@article {96608, title = {Svalbard rock ptarmigan: a first glimpse into parasite infections}, journal = {Polar Research}, volume = {43}, year = {2024}, month = {Apr-23-2024}, pages = {9 pp}, abstract = {

Natural ecosystems are under stress due to climate change and impacts are especially prominent at high latitudes. Manifestations of these changes include northward shifts in the distribution of birds, phenological mismatches, improved survival of parasites in the environment and the arrival of new parasite vectors and intermediate hosts. We collected baseline data on parasite infections in the Svalbard rock ptarmigan (Lagopus muta hyperborea), which is endemic to two High Arctic archipelagos, by sampling 10 birds caught in September\–October 2015 in Van Mijenfjorden, Spitsbergen. Five species were found, three endo- and two ectoparasites. The endoparasites included a nematode,\ Heterakis\ sp. (prevalence 10\%), and two species of\ Eimeria, all with direct life cycles. The\ Eimeria\ species are provisionally called\ Eimeria\ sp. A and sp. B (prevalence 50\% and 20\%; mean intensity 1560 and 1850 oocysts per g faeces, respectively). Both show morphological similarities with known rock ptarmigan eimeriids, but further taxonomic research is needed to describe their phylogenetic relationships. The two ectoparasites, the ischnoceran chewing lice\ Goniodes lagopi\ and\ Lagopoecus affinis, both showed 90\% prevalence and a mean intensity of 18.3 and 5.6, respectively. The eimeriids are host specific, and the chewing lice are common parasites of closely related grouse species. On the basis of our knowledge of rock ptarmigan parasites,\ Heterakis\ sp. is considered a generalist parasite. The parasite fauna of the Svalbard rock ptarmigan is impoverished compared with conspecific populations in other Arctic locations, such as Iceland and Greenland.

}, keywords = {ectoparasites, Endoparasites, Lagopus muta hyperborea, Nematoda}, issn = {1751-8369}, doi = {10.33265/polar.v43.9506}, url = {https://polarresearch.net/index.php/polar/article/view/9506}, author = {{\'O}lafur K. Nielsen and Eva Fuglei and {\r A}shild {\O}nvik Pedersen and Karl Sk{\'\i}rnisson} } @article {96102, title = {Quantitative Monitoring of Selected Groups of Parasites in Domestic Ruminants: A Comparative Review}, journal = {Pathogens}, volume = {10}, year = {2021}, month = {Sep-11-2021}, pages = {17 pp}, abstract = {

Parasites have had a significant impact on domestic ruminant health and production for a long time, but the emerging threat of drug resistance urgently requires an improved approach to parasite monitoring and control activities. The study reviewed the international literature to analyze the different proposals for the sampling approach and the quantitative estimation of parasite burdens in groups of animals. Moreover, the use of thresholds to decide when and which animal to treat was also investigated. The findings of the study highlighted the presence of a wide-ranging literature on quantitative monitoring for gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN), while more limited data were found for coccidia, and no specific indications were reported for tapeworms. Concerning liver flukes, bronchopulmonary nematodes (BPN) and permanent ectoparasites (lice and mange mites), the diagnostic process is usually aimed at the detection of the parasite rather than at the burden estimation. The main research gaps that need further investigation were also highlighted. For some groups of parasites (e.g., GIN and coccidia) the quantitative approach requires an improved standardization, while its usefulness needs to be confirmed for others (e.g., BPN and lice). The development of practical guidelines for monitoring is also encouraged.

}, keywords = {Endoparasites, lice, mange mites, parasite burden, ruminants, samplin, threshold}, issn = {2076-0817}, doi = {10.3390/pathogens10091173}, url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/10/9/1173}, author = {Anna Maurizio and Frangipane_di_Regalbono, Antonio and Rudi Cassini} } @article {95971, title = {Parasites Status of Village Chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) in Selected Communities in Yenagoa Local Government Area of Bayelsa State, Nigeria}, journal = {Open Journal of Applied Sciences}, volume = {11}, year = {2021}, month = {Jan-01-2021}, pages = {230-238}, abstract = {

Parasites constitute a major obstacle to poultry production, leading to significant losses in many poultry farms. This study investigated the parasites status of village chicken (Gallus domesticus) collected from selected communities in Yenagoa Local Government Area of Bayelsa State Nigeria, during January to March 2020. A total of 35 birds were collected from 5 communities: Igbogeni, Tombia, Agudama, Akenfa and Opolo to assess their parasitic status. The procession of the chicken and the identifications of both ecto and endo parasites followed standard techniques. From the results, the prevalence of the ecto parasites and the endo parasites in the chickens were 85.71\% and 88.57\% respectively. The ectoparasites species in order of increasing frequency were Lice (37.65\%), Fleas (32.94\%), and Mites (29.41\%). Mixed infection of lice \& fleas accounted for 34.12\%. The prevalence of endo parasites was: Nematode (71.59\%) and Cestode (28.41\%) respectively. The species specific prevalence of the endo parasites encountered were Ascaridia galli (44.4\%), Heterakis gallinarum (22.2\%), Capillaria spp. (33.3\%), Davainea proglottina (56\%), Raillientina spp. (44\%) respectively. This present study has provided an insight into parasitic infection of domestic birds across communities in Yenagoa Local Government Area of Bayelsa State Nigeria and recommended that an intensive health education on their public health implications in the spread disease causing pathogens among humans be carried out

}, keywords = {ectoparasites, Endoparasites, Gallus gallus domesticus, Yenagoa}, issn = {2165-3917, 2165-3925}, doi = {10.4236/ojapps.2021.112016}, url = {https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation.aspx?paperid=107523}, author = {Elele, Kingsley and Amawulu, Ebenezer and Eniyekedidei, Kurokeyi Prosper} } @conference {95757, title = {PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS IN WILD RATS}, booktitle = {9th Proceedings of the Seminar on Veteinary Sciences}, year = {2014}, month = {Feb 2014}, publisher = {Universiti Putra Malaysia Press}, organization = {Universiti Putra Malaysia Press}, address = {Faculty of Veterinary Medicine UPM, 24 - 28 February 2014}, abstract = {

Rats are the most widespread pest species and well-known to transmit zoonotic disease agents and cause destruction to the environment. In this study, twenty rodents were trapped by using wire traps baited with various baits in Serdang, Sepang, Seremban and Rembau, Malaysia. The locations represented the urban and suburban habitats and distribution of rodents. Three rat species and one shrew species were trapped from these habitats. There was no significant (p\>0.05) difference in bait preference by the rats from either habitat. No Salmonella was detected in the rodents. Seventy-five percent of the rodents were found to be infested
with at least one of nine different types of ectoparasites identified. All rodents (100\%) were infested with at least one type of endoparasites. There was significant (p\<0.05) difference in parasitic distribution between habitats, with urban rats more infested with ectoparasites. Among the parasites of potential medical importance identified were Polyplax spinulosa, Hoplopleura pacifica and Ornithonyssus bacoti. In conclusion, the species parasites of rats were partly determined by the nature of their habitats. Also, the rodents live in close proximity to human especially in urban areas and they carry organisms that may be detrimental to the health of humans and other animals. Thus, appropriate measures are needed to control the rodent Phthirpopulation to prevent the spread of diseases to humans and other animals.

