., 1968; Szeleszczuk i Borzemska, 1984). Prezentowana praca ma charakter czysto faunistyczny i wykonana zosta{\l}a na miejskiej populacji go{\l}{\k e}bi od{\l}owionych latem 1983 r. z ulic Wroc{\l}awia.

English title: The infestation of domestic pigeons by biting lice in Wroclaw urban population - summer 1983

Ex,ami.:nation of 30 domestic pigeons from urban population revealed the occurrence of the following parasites: -,., Columbicola columbae columbae (L.), Campanulotes bidentatus compar (B.), and Hohorstiella gigantea lata (P.), The highest extensiveness (800/o) and intensiveness (6) was determined for C. c. columbae. The remaini.ng pigeon lice were rare. H. gigantea lata was f o und for the second time in Poland

}, keywords = {animals, bird diseases, Columbidae, English Abstract, Lice Infestations/parasitology/veterinary, Mallophaga, Poland, Seasons, Urban}, isbn = {0043-5163}, url = {https://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/46524_0.pdf}, author = {Lonc,Elzbieta and Kopczynska-Maslej,J.} } @article {46497, title = {Arthropods--the pelage of mammals as an environment}, journal = {International Journal for Parasitology}, volume = {17}, year = {1987}, month = {1987}, pages = {191 - 195}, keywords = {animals, hair, Lice Infestations/parasitology/veterinary, Lice/physiology, mammal}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/45422.pdf}, author = {Murray,M. D.} } @article {46501, title = {CHARAKTERYSTYKA POPULACJI WSZO{\L}{\'O}W (MALLOPHAGA) U BA{\.Z}ANTA (PHASIANUS COLCHICUS L.)}, journal = {Wiadomosci parazytologiczne}, volume = {33}, year = {1987}, month = {1987}, pages = {67 - 79}, abstract = {

English title: CHARACTERISTIC OF POPULATION OF BITING LICE (MALLOPHAGA) IN PHEASANT (PHASIANUS COLCHICUS L.)

During four years (1975-79) 117 males of pheasants (young and adult) from Lower Silesia were examined. It was found 4474 biting lice belonging to 7 species (Table 1 and 2). Extensity of infestation was 90,60/o and mean intensity 42,2. The degree O\&$\#$39;f infestation by biting lice were determined in 2 age groups as well as in 5 next months of autumn-winter period (Table 2, 3 and 4). It was found that
during all period study (October-March) the intensity and extensity were fluctuated and the maximum was in March. In young pheasants the infestation with many species were more frequent than in adultus (Table 5) as well as the intensity of infection was higher.

