@article {96045, title = {A survey on the prevalence of some ectoparasite species infesting sheep and goats in Kalar district, Kurdistan region, Iraq}, journal = {Zanco Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences}, volume = {33}, year = {2021}, month = {Feb-19-2021}, pages = {68-76}, abstract = {

Tamed small ruminants such as sheep and goats are deemed important sources of people livelihood in Garmian area including Kalar district. Sustainability and prosperity of livestock resources are vigorously influenced by the heavy infestation of small ruminants with ectoparasites owing to the enormous economic loss caused by them, particularly in under-developed countries including Iraq. Hence, the present survey, carried out from March, 2019 to February, 2020 in Kalar district, intended to investigate the rampancy of external parasites among sheep and goats being reared in the aforementioned district. To meet the requirements of the survey, a total of 1700 sheep and 400 goats were arbitrarily sampled. The overall rate of ectoparasitosis in this study was 53.09\%, in that, the infestation rate in goats (95\%) was significantly higher than that of sheep (43.23\%). Regarding sheep pediculosis, two species of lice; Linognathus (L.) africanus (35.58\%), Damalinia (D.) ovis (24.11\%), and two species of ticks; Hyalomma (H.) anatolicum (2.94\%), Rhipicephalus (R.) turanucus (4.41\%), in addition to the nasal bot fly, Oestrus ovis (12\%) were identified. On the other hand, two species of lice; D. caprae (80\%), L. africanus (30\%), and two species of ticks; H. anatolicum (7.5\%) and R. turanucus (3.75\%) were detected in goats. Co-infections were significantly higher in sheep as compared to goats in this survey. Some of the aforementioned external parasites are known to transmit zoonotic diseases since sheep and goats are reared in close cohabitation with humans. For that reason, sustainable control of ectoparasitosis especially, tick infestations in domestic livestock is compulsory to prevent both economic loss and transmission of some serious diseases

}, keywords = {ectoparasites, goats, Kalar, Prevalence, sheep}, issn = {2218-0230, 2412-3986}, doi = {10.21271/zjpas.33.1.8}, url = {https://zankojournal.su.edu.krd/index.php/JPAS/article/view/3632}, author = {Sarkawt R. Kakabwa and Omer Mahmood Amin and Noor N. Polus and Nabeel A. Mawlood} } @article {95010, title = {Prevalence of Ectoparasitism on Small Ruminants in Kelantan, Malaysia}, journal = {Tropical Life Sciences Research}, volume = {31}, year = {2020}, month = {04-2020}, pages = {45 - 56}, abstract = {

Kelantan is a chiefly agrarian state with abundant small-holder ruminant farms in the East Coast economic Region of Malaysia. Ectoparasitism affects small ruminant production in Malaysia. It often causes reduction in meat quality and milk production which affect the farmers\’ income. To date, no report for the prevalence of ectoparasitism on small ruminant in Kelantan compared to other state in Malaysia. This study aims to determine the prevalence and associated risk factor of ruminant ectoparasitism in Kelantan. Ectoparasites were collected by manual picking and skin scrapping from 462 sheep and goats in Kelantan between April and September 2017 (during dry season). 60\% of the sampled animals were infested with at least one species of the ectoparasites. In this study, lice and ticks were the most prevalent ectoparasites on small ruminant, which were 43.64\% and 22.98\%, respectively. The high biotic potential of lice population on host might be one of the factors they become the most prevalent species found on the animals. There was no significant relationship between ectoparasitism prevalence and species of small ruminants (2 = 1.12, p = 0.293). However, there was significant variations in prevalence between the regions where the animals were sampled from (2 = 30.25, p = 0.002) and farm management system for both species. This present study provides baseline epidemiological data on the prevalence of ectoparasitism in small ruminant. This information is useful for the formulation of prevention and control measures in order to enhance ruminant productivity in Kelantan.