}, keywords = {bait preference, ectoparasites, Endoparasites, public health, rat infestation, Salmonella}, url = {https://vet.upm.edu.my/upload/dokumen/202109061032299th_Proceedings_of_the_Seminar_on_Veterinary_Sciences.pdf}, author = {Nur Ain Shafiqah Mohd-Said and Mohd Azmi Mohd-Lila and S.M. Amin-Babjee and Abdul Rahim Mutalib and Abdul Rani Bahaman and Zeenathul Nazariah Allaudin} } @mastersthesis {95435, title = {Estudio de par{\'a}sitos internos y externos en aves Cathartiformes de Chile}, volume = {Veterinary Medicine}, year = {2021}, pages = {vi+47 pp}, school = {Universidad de Concepci{\'o}n}, type = {Veterinary Medicine}, address = {Concepci{\'o}n, Chile}, abstract = {

Thesis in Spanish:

RESUMEN:

Los Cathartiformes, conocidos como los buitres del nuevo mundo, son aves carro\ñeras que habitan el continente americano. En Chile\  encontramos al jote cabeza negra y jote cabeza colorada, distribuidas ampliamente a lo largo del pa\ís y el c\óndor asociado a la Cordillera de los Andes. Pese a la amplia distribuci\ón de estas aves, los estudios parasitol\ógicos asociados a ellas han sido casi nulos. Con la\  finalidad de ampliar la fauna parasitaria, se estudi\ó el parasitismo interno y externo de estas tres especies mencionadas. Para la\  recolecci\ón de ectopar\ásitos se utilizaron un total de ocho individuos (cinco c\óndores, un jote cabeza negra y dos jotes cabeza colorada), mientras que, para la recolecci\ón de endopar\ásitos, fueron utilizados 10 individuos (dos c\óndores, cuatro jotes cabeza negra, tres jotes cabeza colorada y un jote sin identificar especie). Se recolect\ó un total de siete especies de ectopar\ásitos, seis del orden Phthiraptera: Colpocephalum kellogi (42,4\%), Colpocephalum trichosum (39,3\%), Cuculiphilus alternatus (6,6\%), Cuculiphilus zonatus (4,4\%), Falcolipeurus marginalis (3,9\%) y Laembothrion glutinans (3,5\%) y un esp\écimen del orden Siphonaptera: Hectopsylla psittaci. Los endopar\ásitos recolectados pertenecen a las especies Laterotaenia sp. y Posthodiplostomum macrocotyle, lo que corresponde al primer reporte de estas especies parasitando aves silvestres en Chile. Este estudio contribuye al conocimiento de la fauna parasitaria del orden Cathartiformes. Sin embargo, constituye tan s\ólo un estudio preliminar. Se espera que estudios futuros involucren muestras m\ás representativas para obtener con ello tambi\én mayor informaci\ón sobre la diversidad parasitaria de estas aves.

Palabras clave: ectopar\ásitos, endopar\ásitos, helmintos, Cathartiformes

English translated title: STUDY OF INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL PARASITES IN CHILEAN CATHARTIFORM BIRDS

Abstract:

The Cathartiformes birds known as the New World vultures are scavengers that inhabit the American continent. In Chile, we find the black vulture and turkey vulture, widely distributed throughout Chile, and the Andean condor, which is associated with the Cordillera de Los Andes. Despite the wide distribution of these birds, the parasitological studies associated with them have been almost nonexistent. Therefore, to expand the parasitic fauna, the study of internal and external parasitism of these three species was conducted. A total of eight individuals were used to collect ectoparasites (five Andean condors, one black vulture, and two turkey vultures). While for the collection of endoparasites, 10 individuals were studied (two Andean condors, four black vultures, three turkeyvultures, and a vulture without identifying species). A total of seven species of ectoparasites were found, six of the order Phthiraptera: Colpocephalum kellogi (42.4\%),Colpocephalum trichosum (39.3\%), Cuculiphilus alternatus (6.6\%), Cuculiphilus zonatus (4.4\%), Falcolipeurus marginalis (3.9 \%) and Laembothrion glutinans (3.5\%), and one specimen of the Order Siphonaptera: Hectopsylla psittaci. The endoparasites collected belong to the species Laterotaenia sp., and Posthodiplostomum macrocotyle, which correspond to the first report of these species parasitizing wild birds in Chile. This study contributes to the parasitic fauna of the order Cathartiformes. However, it is only a preliminary study. Future studies are expected to involve more representative samples to obtain more information on the parasitic diversity of these birds

}, keywords = {Cathartiformes, Cuculiphilus alternatus, Cuculiphilus zonatus, ectoparasites, Endoparasites, helminth parasites}, url = {https://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/95435.pdf}, author = {Esperanza B. Guti{\'e}rrez-Garrido} } @article {95429, title = {Parasites of chinstrap penguins (Pygoscelis antarctica) from three localities in the Antarctic Peninsula and a review of their parasitic fauna}, journal = {Polar Biology}, volume = {44}, year = {2021}, month = {Sep-2021}, pages = {2099-2105}, abstract = {

Studies of parasitism in chinstrap penguins (Pygoscelis antarctica) are infrequent and mainly refer to the identification and description of its parasites, with little ecological data. In an attempt to address that lack of knowledge, we collected endo- and ecto-parasites from 326 live and four dead of chinstrap penguins, in three different localities of Antarctica not studied before. Three species of endoparasites and two of ectoparasites were found parasitizing birds: two tapeworms, Tetrabothrius pauliani (Cestoda: Tetrabothriidae) and Parorchites zederi (Cestoda: Dilepididae); one roundworm, Stegophorus macronectes (Nematoda: Acuariidae), and one feather louse: Austrogoniodes gressitti (Insecta: Phthiraptera: Philopteridae). Ticks (Ixodes uriae\—Acari: Ixodidae) were collected from the ground near the penguin nesting colonies at two localities, Shirreff Cape and Narebsky Point. New ecological data are given for the two species of ectoparasites. No parasites were found in the blood collected from 300 live penguin

}, keywords = {antarctica, Chinstrap penguins, ectoparasites, Endoparasites, lice, ticks, Worms}, issn = {0722-4060, 1432-2056}, doi = {10.1007/s00300-021-02945-x}, url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00300-021-02945-x$\#$citeas}, author = {Daniel Gonz{\'a}lez-Acu{\~n}a and L. Moreno and Michelle Wille and Herrmann, Bjorn and John M. Kinsella and Ricardo L. Palma} } @article {95247, title = {Prevalence of Parasites on Local and Sasso Chicken in Extensive Production System in Ankober Woreda, North Shewa Zone}, journal = {International Journal of Animal Science, Husbandry and Livestock Production}, volume = {6}, year = {2020}, month = {09-2020}, pages = {341 - 353}, type = {Research paper}, abstract = {

The objective of this research paper was to access the prevalence of parasite on local and Sasso chicken in extensive production system in Ankober Woreda, North Shewa Zone. A Total of 441 chickens kept under different Agro-ecology, breed, chicken type, and age group was considered. The study was conducted in three agro-ecological zones of Ankober Woreda to generate information on the existing prevalence of parasites of village chickens. A multi-stage sampling procedure was followed to randomly select a total of 180 chicken owners from highland, midland, and lowland areas. A total of 441 chickens of different breed and age categories were randomly sampled to collect and identify some of the ecto and endoparasites and determine their prevalence. The overall prevalence of ectoparasites was 39.68\% for skin mite, 34.92\% for lice and 19.95\% for fleas. While the overall prevalence of endoparasites were 18.74\% for nematodesand 5.69\% for cestodes. Exotic chickens (Sasso) (68.80\%) were more infested than local chicken (13.38\%). The result of the fecal analyses showed that of the 441 fecal samples collected and examined of the samples were collectively positive for nematode 82 (18.74\%), and cestode 25(5.69\%). The prevalence variations observed from nematodes and cestodes could partly be due to the chance of chickens to pick intermediate hosts from the ground.