}, keywords = {animals, bird diseases, Bird parasites, Comparative Study, English Abstract, Lice Infestations/parasitology/veterinary, Mallophaga, Poland, Seasons}, url = {https://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/46501.PDF}, author = {Modrzejewska,Maria} } @article {46494, title = {Influence of host size on louse densities on eastern chipmunks (Tamias striatus)}, journal = {Journal of Parasitology}, volume = {73}, year = {1987}, month = {1987}, pages = {426 - 427}, keywords = {animals, Anoplura, Biometry, Body Weight, Lice Infestations/parasitology/veterinary, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Rodent Diseases/parasitology, Sciuridae}, url = {http://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/46494.pdf}, author = {Lance A. Durden} } @article {46464, title = {Ectoparasites and phoresants of the root vole (Microtus oeconomus Pall.) in the Polesye}, journal = {Parazitologiya}, volume = {22}, year = {1988}, note = {LR: 20031114; JID: 0101672; ppublish}, month = {1988}, pages = {372 - 377}, address = {RUSSIA}, abstract = {Drainage melioration in the Polesye resulted in a sharp increase in the number of tundra vole (Microtus oeconomus Pall.) which quickly included into the parasitocenosis of the drained land. There were found 26 parasitic and nonparasitic species of Gamasoidea, 3 species of Ixodidae and 2 species of Trombiculidae, 10 species of Aphaniptera, 3 species of Anoplura but there was found no species specific only for the tundra vole. All found parasites occur on many hosts. This explains wide parasitic links of the tundra vole with other homothermic animals which especially extensive with the bank vole and it may have important consequences for epizootiology of tularemia and tick-borne encephalitis.}, keywords = {animals, Byelarus, ecology, ectoparasite, English Abstract, fleas, host parasite, lice, Lice Infestations/parasitology/veterinary, Microtinae/parasitology, Tick Infestations/parasitology/veterinary, ticks}, isbn = {0031-1847}, author = {Savitskii,B. P. and Kulnazarov,B. K.} } @article {46452, title = {Feeding of the chewing louse Damalinia ovis (Schrank) (Phthiraptera:Trichodectidae) on sheep}, journal = {Veterinary parasitology}, volume = {30}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {233 - 251}, abstract = {The possibility that Damalinia ovis ingests intact epidermis could explain economically important irritation behaviour by infested sheep. To test this, feeding lice were observed on sheep by hand lens and macrophotography and on light and scanning electron microscope preparations. Aspects of feeding behaviour were described, particularly an epidermal ingestion posture. Louse ingesta were examined in paraffin and frozen sections. Lipid-covered stratum corneum squames were identified in crop, midgut, rectum and faeces. Nucleated keratinocytes from inner epidermal strata were not seen, neither were wool fibres. Vertical frozen sheep skin sections, with feeding lice cryofixed by liquid nitrogen, showed mandibles engaged in the outer stratum corneum of the epidermis. The epidermal origin of some ingesta was confirmed by confirming lice over sheep whose skin was stained with Oil Red O, whose colour was seen in crop, midgut, rectum and faeces of harvested lice. Lipase was found in louse midgut. It was concluded that sebaceous secretions may form an important component of the D. ovis diet. The relative contribution from loose scurf or from stratum corneum squames was not determined. Mechanical stimuli by feeding lice did not seem to be the source of host irritation. The role of sensitising agents in louse brei filtrates was investigated with inconclusive results. Intradermal injections of louse faeces did not elicit a demonstrable response.}, keywords = {animals, Feeding Behavior, Frozen Sections, Lice Infestations/parasitology/veterinary, Mallophaga, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, sheep, Sheep Diseases/parasitology, Skin/parasitology/ultrastructure}, isbn = {0304-4017}, author = {Sinclair,A. N. and Butler,R. W. and Picton,J.} } @article {46454, title = {A second finding of Linognathoides laeviusculus (Grube) (Anoplura) in Rumania}, journal = {Folia Parasitologica (Praha)}, volume = {36}, year = {1989}, note = {LR: 20031114; JID: 0065750; ppublish}, month = {1989}, pages = {208}, address = {CZECHOSLOVAKIA}, keywords = {animals, Lice Infestations/parasitology/veterinary, Lice/classification, Rodent Diseases/parasitology, Romania, Sciuridae}, isbn = {0015-5683}, author = {Volf,P. and {\v C}ern{\'y},Vladim{\'\i}r} } @article {46447, title = {Distribution of Mallophaga on the body of Acridotheres tristis (Aves)}, journal = {Angewandte Parasitologie}, volume = {30}, year = {1989}, month = {1989}, pages = {39 - 42}, abstract = {4 species of Mallophaga (2 Amblycera, Menacanthus eurysternus and Myrsidea sp., and 2 Ischnocera, Brueelia chayanh and Sturnidoecus affinis) coexist on the body of Common Myna, Acridotheres tristis. The distribution of eggs, nymphs and adults of these species on the body of host is discussed. The patterns of distribution coincides with their morphological adaptations.}, keywords = {animals, bird, bird diseases, host parasite, Lice Infestations/parasitology/veterinary, Mallophaga}, isbn = {0003-3162}, author = {S. Chandra and Agarwal,G. P. and Arun Kumar Saxena} } @article {46442, title = {Recognition of the sucking louse Linognathus africanus on goats}, journal = {Australian Veterinary Journal}, volume = {66}, year = {1989}, note = {LR: 20031114; JID: 0370616; ppublish}, month = {1989}, pages = {228 - 229}, address = {AUSTRALIA}, keywords = {animals, Anoplura, Australia, goats, Lice Infestations/parasitology/veterinary}, isbn = {0005-0423}, doi = { https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1989.tb09820.x}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/20381314_Recognition_of_the_sucking_louse_Linognathus_africanus_on_goats}, author = {O{\textquoteright}Callaghan,M. G. and Ian Beveridge and Barton,M. A. and McEwan,D. R.} } @article {46372, title = {Systematic relationships among pocket gopher chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Trichodectidae) inferred from electrophoretic data}, journal = {International journal for parasitology}, volume = {23}, year = {1993}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0314024; ppublish}, month = {1993}, pages = {191 - 201}, address = {ENGLAND}, abstract = {

