@article {46624, title = {Sensitivity of ectoparasites of chickens to methylbromfenvinphos (Polwet 5). I. Studies in vitro}, journal = {Wiadomosci parazytologiczne}, volume = {28}, year = {1982}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0420554; 0 (Culture Media); 0 (Insecticides); 13104-21-7 (methylbromfenvinphos); 470-90-6 (Chlorfenvinphos); ppublish}, month = {1982}, pages = {387 - 392}, address = {POLAND}, keywords = {Acari, animals, chicken, Culture Media, ectoparasite, English Abstract, fleas, In Vitro, insecticide, lice, mortality, Time Factors}, isbn = {0043-5163}, author = {Z{\l}otorzycka,Jadwiga and Lonc,Elzbieta and Giebel,O. and Mazurkiewicz,M. and Wachnik,Z.} } @article {46552, title = {The eradication of Damalinia ovis by spraying insecticide onto the tip of the wool}, journal = {Australian Veterinary Journal}, volume = {62}, year = {1985}, month = {1985}, pages = {18 - 20}, abstract = {The eradication of lice from Merino sheep with wool up to 65 mm long was achieved by spraying insecticide onto the tip of wool over the sides and back. The insecticides used were cyhalothrin and diazinon in small volumes and at high concentration. When infested sheep were sprayed with 100 ml of cyhalothrin 1,500 ppm or diazinon 36,000 ppm, no live lice were seen 23 days after treatment. When treated sheep were challenged with live lice 100 days after treatment an infestation did not establish. Cyhalothrin at a lower concentration of 1,000 ppm gave excellent control but at 500 ppm only fair control was obtained. Diazinon at 24,000 ppm gave probable eradication and at 12,000 ppm excellent control. If a practical method of applying the insecticide to the tip of wool can be developed, then this technique should provide an effective means of eradicating lice in sheep with long wool. This would greatly assist the sheep industry in controlling and eradicating sheep lice.}, keywords = {animals, insecticide, lice, Pyrethrum, Sheep/parasitology, Time Factors}, isbn = {0005-0423}, author = {Wilkinson,F. C.} } @article {46541, title = {Experimental study of the properties of sublines of Rickettsia prowazekii vaccinal strain E}, journal = {Zhurnal mikrobiologii, epidemiologii, i immunobiologii}, volume = {(5)}, year = {1985}, note = {LR: 20031114; JID: 0415217; 0 (Antibodies, Bacterial); 0 (Rickettsial Vaccines); 0 (Vaccines); ppublish}, month = {1985}, pages = {32 - 36}, address = {USSR}, abstract = {The instability of R. prowazekii strain E cultivated in chick embryos has been demonstrated. The complex of tests permitting determination of differences between various sublines of this strain in their immunogenic potency and residual virulence has been proposed.}, keywords = {animals, Antibodies, Bacterial/analysis, Comparative Study, Dose-Response, English Abstract, guinea pigs, hypersensitivity, immune, immunization, Pediculus, Rickettsia prowazekii/immunology/pathogenicity, Rickettsial Vaccines/immunology, Time Factors, Vaccines/immunology, virulence}, isbn = {0372-9311}, author = {Pshenichnova,A. V. and Lukin,E. P. and Mikhailov,V. V. and Pashanina,T. P. and Iurchuk,B. G.} } @article {46530, title = {Malathion lotion as an insecticide and ovicide in head louse infestation}, journal = {International journal of dermatology}, volume = {25}, year = {1986}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0243704; 121-75-5 (Malathion); ppublish}, month = {1986}, pages = {60 - 62}, address = {UNITED STATES}, abstract = {A lotion containing 0.5\% malathion was compared with its vehicle (control) in a double-blind, parallel-group study of 119 patients with head louse infestations confirmed by live ova in the hair. The lotions remained in place for 8 hours. The test preparation was superior to the control lotion by a highly significant margin (p less than 0.001) as determined by the numbers of patients with live lice at 24 hours and 7 days after removal of the respective materials. It also proved superior to the vehicle (p less than 0.001) as an ovicidal agent, judged by comparative differences in hatching rates between nits collected and incubated before treatment and those obtained and incubated after treatment. No adverse reaction occurred.}, keywords = {Administration, Topical, adolescent, child, Clinical Trials, Double Blind, humans, Lice Infestations/drug therapy/parasitology, Lice/drug effects, Malathion, Ovum/drug effects, parasite, scalp, Time Factors}, isbn = {0011-9059}, author = {Gomez Urcuyo,F. and Zaias,N.