}, keywords = {Agro-ecology, Breed, Cestodes, Endoparasites, Intermediate hosts, Nematodes}, url = {http://advancedscholarsjournals.org/journal/ijashlp/articles/prevalence-of-parasites-on-local-and-sasso-chicken-in-extensive-production-system-in-ankober-woreda,-north-shewa-zone}, author = {Zewdie Derbie and Getabalew Mebrate} } @article {95134, title = {Parasites of the Neotropic cormorant Nannopterum (Phalacrocorax) brasilianus (Aves, Phalacrocoracidae) in Chile}, journal = {Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterin{\'a}ria}, volume = {29}, year = {2020}, month = {09-2020}, pages = {16pp}, type = {Epub e-003920}, abstract = {

Abstract

The Neotropic cormorant Nannopterum (Phalacrocorax) brasilianus (Suliformes: Phalacrocoracidae) is widely distributed in Central and South America. In Chile, information about parasites for this species is limited to helminths and nematodes, and little is known about other parasite groups. This study documents the parasitic fauna present in 80 Neotropic cormorants\’ carcasses collected from 2001 to 2008 in Antofagasta, Biob\ío, and \Ñuble regions. Birds were externally inspected for ectoparasites and necropsies were performed to examine digestive and respiratory organs in search of endoparasites. Ectoparasites collected were cleared and mounted for identification under a microscope. Fecal samples were also evaluated to determine the presence of protozoan parasites employing a flotation technique. A total of 44 (42.5\%) of birds were infested with at least one ectoparasite species, while 77 (96.25\%) were carrying endoparasites. No protozoan forms were found after examination. Most prevalent endoparasite species found were Contracaecum rudolphii s. l. (72/80, 90\%), followed by Pectinopygus gyroceras (33/80, 41.25\%), and Profilicollis altmani (26/80, 32.5\%). This is the first report of P. altmani, Baruscapillaria carbonis, Avioserpens sp., Cyathostoma (Cyathostoma) phenisci, and Eidmaniella pelucida in the Neotropic cormorant. These findings also expand the distributional range of Andracantha phalacrocoracis, Paradilepis caballeroi, Hysteromorpha triloba, and P. gyroceras to Chile.

Spanish title: Parasitos da bigu\á Nannopterum (Phalacrocorax) brasilianus (Aves, Phalacrocoracidae) do Chile

Resumo

O Bigu\á Nannopterum (Phalacrocorax) brasilianus (Suliformes: Phalacrocoracidae) \é amplamente distribu\ído na Am\érica Central e na do Sul. No Chile, as informa\ç\ões sobre parasitos para essa esp\écie s\ão limitadas a helmintos e nematoides, e pouco se sabe sobre outros grupos de parasitos. Este estudo documenta a fauna parasit\ária presente em 80 bigu\ás coletados de 2001 a 2008, nas regi\ões de Antofagasta, Biob\ío e \Ñuble. As aves foram inspecionadas externamente em busca de ectoparasitas; adicionalmente, foram realizadas necropsias para examinar os \órg\ãos digestivos e respirat\órios em busca de endoparasitos. Os ectoparasitos coletados foram limpos e montados para identifica\ç\ão ao microsc\ópio. As amostras de fezes tamb\ém foram avaliadas para determinar a presen\ça de parasitos protozo\ários, empregando-se uma t\écnica de flutua\ç\ão. Um total de 44 (42,5\%) aves estavam infectadas com pelo menos um ectoparasito, enquanto 77 (96,25\%) estavam portando endoparasito. Nenhuma forma de protozo\ário foi encontrada ap\ós o exame. As esp\écies de endoparasitos mais prevalentes encontradas foram Contracaecum rudolphii (72/80, 90\%), Pectinopygus gyroceras (33/80, 41.25\%) e Profilicollis altmani (26/80, 32.5\%). Este \é o primeiro registro de P. altmani, Baruscapillaria carbonis, Avioserpens sp., Cyathostoma (Cyathostoma) phenisci e Eidmaniella pelucida no bigu\á. Esses resultados tamb\ém expandem a distribui\ç\ão de Andracantha phalacrocoracis, Paradilepis caballeroi, Ascocotyle felippei, Hysteromorpha triloba e P. gyroceras no Chile.

Palavras-chave:\  Helmintos; parasitas externos; parasitas internos; p\ássaro; piolhos

}, keywords = {birds, ectoparasites, Endoparasites, Helminths, lice}, issn = {0103-846X}, doi = {10.1590/s1984-29612020049}, url = {http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext\&pid=S1984-29612020000300314\&tlng=en}, author = {Daniel Gonz{\'a}lez-Acu{\~n}a and Sebasti{\'a}n Llanos and Pablo Oyarz{\'u}n-Ruiz and John M. Kinsella and Carlos Barrientos and Richard Thomas and Armando Conrado Cicchino and L. Moreno} } @article {95059, title = {Parasite diversity in mallard: A cross sectional study on Anas platyrhynchos from Munshiganj, Dhaka}, journal = {Bangladesh Journal of Zoology}, volume = {47}, year = {2019}, month = {06-2019}, pages = {121-128}, abstract = {

Among the 60 Anas platyrhynchos domesticus (32 males and 38 females), all the mallards were infested with Anaticola cassicornis and Lipeurus caponis. A. cassicornis displayed the peak intensity (15.5 \± 3.64) in female ducks. The lowest prevalence was of Colpocephalum turbinatum (25\%) and found in male but the intensity was high (15 \± 2.23). Among the endoparasites, the highest prevalence was of Ascaridia galli (85.71\%) found in female ducks and the lowest was in Echinostoma trivolvus (12.5\%) found in male. The peak intensity was of Sobolevicanthus sp. (17.8 \± 2.34) in female following Echinostoma revolutum (17.33 \± 0.97). Ectoparasites were seen to infest all the seasons. But endoparasites were more prevalent in summer than the autumn and winter.