Multilocus starch-gel electrophoresis was used to obtain electrophoretic data for maximum parsimony, phenetic, and component analysis of systematic relationships among 14 species of pocket gopher chewing lice and two outgroup species. Pocket gopher lice studied included taxa representing seven of the 25 species complexes in Geomydoecus, and two of the four species complexes of Thomomydoecus. In pairwise comparisons, 12 of the 14 pocket gopher lice were characterized by two or more fixed genetic differences, and each nominal species possessed at least one fixed difference. These electrophoretic results are consistent with previous morphological analysis of species-level taxonomy. A maximum-parsimony analysis of the electrophoretic data yielded 80 trees, each with a length of 78 steps and a consistency index of 0.83. The strict consensus tree and the UPGMA phenogram of genetic distances indicate that five species of lice from Central American pocket gophers (Orthogeomys) form a clade distinct from lice hosted by North American pocket gophers (Geomys, Thomomys, and Cratogeomys). Other louse clades receiving reasonable support in bootstrap parsimony analysis include: (Thomomydoecus wardi, Th. minor); (Geomydoecus scleritus, G. mobilensis); (G. panamensis, G. setzeri); and (G. cherriei, G. costaricensis). The systematic results of this electrophoretic study are generally consistent with the boundaries of louse species complexes described previously.

}, keywords = {alleles, animals, electrophoresis, Lice Infestations/parasitology/veterinary, Mallophaga, Phylogeny, Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S., Rodent Diseases/parasitology, rodentia}, isbn = {0020-7519}, doi = {dx.doi.org/10.1645/13-415.1}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/002075199390141K}, author = {Nadler,Steven A. and Mark S. Hafner} } @article {46358, title = {Studies on the ectoparasites (fleas and lice) on rodents in Riyadh and its surroundings, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology}, volume = {23}, year = {1993}, month = {1993}, pages = {723 - 735}, abstract = {A survey was conducted on rodents from the Riyadh City and surroundings. Two species of fleas, Xenopsylla cheopis and Ctenocephalides felis felis together with Polyplax spinulosa were collected. The highest infestation rate by both fleas occurred on Rattus rattus followed by Rattus norvegicus and Mus musculus. Females of R. rattus and R. norvegicus were more infested by fleas than males. On the other hand, Meriones spp., Gerbillus spp., Jaculus jaculus and Acomys dimidiatus were infested with X. cheopis and C.f. felis. The highest infestation rate by fleas occurred on Gerbillus spp. followed by Meriones spp.}, keywords = {animals, ectoparasite, Fleas/classification, Lice Infestations/parasitology/veterinary, Lice/classification, Rodent Diseases/parasitology, Saudi Arabia}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/45247.pdf}, author = {el Bahrawy,Awad A. F. and al Dakhil,Mohamed A.} } @article {46348, title = {Two new subgenera of chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Trichodectidae) from pocket gophers (Rodentia: Geomyidae), with a key to all included taxa}, journal = {Journal of Medical Entomology}, volume = {31}, year = {1994}, month = {1994}, pages = {450 - 466}, abstract = {

The new subgenera Thaelerius and Jamespattonius are described, respectively, for the eight species of Geomydoecus in the thomomyus complex of lice and the four species of Thomomydoecus in the wardi complex. Except for T. byersi Hellenthal \& Price from Thomomys bottae (Eydoux \& Gervais), these lice are restricted to the Thomomys talpoides (Richardson) complex of pocket gophers and are the only lice found on these hosts. A key is given for the identification of the currently recognized 122 taxa of pocket gopher lice.