} } @article {46463, title = {Comparative feeding behaviour and food preferences of oxpeckers (Buphagus erythrorhynchus and B. africanus) in captivity}, journal = {Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research}, volume = {55}, year = {1988}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0401107; ppublish}, month = {1988}, pages = {173 - 179}, address = {SOUTH AFRICA}, abstract = {The feeding methods, activities and behaviour of red-billed and yellow-billed oxpeckers in captivity were compared. Both species were found to be very similar with regard to feeding. The differences observed were a greater dependence on ectoparasites such as flies and larger ticks (Amblyomma hebraeum) and a higher food intake for the yellow-billed oxpecker. These differences are the result of the larger size, limited choice of host animals and closer host/oxpecker relationship of the yellow-billed oxpecker.}, keywords = {animals, bird, Comparative Study, diet, Feeding Behavior, Food Preferences, lice, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, ticks, Time Factors}, isbn = {0030-2465}, author = {Stutterheim,I. M. and Bezuidenhout,J. D. and Elliott,E. G.} } @article {46439, title = {Rate of spread of sheep lice (Damalinia ovis) and their effects on wool quality}, journal = {Australian Veterinary Journal}, volume = {66}, year = {1989}, note = {LR: 20031114; JID: 0370616; ppublish}, month = {1989}, pages = {298 - 299}, address = {AUSTRALIA}, keywords = {animals, Body Weight, Lice Infestations/transmission/veterinary, Mallophaga, Seasons, sheep, Sheep Diseases/parasitology/transmission, Time Factors, wool}, isbn = {0005-0423}, author = {Cleland,P. C. and Dobson,K. J. and Meade,R. J.} } @article {46426, title = {The detection of Rickettsia prowazekii in the vectors of louse-born typhus Pediculus humanus by using monoclonal antibody-based preparations}, journal = {Zhurnal mikrobiologii, epidemiologii, i immunobiologii}, volume = {(8)}, year = {1990}, note = {LR: 20031114; JID: 0415217; 0 (Antibodies, Bacterial); 0 (Antibodies, Monoclonal); 0 (Antigens, Bacterial); 0 (Epitopes); 0 (Immunoglobulin M); ppublish}, month = {1990}, pages = {71 - 74}, address = {USSR}, abstract = {The results of this investigation indicate that preparations obtained on the basis of monoclonal antibodies have proved to be suitable for the detection of R. prowazekii antigens in the natural carrier of typhus when used in all types of the enzyme immunoassay; of these, the assay made by the capture method has been found to possess the highest sensitivity. The testing of the sensitivity limits has shown that this method known as ELISA-mu-capture, i.e. ELISA carried out with the use of antibodies to the mu chain of human immunoglobulin, is capable of detecting the antigen in a dose of 0.5-1 ng. Preparations based on monoclonal antibodies to species-specific R. prowazekii antigen permit the identification of the causative agent of typhus in its natural carrier within 24 hours.}, keywords = {animals, Antibodies, Bacterial/analysis, Antibodies, Monoclonal/diagnostic use, Antigens, Bacterial/immunology, Comparative Study, English Abstract, enzyme, immunization, Insect vectors, Pediculus, Rickettsia prowazekii/immunology, Time Factors}, isbn = {0372-9311}, author = {Nedialkov,IuA and Drobyshevskaia,E. I. and Klimchuk,N. D. and Nesterenko,V. G. and Tarasevich,Irina V.} } @article {46412, title = {The mathematical modelling of the processes in the natural multiplication of human lice (exemplified by the head louse population}, journal = {Meditsinskaia parazitologiia i parazitarnye bolezni}, volume = {(3)}, year = {1991}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0376635; ppublish}, month = {1991}, pages = {50 - 52}, address = {USSR}, abstract = {Methods of mathematical modelling and prediction of louse propagation processes in the natural habitation medium are presented. Theoretical and experimental data on head louse ecology served the basis for the elaboration of a mathematical model predicting the population dynamics. The model structure corresponds to 3 stages of louse development cycle (eggs, larva, lice) and parameters corresponding to natural characteristics of louse propagation process: mean lifespan of each individual during each phase of the cycle, age, fertility and so forth. The model helped to study some properties of the population, assess maximum rate of head louse population growth, detect threshold effects, establish the effects of coefficients, limiting the number of louse per unit of the body surface. The model made it possible to formulate necessary data (distribution functions) for the creation of the mathematical model of Pediculosis.