}, keywords = {Anas platyrhynchos domesticus, ectoparasites, Endoparasites, intensity, Prevalence}, issn = { 0304-9027 (print) 2408-8455 (online)}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3329/bjz.v47i1.42027}, url = {https://www.banglajol.info/index.php/BJZ/article/view/42027}, author = {Aleya Begum and Mandira Mukutmoni and Farjana Akter} } @article {95032, title = {Colecta, preparaci{\'o}n e identificaci{\'o}n de par{\'a}sitos}, journal = {Revista Parasitolog{\'\i}a Latinoamericana}, volume = {69}, year = {2020}, month = {2020}, pages = {12-29}, abstract = {

Paper in Spanish

Resumen
Los par\ásitos constituyen los organismos m\ás numerosos de los ecosistemas terrestres, tanto en cantidad de especies como en numero, y a pesar de esto su conocimiento es fragmentado y ha sido escazamente abordado. Realizar una correcta preparaci\ón e identificaci\ón de los par\ásitos es clave al momento de iniciar estudios de diversidad par\ásitaria en fauna silvestre, por lo que es necesario en primera instancia conocer m\étodos de colecta, de preservaci\ón y finalmente identificaci\ón de los par\ásitos. Una colecta puede ser exitosa, pero si no
consideramos aspectos relevantes en el manejo de cada grupo de par\ásitos para poder posteriormente identificarlos, el trabajo ser\á infruct\ífero. En esta revisi\ón entregamos los detalles m\ás valiosos para tratar los par\ásitos desde el momento en que se colectan hasta que quedan en condiciones de ser identificados por el especialista de cada grupo. El tratamiento tanto de endopar\ásitos como ectopar\ásitos difiere seg\ún el grupo y seg\ún las condiciones en que est\én los espec\ímenes (vivos o muertos, frescos o congelados, pre o post ingesti\ón de sangre). Las t\écnicas descritas en la literatura son muy variadas por lo que aqu\í describimos las t\écnicas que nos han dado mejores resultados y que actualmente son las m\ás usadas por la comunidad parasitol\ógica internacional. Adem\ás, en un segundo bloque de esta revisi\ón, entregamos un listado de referencias obligatorias, dentro del cual se encuentran los textos de parasitolog\ía cl\ásica para cada grupo taxon\ómico. La adecuada colecta y posterior preservaci\ón y/o montaje de los par\ásitos nos permite poder estudiar y conocer sus estructuras, clasificarlos en su adecuada taxonom\ía y poder diferenciarlos con ejemplares similares de otros lugares geogr\áficos. De esta forma, conservamos parte del patrimonio cient\ífico dando un registro permanente de las especies del mundo, adem\ás de preservar material que permitir\á comprender problemas taxon\ómicos, biogeogr\áficos, cambios distribucionales, extinci\ón de especies hospedadoras y sus par\ásitos, as\í como detectar nuevos recursos biol\ógicos entre otras ventajas.
Palabras clave: endopar\ásitos, ectopar\ásitos, colecta, preservaci\ón, taxonom\ía

Summary
Parasites constitute the most numerous organisms in terrestrial ecosystems, both in magnitude and number of species; however, knowledge of them is fragmentary and scarcely taken into consideration. Performing the right preparation and identification of parasites is vital when a parasitic diversity survey is carried out in wildlife. Thus it is necessary to know the methods of collection, preservation and identification methods for
parasites. A collection of parasites could be successful but if relevant aspects regarding manipulation for every group of parasites are not considered in the determination of identification, the study will be fruitless. In the present review, we provide the most valuable details regarding work with parasites, since these are collected until they are classified by the specialist for every taxonomic group. The treatment for every endoparasite and ectoparasite species is different for each group and according to the conditions of every specimen (alive or dead parasites, fresh or frozen, pre- or post- ingestion of blood). The techniques described in the literature are somewhat varied; consequently, here we describe the techniques with better results in our experience and currently the ones most used by the international parasitological community. Furthermore, in a second part of this review we provide a list of mandatory references, with several classic parasitology literatures for every taxonomic group. The proper collection, preservation and/or mounting of parasites allow us to study and known their structures, classify them taxonomically and help us distinguish them from other specimens from other locations. In this way, we conserve part of the scientific heritage by giving a permanent record of the world\&$\#$39;s species, in addition to preserving material that will allow us to understand taxonomic and biogeographic problems, distributional changes, extinction of host species and their parasites, as well as detect new biological resources, among other advantages.

}, keywords = {Aquiligogus maculatus, Collection, ectoparasites, Endoparasites, Enicognathus leptorhynchus, Glaucidium nana, preservation, taxonomy, Tyto furcata}, issn = {0719-6326 online}, url = {https://sociedadchilenaparasitologia.cl/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/2020-69-1-01.05.2020-1.pdf}, author = {Pablo Oyarz{\'u}n-Ruiz and Daniel Gonz{\'a}lez-Acu{\~n}a} } @article {94966, title = {Van Y{\"o}resi Tavuklar{\i}nda Paraziter Fauna Tespiti}, journal = {T{\"u}rkiye Parazitoloji Dergisi}, volume = {32}, year = {2009}, month = {03-2009}, pages = {162 - 164}, abstract = {

Paper in Turkish

\ÖZET: Bu \çal{\i}{\c s}ma ile2002 ve 2003 y{\i}l{\i} i\çerisinde Van y\öresinde ya{\c s}ayan ev tavuklar{\i}nda paraziter fauna tespiti ama\çland{\i}. \Çal{\i}{\c s}man{\i}n kapsam{\i}n{\i} d{\i}{\c s}k{\i} muayenesi ile endoparazit tespiti ve d{\i}{\c s} bak{\i} ile ektoparazit tespiti olu{\c s}turmu{\c s}tur. Gaita muayenesinde natif, flotasyon ve sedimentasyon y\öntemleri kullan{\i}ld{\i}. \Çal{\i}{\c s}mada \%85 oran{\i}nda endoparazit, \%76 oran{\i}nda ektoparazit enfestasyonu tespit edildi. Endoparazitlerden Eimeria oocystleri \%65, helmint yumurtalar{\i} \%52 oran{\i}nda bulundu. Bulunan helmintler \%2 Echinostoma spp., \%8 Davania proglottina, \%10 Raillietina spp., \%4 Trichostrongylus tenuis, \%2 Dispharynx nasuta, \%13 Ascaridia galli, \%15 Heterakis gallinarum, \%30 Capillaria spp.olarak belirlendi.Ektoparazitlerin \%32 Goniocotes hologaster, \%6 Lipeurus heteragraphus, \%42 Eomanacanthus stramineus, \%11 Menacanthus cornutus, \%22 Menopon gallinae oldu{\u g}u belirlendi.
Anahtar S\özc\ükler: Endoparazit, ektoparazit, helmint, tavuk, Van

English Title: Determination of Parasite Fauna of Chicken in the Van Region
SUMMARY: The aim of this study was to determine the parasite fauna of the chicken in Van Province in 2002 and 2003. The material of the present study included endoparasites and ectoparasites determined by rutine parasitological examinations. Direct, flotation and sedimentation techniques for endoparasites were used. The total of endoparasites and ectoparasites were determined as 85\% and 76\% respectively. The ratios of endoparasites obtained from the chicken were coccidial oocystis 65\%, Echinostoma spp. 2\%, Davania proglottina 8\%, Raillietina spp. 10\%, Trichostrongylus tenuis 4\%, Dispharynx nasuta 1\%, Ascaridia galli 13\%, Heterakis gallinarum 15\%, Capillaria spp. 30\% whereas ratios of ectoparasites were Goniocotes hologaster 32\%, Lipeurus heteragraphus 6\%, Eomenacanthus stramineus 42\%, Menacanthus cornutus 11\%, Menopon gallinae 22\%.