}, keywords = {animals, Comparative Study, Lice Infestations/parasitology/veterinary, Lice/anatomy \& histology/classification, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Non-P.H.S., Rodent Diseases/parasitology, Rodentia/parasitology, Species Specificity}, isbn = {0022-2585}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/45235.pdf}, author = {Hellenthal,Ronald A. and Roger D. Price} } @article {46249, title = {Serum and skin surface antibodies and their associations with sheep biting lice, Bovicola ovis, on experimentally infested sheep}, journal = {Medical and veterinary entomology}, volume = {12}, year = {1998}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 8708682; 0 (Antibodies); ppublish}, month = {1998}, pages = {276 - 283}, address = {ENGLAND}, abstract = {

The sheep biting louse (Bovicola ovis) feeds superficially on the skin of sheep but appears to stimulate an immune response. In this study we examined the association between louse infestation and serum and skin surface antibodies. Louse numbers were monitored on experimentally infested Polypay and Columbia ewes for two years and on their lambs in the second year. Serum and skin wash samples were tested for antibodies to soluble extracts of B. ovis, Stomoxys calcitrans and Musca autumnalis by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In addition, the effects of skin wash extracts on B. ovis were examined in vitro. The titre of anti-B. ovis antibodies in the serum did not differ significantly between infested and naive ewes. However, there was an increase in serum antibody titre which coincided with periods of high louse density in ewes with high louse counts. Infested lambs had higher serum antibody levels than naive lambs. Substantial cross reactivity was evident among extracts of the different insects. Densities of lice on the ewes during population decline were negatively related to the titre of skin surface antibodies. Skin washings collected from sheep during B. ovis population decline reduced the number of louse progeny when incorporated into louse diet. These results indicate that B. ovis stimulates an immune response in sheep and suggest that compounds on the skin surface may play a role in the regulation of louse populations.

}, keywords = {animals, Antibodies/analysis, Biological Assay, Lice Infestations/parasitology/veterinary, Mallophaga, population density, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, sheep, Sheep Diseases/parasitology, Skin/immunology}, isbn = {0269-283X}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2915.1998.00110.x}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1365-2915.1998.00110.x}, author = {Peter J. James and Moon,R. D. and Ragsdale,D. W.} } @article {46234, title = {Spatial distribution and spread of sheep biting lice, Bovicola ovis, from point infestations}, journal = {Veterinary parasitology}, volume = {81}, year = {1999}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 7602745; ppublish}, month = {1999}, pages = {323 - 339}, abstract = {

The spatial distribution of chewing lice (Bovicola ovis) on their hosts was examined in Polypay and Columbia ewes initially artificially infested on the midside or the neck. Densities of lice were determined at 69 body sites in eight body regions at approximately monthly intervals for 2 years. In the second year, half of the ewes were mated and lice were counted at 26 body sites on the resulting lambs. Polypay ewes had higher densities of lice than Columbias at most inspections but there was little effect of infestation point or mating on either numbers or the distribution of lice. During periods of high louse numbers densities were generally greatest on the sides or the back. Densities on the head were also high at times and peaked later than overall louse densities. Shearing markedly reduced density but increased the proportion of lice found on the neck, belly and lowleg sites. The distribution of lice on the lambs was similar to that on the ewes except that fewer lice were found on the head. Comparisons of lice per part with the numbers of lice extracted from clipped patches indicated that a sheep with wool bearing area of 1 m2 and a mean count of one louse per 10 cm fleece parting carried approximately 2000 lice. At most times of the year inspections for sheep lice should be concentrated on the sides and back, but in recently shorn sheep greater attention should be paid to the lower neck and ventral regions. Implications of the observed distributions of lice for the efficacy of chemical treatments are discussed.