}, keywords = {animals, English Abstract, humans, Lice/physiology, Mathematics, Models, Biological, reproduction, Time Factors}, isbn = {0025-8326}, author = {Boev,B. V. and Barabash,V. K. and Tarasevich,Irina V.} } @article {46357, title = {Arena tests with piperonal, a new louse repellent}, journal = {Journal of the Royal Society of Health}, volume = {113}, year = {1993}, month = {1993}, pages = {292 - 294}, abstract = {Piperonal, once used to kill lice in Australian hospitals, was acclaimed as an effective pediculicide (Corlette, 1925) by the standards of the day. It is unusual in also exhibiting a repellent action against lice, a property only recently realised. A new, easy to use, low-fragrance, pump action spray, which incorporates 2\% piperonal, was tested in the laboratory using clothing lice in an arena test and was found to exhibit consistently high repellency after half an hour, dropping only slightly after 24 hours. A well known multi-purpose insect repellent, diethyltoluamide (DEET), was then tested against piperonal. A 2\% solution of piperonal was found to be almost twice as effective as a 50\% solution of DEET. In arena tests using lice with the tip segments of both antennae removed, no behavioural differences or statistically significant differences from a random distribution could be found between untreated and Rappell-treated areas. This strongly suggests that sense organ(s) on the tip of the antenna are necessary for detection of the repellent. Although there can be no strict correlation between results in the laboratory and potential efficacy in the field, materials such as insecticides found to be effective in the laboratory have been found to be equally effective in the field. Furthermore, what with the threat of resistance to head lice insecticides, ineffectual treatment and the lack of contact tracing, a repellent would be of obvious use in the control of head lice.}, keywords = {animals, Benzaldehydes/pharmacology, Insect repellents, Lice/anatomy \& histology/physiology, Oviposition/drug effects, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Time Factors}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/45246.pdf}, author = {Peock,Susan and John W. Maunder} } @article {46331, title = {Tumour necrosis factor, interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein in patients with louse-borne relapsing fever in Ethiopia}, journal = {Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology}, volume = {89}, year = {1995}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 2985178R; 0 (Interleukin-6); 0 (Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha); 56-75-7 (Chloramphenicol); 60-54-8 (Tetracycline); 9007-41-4 (C-Reactive Protein); ppublish}, month = {1995}, pages = {49 - 54}, address = {ENGLAND}, abstract = {The serum concentrations of tumour necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were studied in 25 patients with louse-borne relapsing fever, to evaluate their association with the level of bacteraemia, anti-borrelia chemotherapy and the presence of a Jarish-Herxheimer reaction (JHR). Although there was an association between the level of bacteraemia and the development of JHR and complications during treatment, TNF, IL-6 and CRP concentrations were not associated with the JHR. TNF concentrations increased after the administration of antibiotics and remained high for 24 h. IL-6 was elevated on admission but soon decreased. CRP was high on admission and remained so throughout the illness. The observed elevations in TNF, IL-6 and CRP may be associated more with the administration of antibiotics than with the presence of a JHR.}, keywords = {adolescent, adult, animals, Borrelia, Chloramphenicol, Ethiopia, humans, Insect vectors, lice, Middle Aged, Relapsing Fever, Tetracycline/therapeutic use, Time Factors, tumor necrosis}, isbn = {0003-4983}, author = {Cuevas,L. E. and Borgnolo,G. and Hailu,B. and Smith,G. and Almaviva,M. and Hart,C. A.