}, keywords = {chicken, ectoparasites, Endoparasites, helminth, Van}, issn = {online 2146-3077 }, url = {http://www.turkiyeparazitolderg.org/archives/archive-detail/article-preview/van-yresi-tavuklarnda-paraziter-fauna-tespiti/23111}, author = {{\"O}zlem ORUN{\c C} and Kamile B{\.I}{\c C}EK} } @article {94947, title = {Parasites prevalence in poultry: focusing on free range turkeys (Meleagris gallopav)}, journal = {Malaysian Journal of Veterinary Research}, volume = {8}, year = {2017}, pages = {1 - 9}, abstract = {

In\  most\  countries,\  poultry\  are\  reared\  by\  traditional\  farmers\  due\  to\  the\  relative\  minimum\  capital\  needed\  to\  start\  off,\  availability\  of\  feed\  and\  the\  fast\  period\  of\  the\  birds\  to\  grow.\  This\  research\  was\  conducted\  on\  turkeys\  which\  aims\  to\  study\  the\  abundance\  and\  prevalence\  of\  ectoparasites\  from\  three\  localities\  around\  Kedah,\  Malaysia.\  A\  total of 20 turkeys (eight males and twelve females) were examined for ectoparasites infestation\  and\  endoparasites\  infection.\  Six species of ectoparasites: five lice and a\  mite\  have\  been\  discovered.\  The\  most\  prevalent\  ectoparasite\  was\  Menopon gallinae\  with\  occurrence\  of\  45\%.\  Other\  external\  parasites\  recorded\  include\  Lipeurus caponis and Megninia cubitaliswith\  occurrence\  of\  40\%,\  Menacanthus pallidulus\  (35\%),\  Goniocotes\  gallinae(30\%) and Chelopistes meleagridis (20\%). There was a significant difference between the\  ectoparasite\  abundance\  in\  Jabatan\  Perkhidmatan\  Veterinar\  and\  Alor\  Belat\  Barat\  [ANOVA,\  F(2,17)=6.33,\  p=0.009]. These\  lice\  commonly\  found\  in\  the\  fluff\  of\  the\  feathers,\  especially\  at\  the\  neck,\  abdomen, and wings. Lipeurus caponis was found to have the highest infestation in all male and female turkeys and Menacanthus pallidulus was noted as the less common ectoparasite\  infesting\  both\  the\  male\  and\  female turkeys. Endoparasite infection was recorded in two species of parasite eggs of nematodes and protozoa. Oocyst of Eimeriaspp. recorded the highest faecal egg count with\  7300\  epg\  compared\  to\  Capillariaspp. with only 1200 epg. Scavenging and pecking behaviour of turkeys in barn area with unsuitable farm housing environment were the major contributing factors to the infestation\  of\  ectoparasites\  as\  well\  as\  endoparasites infection

}, keywords = {ectoparasites, Endoparasites, northern peninsular Malaysia., turkeys}, url = {http://www.dvs.gov.my/dvs/resources/user_15/MJVR\%20Volume\%208\%20No.1\%202017/MJVR-V8N1-p1-9.pdf}, author = {Z. Mohammad_Zarith and A.H. Suhaila and Nik_Ahmad_Irwan_Izzauddin Nik_Him and S. Khadijah} } @article {94862, title = {A study of ecto and endo parasites of domestic birds in Etsako Municipality, Edo North of Nigeria}, journal = {NISEB JOURNAL}, volume = {11}, year = {2011}, pages = {209 - 216}, abstract = {

Three hundred faecal samples from 300 domestic birds representing 100 from each of the 3 Local Government
Areas (LGA\’s) were examined for helminth parasites, while 18 live domestic birds comprising of 10 fowls (Gallus domestica), 4
ducks (Anas sparsa), and 4 pigeons (Columbia livie) were also investigated for ecto-and helminth parasites in the three (3) Local
Government Area in Etsako, Edo state, Nigeria.
Two hundred and thirteen (213) 71\% of the 300 faecal samples investigated were found to have parasite eggs. They include: 10
(46.7\%) species of nematodes, Ascaridia galli, Syngamus trachae, Capillaria annulata, Heterakis gallinae, Cappillaria
longicollis, Syngamus bronchiali, Amidostomum anseris, Subulura brumpti, Capillaria retusa and Echinuria uncinate, 4 (8.9\%)
species of cestodes, Choanotaenia infundibulum, Raillietina species, Amoebotaenia sphenoides and Davainea proglothina.
All 10 live fowls (55.5\%) and 2 pigeons (11.1\%) were found to be infected with helminth parasites. The parasites include: 8
species of cestodes, Amoebotrienia cuneata, Choanotaenia infundibulum, Hymenolepis species, Raillietina species, Raillietina
cesticillus, Mesocestoides species, Davainea proglottina and Raillietina echinobothridia, which was the only helminth parasite
found in pigeon in this study. 2 species of nematode; Ascaridia galli and Strongyloides avium. 1 species of trematode,
Echinostoma species.
Ten species of ectoparasites (Mallophaga-lice), were also found on the birds, they include; Lipeurus caponis (83.3\%),
Columbicola columbae (38.8\%), Coclutogaster heterographus (22.2\%), Chelopistes meleagridis (38.8\%), Gonoides dissimilis
(77.7\%), Gonoides gallinae (38.8\%), Gonoides hologaster (16.6), Menopon gallinae (27.7\%), Mencanthus stramineus (66.6\%)
and Gonoides gigas (27.7\%).

}, keywords = {Anas sparsa, Coclutogaster heterographus, Domestic birds, ectoparasites, Endoparasites, Etsako Municipality, Nigeria}, issn = {1595-6938/2011 }, url = {http://ojs.klobexjournals.com/index.php/nisebj/article/view/131}, author = {E.U. Edosomwan and E.R. Olumese and E.J. Igetei} } @article {94852, title = {Common poultry parasites of backyard hens}, journal = {The Veterinary Nurse}, volume = {7}, year = {2016}, pages = {584 - 588}, abstract = {

As the incidence of backyard hens being presented in practice increases, it is important that veterinary nurses can identify the commonly found poultry pests and know how best to advise owners on treatment and prevention. Un- treated parasites (both external and internal) can result in debilitation and in some cases can cause death.