Abstrak: Kelantan adalah negeri agraria di kawasan ekonomi Pantai Timur Malaysia dengan kebanyakan penternak mempunyai ladang ruminan yang kecil. Ektoparasit menjejaskan pengeluaran ruminan kecil di Malaysia. Ia menyebabkan penghasilan kualiti daging yang rendah dan kurang penghasilan susu yang menjejaskan sumber pendapatan penternak. Buat masa ini, tiada laporan mengenai prevalens ektoparasitisme pada ruminan kecil di Kelantan jika dibandingkan dengan negeri-negeri lain di Malaysia. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk\  menentukan\  prevalens\  dan\  kaitan\  faktor\  risiko\  ektoparasitisme\  pada\  ruminan\  di\  Kelantan.\  Ektoparasit\  dikutip\  secara\  manual\  dan\  kikisan\  kulit\  daripada\  462\  ekor\  biri-biri\  dan kambing di Kelantan diambil di antara bulan April dan September (sepanjang musim kering). Sebanyak 60\% daripada haiwan persampelan dijangkiti oleh sekurang-kurangnya satu spesis ektoparasit. Kutu dan sengkenit adalah ektoparasit yang paling prevalens pada ruminan kecil dalam kajian ini dengan sebanyak 43.64\% dan 22.98\% haiwan dijangkiti olehnya.\  Keupayaan\  biotik\  tinggi\  yang\  dimiliki\  oleh\  kutu\  adalah\  antara\  salah\  satu\  faktor\  yang menjadikan ia sebagai ektoparasit yang paling prevalens pada ruminan kecil. Tiada hubungan yang signifikan di antara prevalens ektoparasitisme dan spesies ruminan kecil (\χ2 = 1.12, p = 0.293). Walau bagaimanapun, terdapat variasi signifikan di antara kawasan di mana sampel diambil (\χ2 = 30.25, p = 0.002) dan sistem pengurusan ladang untuk kedua-dua\  spesies.\  Tambahan\  pula,\  pinjal\  dan\  tungau\  adalah\  kurang\  prevalens\  pada\  ruminan\  kecil\  di\  Kelantan.\  Hasil\  kajian\  ini\  memberikan\  dasar\  data\  epidemiologi\  pada\  prevalens\  ektoparasitisme\  pada\  ruminan\  kecil.\  Maklumat\  ini\  juga\  penting\  sebagai\  pencegahan\  dan\  kawalan dalam meningkatkan produktiviti ruminan di Kelantan.

Kata Kunci: Biri-biri, Ektoparasit, Kambing, Kutu, Prevalens, Sengken

}, keywords = {ectoparasites, goats, lice, Prevalence, sheep, Tick}, issn = {19853718}, doi = {10.21315/tlsr2020.31.1.3}, url = {http://www.tlsr.usm.my/tlsr31012020/31012020_03.pdf}, author = {Vivi Susantie Syamsul and Ibrahim Abdul-Azeez Okene and Siti Nor Che_Yahya and Ruhil Hayati Hamdan and Seng-Hua Lee and Li-Peng Tan} } @article {40380, title = {Causes of morbidity and mortality in goats in Morogoro district, Tanzania: the influence of management}, journal = {Small Ruminant Research}, volume = {29}, year = {1998}, month = {1998}, pages = {167 - 172}, abstract = {

An investigation on the causes of morbidity and mortality in tethered, stall-fed and pastoral goats was carried out in the tropical highland and semi-arid areas of Morogoro district, Tanzania. Ectoparasitism was found to be common in all management systems with fleas, lice and ticks infesting 84-95\%, 77-95\% and 37-98\% of the animals, respectively. The prevalences of the three ectoparasites were significantly higher in tethered goats in the tropical highland area than in other management systems (p \< 0.05). Helminth eggs (49-98\%), coccidia oocysts (71-93\%) and diarrhoea (14-44\%) were common in all herds. The prevalences of diarrhoea and gastrointestinal parasitism were significantly higher in stall-fed goats than in other animals (p \< 0.05). Footrot, caseous lymphadenitis, dermatophilosis and mange were encountered only in pastoral goats. Respiratory infections were more common in pastoral than in stall-fed and tethered animals (p \< 0.05). Prevalences of footrot and diarrhoea were significantly higher during the rainy than the dry period (p \< 0.05). Helminthiasis (7.2\%), diarrhoea (6.1\%) and respiratory conditions (4.2\%) were the major causes of mortalities. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

}, keywords = {goats, health care, Management, Prevalence}, doi = { http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0921-4488(97)00110-7}, url = {http://www.smallruminantresearch.com/article/S0921-4488(97)00110-7/fulltext}, author = {Kusiluka,L. J. M. and Kambarage,D. M. and Harrison,Launcelot J. S. and Daborn,C. J. and Matthewman,R. W.} }