}, keywords = {abdomen, Analysis of Variance, animals, Back/parasitology, head, Lice Infestations/parasitology/veterinary, Linear Models, Mallophaga, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, sheep, Sheep Diseases/parasitology, Skin/parasitology, wool}, isbn = {0304-4017}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4017(98)00259-3}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304401798002593?via\%3Dihub}, author = {Peter J. James and Moon,R. D.} } @article {46095, title = {Arbovirus of marine mammals: a new alphavirus isolated from the elephant seal louse, Lepidophthirus macrorhini}, journal = {Journal of virology}, volume = {75}, year = {2001}, note = {LR: 20041117; GENBANK/AF315122; JID: 0113724; 0 (DNA, Viral); ppublish}, month = {2001}, pages = {4103 - 4109}, address = {United States}, abstract = {A novel alphavirus was isolated from the louse Lepidophthirus macrorhini, collected from southern elephant seals, Mirounga leonina, on Macquarie Island, Australia. The virus displayed classic alphavirus ultrastructure and appeared to be serologically different from known Australasian alphaviruses. Nearly all Macquarie Island elephant seals tested had neutralizing antibodies against the virus, but no virus-associated pathology has been identified. Antarctic Division personnel who have worked extensively with elephant seals showed no serological evidence of exposure to the virus. Sequence analysis illustrated that the southern elephant seal (SES) virus segregates with the Semliki Forest group of Australasian alphaviruses. Phylogenetic analysis of known alphaviruses suggests that alphaviruses might be grouped according to their enzootic vertebrate host class. The SES virus represents the first arbovirus of marine mammals and illustrates that alphaviruses can inhabit Antarctica and that alphaviruses can be transmitted by lice.}, keywords = {Alphavirus, Amino Acids, animals, Arbovirus Infections/immunology/veterinary/virology, Arboviruses/classification/genetics/immunology/ultrastructure, Base Sequence, Cercopithecus aethiops, dna, Hamsters, humans, Lice Infestations/parasitology/veterinary, Lice/virology, Microscopy, Electron/methods, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, seals, Vero Cells}, isbn = {0022-538X}, author = {La Linn,M. and Gardner,J. and Warrilow,D. and Darnell,G. A. and McMahon,C. R. and Field,I. and Hyatt,A. D. and Slade,R. W. and Suhrbier,A.} } @article {46012, title = {A longitudinal study of a natural lice infestation in growing cattle over two winter periods}, journal = {Veterinary parasitology}, volume = {112}, year = {2003}, note = {LR: 20031208; JID: 7602745; ppublish}, month = {2003}, pages = {307 - 323}, abstract = {A group of 61 cattle which were naturally infested with lice was followed over two winter periods. Data were collected on the number of lice found at various body sites over this period. Summary statistics were produced and due to the repeated measured and hierarchical structure of the data, multi-level analysis was used to model the population dynamics of Bovicola bovis and assess the influence of the various hierarchical levels. A four level Poisson model was produced--level one, the individual number of lice at each parting; level two, the body site examined (shoulder, midline or rump); level three, the time of the inspection and level four, the animal. Seasonal fluctuation in lice numbers was modelled using a cosine function transformation of time. A seasonal pattern was seen in both year{\textquoteright}s with lice counts higher in the first than the second year. The midline area was the most sensitive to detection of B. bovis. Variance contributed by the individual animal was less than that contributed by the body site examined and the time of the inspection. The model suggested that lice numbers within the shoulder and rump sites were near random following a Poisson distribution, but aggregation of lice occurred at the midline site with the distribution between animals following a Negative Binomial Pattern. The midline site was the most sensitive site for detecting B. bovis. Infestation numbers were higher in the first winter when cattle were younger. In the second winter, there was no difference in lice numbers between cattle exposed to infection for the first or second time.}, keywords = {animals, cattle, Cattle Diseases, Lice Infestations/parasitology/veterinary, Longitudinal Studies, Mallophaga, population dynamics, Seasons}, isbn = {0304-4017}, author = {Milnes,A. S. and O{\textquoteright}Callaghan,C. J. and Green,L. E.} } @article {39286, title = {New report of Mallophaga from birds with 23 species new to the fauna of Italy}, journal = {Parazitologiya}, volume = {35}, year = {1993}, note = {The bulk of this paper consists of a simple list describing the taxa obtianed from birds sampled in Italy. Additional host associations and notes to each louse taxon are also given.}, month = {1993}, pages = {21 - 29}, abstract = {

A taxonomic study on Mallophana specimens collected on 31 species of birds in some Italian regions is carried out. Forty-six species, 23 of which new to Italy, are reported.

}, keywords = {animals, bird, bird diseases, Bird parasites, English Abstract, Italy, Lice Infestations/parasitology/veterinary, Mallophaga, Mallophaga classification, new, Species Specificity}, isbn = {0048-2951}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/0712.pdf}, author = {Mar{\'\i}a Paz Mart{\'\i}n-Mateo and G. Manilla} }