}, keywords = {ectoparasites, Endoparasites, Helminths, Infestation, protozoa}, url = {https://www.theveterinarynurse.com/Review/article/common-poultry-parasites-of-backyard-hens}, author = {Gaynor Davies} } @article {94574, title = {Survey of husbandry practices for bovidae in zoos: the importance of parasite management for reintroduction programmes}, journal = {Veterinary Record}, volume = {184}, year = {2019}, month = {Feb-03-2019}, pages = {6 pp}, chapter = {282}, abstract = {

Animals from zoological institutions may be used for reintroductions. These individuals are considered healthy, but they are not necessarily free of parasites, despite the minimum husbandry standards required of zoological institutions as described in the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria guidelines. In this sense, parasitism has been identified as the cause of failure, or has added difficulties, in some reintroduction programmes. Here the authors attempt to summarise the risk of parasitism to animals originating from zoological institutions
by analysing a questionnaire about parasite prevalence, sampling methods, treatment and control in three ungulates in European zoos. Completed questionnaires were received from 38 institutions (58.5 per cent response rate). Most of the responding institutions (97 per cent) detected the eggs of endoparasites in faeces, but only one reported ectoparasites. Most institutions followed a similar preventive schedule, with ivermectin as the preferred prophylactic treatment for parasites, commonly administered in food every six months. The frequent use of concentrating flotation techniques as the sole method to evaluate the presence of parasite eggs in faecal samples is not recommended because it fails to detect trematode and lung nematode infections, so it would be better to use flotation techniques together with sedimentation procedures or serological and molecular tests. The results suggest that parasite control in zoological institutions can be complicated, indicating the need to implement a specific management schedule for institutions involved in reintroduction projects.

}, keywords = {Cuvier{\textquoteright}s gazelle, ectoparasites, Endoparasites, Mohor gazelle, scimitar-horned oryx}, issn = {0042-4900}, doi = {10.1136/vr.104985}, url = {https://veterinaryrecord.bmj.com/content/184/9/282}, author = {Eulalia Moreno_Ma{\~n}as and Mois{\'e}s Gonz{\'a}lvez_Juan and Mar{\'\i}a_del_Roc{\'\i}o Ruiz_de_Yb{\'a}{\~n}ez_Carnero and Tania C. Gilbert and Juana Ortiz and Gerardo Espeso and Jes{\'u}s Benzal and Bel{\'e}n Ib{\'a}{\~n}ez and Valera,Francisco} } @article {94332, title = {External and gastrointestinal parasites of the rufous-collared sparrow Zonotrichia capensis (Passeriformes, Emberizidae) in Chile}, journal = {Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterin{\'a}ria}, volume = {26}, year = {2017}, month = {Jan-09-2017}, pages = {314 - 322}, abstract = {

A total of 277 rufous-collared sparrows, Zonotrichia capensis M\üller, 1776 (Emberizidae), were examined for external parasites. The birds were captured using mist nets in seven locations in northern and central Chile. Additionally, seven carcasses from central Chile (the Biob\ío region) were necropsied to evaluate the presence of endoparasite infection. Ectoparasites were found on 35.8\% (99/277) of the examined birds and they were represented by the following arthropods: feather mites Amerodectes zonotrichiae Mironov and Gonz\ález-Acu\ña, 2014 (Analgoidea: Proctophyllodidae), Proctophyllodes polyxenus Atyeo and Braasch, 1966 (Analgoidea: Proctophyllodidae), and Trouessartia capensis Berla, 1959 (Analgoidea: Trouessartiidae); a louse Philopterus sp. (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera); and ticks Amblyomma tigrinum Koch, 1844 (Acari: Ixodidae) and Ixodes auritulus Neumann, 1904 (Acari: Ixodidae). Two of the seven necropsied carcasses were infected with the acanthocephalan Mediorhynchus papillosus Van Cleave, 1916 (Gigantorhynchida: Gigantorhynchidae). To our knowledge, this study reports P. polyxenus, Philopterus sp., A. tigrinum, and M. papillosus for the first time for Z. capensis and expands the distributional range for T. capensis to Chile.

Spanish title: Parasitas gastrointestinais e externos do tico-tico Zonotrichia capensis (Passeriformes, Emberizidae) do Chile

Resumo

Um total de 277 tico-tico Zonotrichia capensis M\üller, 1776 (Emberizidae) foram examinados em busca de ectoparasitos. As aves foram capturadas com redes em sete localidades do norte e centro do Chile. Al\ém disso, sete carca\ças do centro Chile (Regi\ão de Biob\ío) foram examinadas para avaliar a infec\ç\ão por endoparasitos. Ectoparasitos foram encontrados em 35,8\% (99/277) das aves examinadas com a identifica\ç\ão dos \ácaros Amerodectes zonotrichiae Mironov and Gonz\ález-Acu\ña, 2014 (Analgoidea: Proctophyllodidae), Proctophyllodes polyxenus Atyeo and Braasch, 1966 (Analgoidea: Proctophyllodidae) e Trouessartia capensis Berla, 1959 (Analgoidea: Trouessartiidae), piolho Philopterus sp. (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera) e carrapatos Amblyomma tigrinum Koch, 1844 (Acari: Ixodidea) e Ixodes auritulus Neumann, 1904 (Acari: Ixodidea). Duas das sete carca\ças examinadas foram infectadas com o Acantocephala Mediorhynchus papillosus Van Cleave, 1916 (Gigantorhynchida: Gigantorhynchidae). Para o nosso conhecimento, este \é o primeiro estudo para descrever P. polyxenus, Philopterus sp., A. tigrinum e M. papillosus em Z. capensis e expande a distribui\ç\ão de T. capensis ao Chile.

}, keywords = {ectoparasites, Endoparasites, lice, mite, Tick}, issn = {0103-846X (Print) / 1984-2961 (Electronic)}, doi = {10.1590/s1984-29612017043}, url = {http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext\&pid=S1984-29612017000300314\&lng=en\&tlng=en}, author = {Sebasti{\'a}n Llanos and Braulio Mu{\~n}oz and L. Moreno and Carlos Landaeta-Aqueveque and John M. Kinsella and Sergey Mironov and Armando Conrado Cicchino and Carlos Barrientos and Gonzalo Torres-Fuentes and Daniel Gonz{\'a}lez-Acu{\~n}a} } @article {94331, title = {Parasites of the Southern silvery grebe Podiceps occipitalis (Aves, Podicipedidae) in Chile}, journal = {Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterin{\'a}ria}, volume = {26}, year = {2017}, month = {Jan-09-2017}, pages = {378 - 382}, abstract = {

A total of 97 southern silvery grebes (Podiceps occipitalis), which died as the result of an oil spill on the coast of central Chile, were examined for ecto- and endoparasites. Two lice species including Aquanirmus rollandii (Philopteridae) and Pseudomenopon dolium (Menoponidae) were found from 6.2\% (6/97) of birds. In 91.7\% (89/97) of cases, grebes were infected with some kind of helminths. Three species of gastrointestinal helminths were detected: Eucoleus contortus (Nematoda), Profilicollis bullocki (Acanthocephala), and Confluaria sp. (Cestoda). In addition, Pelecitus fulicaeatrae (Nematoda) was removed from the tibiotarsal-tarsometatarsal articulation in 13.4\% (13/97) of the specimens examined. To our knowledge, these are the first records of A. rollandii, E. contortus, and Confluaria sp. as parasites of P. occipitalis. In addition, these findings expand the distributional range of A. rollandii, E. contortus, P. fulicaeatrae, and Confluaria sp. to Chile.

Spanish title:\ Parasitas do mergulh\ão-de-orelha-amarela Podiceps occipitalis (Aves, Podicipedidae) no Chile

Resumo

Um total de 97 mergulh\ões-de-orelha-amarela (Podiceps occipitalis), que morreram devido a um derramamento de \óleo na costa do Chile central, foram examinados em busca de parasitos internos e externos. Parasitos externos foram encontrados em 6,2\% (6/97) das aves, com a identifica\ç\ão de duas esp\écies de piolhos: Aquanirmus rollandii (Philopteridae) e Pseudomenopon dolium (Menoponidae). Em 91,7\% (89/97) dos casos, os mergulh\ões apresentaram algum tipo de parasito interno. Foram detectadas tr\ês esp\écies de parasitos gastrointestinais: Eucoleus contortus (Nematoda), Profilicollis bullocki (Acanthocephala) e Confluaria sp. (Cestoda). Al\ém disso, Pelecitus fulicaeatrae (Nematoda) foi isolado das articula\ç\ão tibiot\ársica e tarsometatarsal em 13,4\% (13/97) das aves examinados. Estes resultados correspondem ao primeiro relato de A. rollandii, E. contortus e Confluaria sp. associados com P. occipitalis, e expandem a distribui\ç\ão destes parasitos e P. fulicaeatrae para o Chile.

}, keywords = {Acanthocephalans, Cestode, ectoparasites, Endoparasites, nematode, water birds}, doi = {10.1590/s1984-29612017015}, url = {http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext\&pid=S1984-29612017000300378\&lng=en\&tlng=en}, author = {Daniel Gonz{\'a}lez-Acu{\~n}a and Sebasti{\'a}n Llanos and Carlos Landaeta-Aqueveque and Felipe Gonz{\'a}lez and John M. Kinsella and Sergey Mironov and Armando Conrado Cicchino and Carlos Barrientos and Gonzalo Torres-Fuentes and L. Moreno} } @article {68960, title = {Los Par{\'a}sitos de las Aves rapaces de Chile: Una revisi{\'o}n}, journal = {Bolet{\'\i}n Chileno de Ornitolog{\'\i}a }, volume = {21}, year = {2015}, pages = {93-102}, abstract = {

English title:\ The parasites of Chilean raptors: a review

Summary:\ We reviewed the published literature on parasites of Chilean raptors with the aim to evaluate the state of the art of this topic. We found a total of 22 publications which report 51 parasites species from 23 species of Chilean raptors, including two subspecies. The raptor hosts with the most reports of parasites were the Chimango Caracara (Milvago chimango) and the American Kestrel (Falco sparverius). The taxonomic order of parasites with the highest number of reports was Phthiraptera (N = 47), followed by Acari (N = 4). Regarding endoparasites, the scarce number of publications (N = 3) describe 10 helminth species from only two raptor species, Chimango Caracara and American Kestrel. Most of the papers contained taxonomic descriptions and/or only documented parasites records, and only four focused on ecological aspects. We presumed that future studies will permit describe new parasite species on Chilean raptors, and better understand the host-parasite relationship.

RESUMEN.- Con el prop\ósito de conocer el estado del arte en el estudio de la parasitofauna de las aves rapaces de Chile hicimos una revisi\ón de la literatura publicada acerca del tema. Registramos un total de 22 publica- ciones que en su conjunto describen la presencia de 51 especies de par\ásitos en 23 especies de aves rapaces, incluyendo dos subespecies. Las especies hospedadoras con mayor cantidad de registros de especies par\ásitas fueron el tiuque (Milvago chimango) y el cern\ícalo (Falco sparverius). El orden taxon\ómico de par\ásitos con el mayor n\úmero de registros entre las aves rapaces chilenas fue Phthiraptera (N = 47), seguido por Acari (N = 4). Respecto de los endopar\ásitos, los escasos estudios publicados (N = 3) describen a 10 especies de helmintos en dos especies de rapaces estudiadas: tiuque y cern\ícalo. La mayor parte de los estudios hicieron descripciones taxon\ómicas y/o solamente registros de par\ásitos, y solo cuatro abordaron aspectos ecol\ógicos. Presumimos que estudios futuros permitir\án descripciones de nuevas especies par\ásitas de aves rapaces chilenas y mejorar\án nuestro conocimiento sobre las relaciones hospedador-par\ásito.

}, keywords = {Chile, ectoparasites, Endoparasites, raptors}, url = {http://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/68960.pdf}, author = {L. Moreno and Daniel Gonz{\'a}lez-Acu{\~n}a} } @article {68928, title = {The Parasite Fauna of the Gyrfalcon ( Falco rusticolus ) in Iceland}, journal = {Journal of Wildlife Diseases}, volume = {51}, year = {2015}, month = {Jan-10-2015}, pages = {929 - 933}, abstract = {

We examined 46 Gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus) carcasses from Iceland for parasites, including 29 first-year birds and 17 second-year birds and older. Endoparasites observed were the trematodes Cryptocotyle lingua (preva- lence 8\%), Cryptocotyle concavum (4\%), and Strigea sp. (8\%); the cestode Mesocestoides sp. (27\%); and the nematodes Eucoleus contortus (76\%) and Serratospiculum guttatum (7\%). Ectoparasites included the astigmatan mite Dubininia accipitrina (47\%), a mesostigmatan rhynonyssid mite (4\%), the tick Ixodes caledo- nicus (20\%), the mallophagans Degeeriella rufa (90\%) and Nosopon lucidum (7\%), the flea Ceratophyllus vagabundus (7\%), and the louse fly Ornithomya chloropus (7\%). Cryptocotyle lingua, C. concavum, S. guttatum, D. accipi- trina, I. caledonicus, and N. lucidum are new host records. Of the five most common parasites (prevalence $20\%) only Mesoces- toides sp. showed a significant age relationship, being more prevalent in adult falcons (P50.021). Eucoleus contortus was also more prevalent in adults with marginal statistical significance (P50.058). Frounce, caused by E. contortus (possibly also by Trichomonas galli- nae, which was not searched for in the survey) was highly prevalent (43\%), but did not show a relationship with host age (P50.210). Birds with frounce were in poorer body condition than healthy birds (P50.015).

}, keywords = {Body condition, ectoparasites, Endoparasites, Eucoleus contortus.}, issn = {0090-3558}, doi = {10.7589/2015-01-022}, url = {http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.7589/2015-01-022}, author = {Christensen, Nanna D. and Karl Sk{\'\i}rnisson and {\'O}lafur K. Nielsen} } @article {68771, title = {Health evaluation of wild gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua) in the Antarctic Peninsula}, journal = {Polar Biology}, volume = {36}, year = {2013}, month = {August/2013}, pages = {1749 - 1760}, abstract = {

Historically wildlife conservation was based on\ habitat protection and exploitation control. Only recently\ have diseases been considered an important issue. However,\ pathogens are usually described during or after disease\ outbreaks, but to determine which pathogens may be\ emerging, surveys of wildlife health are critical in a given\ time. This study deals with the health status of gentoo\ penguins Pygoscelis papua in two localities at the Antarctica\ Peninsula and one at Ardley Island off the South\ Shetland Islands. Cloacal swaps, fresh fecal samples, ectoparasites,\ and blood smears were collected. We examined\ and dissected 14 penguin corpses found dead. Fecal samples\ were positive for Campylobacter, Escherichia coli and\ in the carcasses four endoparasitic species were found:\ Diphyllobothrium sp. and Parorchites zederi, Corynosoma\ shackletoni and Stegophorus adeliae. The tick Ixodes uriae\ occurred in five of the examined penguins, and the louse\ Austrogoniodes gressitti on six birds. From the colony\ grounds, we collected 1,184 I. uriae. We recorded antibiotic-resistant bacteria, such as E. coli, in ecosystems where\ gentoo penguins breed. Cloacal samples (300) were negative\ for Chlamydia, as well as for Salmonella, Campylobacter,\ E. coli, Newcastle and Influenza viruses.

 \©\ Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013

}, keywords = {antarctica, ectoparasites, Endoparasites, Gentoo penguins, Health, pathogens}, issn = {0722-4060}, doi = {10.1007/s00300-013-1394-5}, url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007\%2Fs00300-013-1394-5}, author = {Daniel Gonz{\'a}lez-Acu{\~n}a and Hern{\'a}ndez, Jorge and L. Moreno and Herrmann, Bjorn and Ricardo L. Palma and Latorre, Alejandra and Medina-Vogel, Gonzalo and John M. Kinsella and Mart{\'\i}n, Nicolas and Araya, Karolina and Torres, Iv{\'a}n and Fernandez, Nicol{\'a}s and Olsen, Bjorn} } @article {43365, title = {Parasitiological survey of rats in rural regions of Croatia}, journal = {Vet. Med.}, volume = {49}, year = {2004}, month = {2004}, pages = {70 - 74}, abstract = {A parasitological survey of 255 rats, trapped in rural regions of Croatia, was carried out. The survey revealed infection with 7 helminth species (2 cestodes, 5 nematodes and eggs of 2 accidental parasites). Also, 8 ectoparasite species (2 fleas, 3 lice, and 3 mites) were found. Overall infection rate was 72.6\% (185 infected out of 255 rats). Eighty two of 255 rats (32.2\%) were infected with ectoparasites and 166 out of 255 (65.1\%) with endoparasites. Among endoparasites the most frequent parasite was Hymenolepis diminuta (36.9\%) and among ectoparasites Polyplax spinulosa (14.5\%). Analysing association of parasite infection with sex, age and location (household and village) we found out that none of the found parasites was sex related. On the other hand, several parasite infections increased with age and depended on habitat. As accidental finding, study showed that rats with mites tended to be infected with fleas and rats with nematodes tended to be infected with cestodes.}, keywords = {ectoparasite, Endoparasites, Prevalence, rat, risk factors}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/6738.pdf}, author = {Stojcevic,D. and Mihaljevic,Z. and Marinculic,A.} } @article {40381, title = {Parasites of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in Styria}, journal = {Wiener Tierarztliche Monatsschrift}, volume = {85}, year = {1998}, month = {1998}, pages = {116 - 122}, abstract = {Between September 1993 and May 1994 the parasite fauna of Styrian foxes was studied in a total amount of 516 specimens sent to the Federal Institute for Veterinary Investigations at Graz in connection with a project called "Monitoring Fuchsbandwurm". The following ectoparasites could be found: three tick species: Ixodes hexagonus (3.2 \%), I. persulcatus (1.4 \%, firstly recorded in Styria), I. canisuga (0.5 \%), two mite species: Sarcoptes canis (13.8 \%) and Otodectes cynotis (17.4 \%), the louse fly Melophagus ovinus (0.5 \%) and eight flee-species: Pulex irritans (0.5 \%), Ctenocephalides felis(l.4 \%), Archaeopsylla erinacei (3.7 \%), Chaetopsylla globiceps (9.2 \%), Chaetopsylla t. trichosa (7.3 \%), Paraceras melis (1.4 \%), Tarsopsylla o. octodecimdentata (0.5 \%), and Ceratophyllus gallinae (0.5 \%). The following helminths were detected: Mesocestoides sp. (15.8 \%), Taenia crassiceps (14.6 \%), T. polyacantha (6.8 \%), T. pisiformis (0.2 \%), Taenia sp. (17.4 \%), Echinococcus multilocularis (3.6 \%); Trichuris vulpis (0.2\%), Capillaria aerophila (43.9 \%), C. plica (35.6 \%), Trichinella spiralis s.l. (1.2 \%), Uncinaria stenocephata (43.0 \%), Crenosoma vulpis (24.9 \%), Ollulanus tricuspis (2.1 \%), Toxocara canis (46.8 \%)? Toxascaris leonina (0.6 \%), non differentiated ascarids (3.2 \%). The examination of rectum faeces by means of flotation showed the following results. coccidian oocysts (8.6 \%) and eggs of different helminths: Taeniidae (5.4 \%),Capillaria aerophila (49.7 \%), Uncinaria stenocephala (22.2 \%), Toxocara canis (26.5 \%), Toxascaris leonina (0.2 \%), and Ascaris suum (1.0 \%).}, keywords = {Austria, cat, Cestoda, domestic, Echinococcus, echinococcus multilocularis, ectoparasite, Endoparasites, fox, Germany, infections, multilocularis, Prevalence, South, spiralis, Styria, Toxocara, Trichinella, tubingen, Vulpes, west}, author = {Lassnig,H. and Prosl,H. and Hinterdorfer,F.} } @article {40060, title = {Ecto- and endoparasites of introduced gemsbok in the Orange Free State}, journal = {South African Journal of Wildlife Research}, volume = {21}, year = {1991}, month = {1991}, pages = {82 - 87}, abstract = {

The gemsbok, Oryx gazella, is an introduced species in the Orange Free State. Two antelope were shot each month in the Willem Pretorius Nature Reserve from February 1987 to January 1988 in order to determine their parasitic burdens. Although none of the gemsbok harboured large burdens, nine ixodid tick species, two louse species, 17 nematode species and a cestode species were recovered. Margaropus winthemi, which was mainly present from July to September, was the most abundant tick, followed by Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi, which showed no clear pattern of seasonal abundance. Young antelope harboured significantly greater numbers of the sucking louse Linognathus oryx than did older animals. Trichostrongylus falculatus was the most numerous nematode, followed by Cooperia fuelleborni. No pattern of seasonal abundance was evident for any of the helminths.

}, keywords = {and, animals, antelope, arthropod, cattle, ectoparasite, Endoparasites, Helminths, introduced, ixodid, oryx gazella, paralysis, parasite, populations, sheep, South Africa, species, ticks, wild}, url = {https://journals.co.za/content/wild/21/3/EJC116876}, author = {Fourie,L. J. and Vrahimis,S. and Horak,Ivan G. and Terblanche,H. J. and Kok,O. B.} }