} } @article {46325, title = {Effects of the sucking louse (Linognathus vituli) on the grooming behaviour of housed calves}, journal = {Veterinary Record}, volume = {137}, year = {1995}, month = {1995}, pages = {33 - 35}, abstract = {The behaviour of cattle with and without louse infestation was studied for eight weeks. Thirty-two crossbred calves were housed in groups of four at 20 weeks old. Sixteen of the calves were artificially infested with the long-nosed cattle louse Linognathus vituli and 16 were left uninfested as controls. In infested animals the number of lice on the shoulders averaged 2.3 per 10 cm length of parted hair. The recorded frequency of irritation, manifested by rubbing and self-licking, was significantly greater in the louse-infested calves than in the uninfested controls. The infested calves spent 28 s/h rubbing and 95 s/h self-licking, compared with 8 s and 62 s/h spent by the uninfested controls. The infested calves also spent more than twice as long scratching as the controls. There were no significant effects of the infestation on social grooming.}, keywords = {animals, Anoplura, Behavior, Animal/physiology, Body Weight, cattle, Cattle Diseases, grooming, Housing, Animal, Lice Infestations/physiopathology/veterinary, Monitoring, Physiologic, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Time Factors, Video Recording}, author = {Weeks,C. A. and Nicol,C. J. and Titchener,R. N.} } @article {46299, title = {Doramectin systemic activity against cattle grubs, Hypoderma lineatum and H. bovis (Diptera: Oestridae), and cattle lice, Bovicola bovis (Mallophaga: Trichodectidae), Linognathus vituli and Solenopotes capillatus (Anoplura: Linognathidae), and Haematopinu}, journal = {Veterinary parasitology}, volume = {63}, year = {1996}, note = {LR: 20031114; JID: 7602745; 0 (Insecticides); 117704-25-3 (doramectin); 70288-86-7 (Ivermectin); ppublish}, month = {1996}, pages = {307 - 317}, address = {NETHERLANDS}, abstract = {Seven individual trials were conducted in Wyoming to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of doramectin administered subcutaneously at a dosage of 200 micrograms kg-1 against multiple, natural infestations of cattle grubs or cattle lice. Insect species present and the number of trials that included each species were: Hypoderma lineatum, 2; Hypoderma bovis. 1; Bovicola bovis, 5; Haematopinus eurysternus, 1; Linognathus vituli, 5; and Solenopotes capillatus, 3. Examinations for lice were performed prior to treatment and either weekly or bi-weekly thereafter for 28 days. Examinations for cattle warbles were performed either weekly or every 4 to 5 weeks from time of first appearance through last appearance in the backs of the cattle. No H. lineatum, H. bovis, H. eurysternus, L. vituli, or S. capillatus were found on doramectin-treated animals at any time following treatment. By 28 days following treatment, the number of B. bovis was reduced between 58 and 98\%. Treatments applied later in the season, i.e. in March, were more efficacious against B. bovis than those applied in January or February.}, keywords = {animals, Anoplura, cattle, Cattle Diseases, Hypodermyiasis, Injections, insecticide, Ivermectin/administration \& dosage/analogs \& derivatives/therapeutic use, Lice Infestations/drug therapy/parasitology/veterinary, Mallophaga, Seasons, Time Factors}, isbn = {0304-4017}, author = {Lloyd,J. E. and Kumar,R. and Waggoner,J. W. and Phillips,F. E.} } @article {46290, title = {Duration of persistence of injectable avermectins against sucking lice of cattle}, journal = {Veterinary Record}, volume = {139}, year = {1996}, note = {LR: 20031114; JID: 0031164; 0 (Antiprotozoal Agents); 70288-86-7 (Ivermectin); 73989-17-0 (avermectin); ppublish}, month = {1996}, pages = {345 - 346}, address = {ENGLAND}, keywords = {animals, Anoplura, Antiprotozoal Agents/therapeutic use, cattle, Cattle Diseases, Injections, Ivermectin/analogs \& derivatives/therapeutic use, Lice Infestations/drug therapy/prevention \& control/veterinary, Time Factors}, isbn = {0042-4900}, author = {Titchener,R. N. and Purnell,R. E.} } @article {46285, title = {Kinetic disposition of an aqueous formulation of alphacypermethrin applied to the dorsal mid-line}, journal = {International journal for parasitology}, volume = {26}, year = {1996}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0314024; 0 (Insecticides); 0 (Pyrethrins); 52315-07-8 (cypermethrin); EIN: Int J Parasitol 1997 Apr;27(4):455; ppublish}, month = {1996}, pages = {1369 - 1374}, address = {ENGLAND}, abstract = {A group of 5 adult Merino sheep with fleeces about 70 mm long (7-months growth of wool) was treated with a topical formulation of the synthetic pyrethroid insecticide, alphacypermethrin, applied to the dorsal mid-line. Insecticide concentrations at the tip, middle and base of wool staples collected from meridians along the back, upper and lower flanks were measured at intervals from 1 to 98 days after treatment. Some movement of the alphacypermethrin from the back to the lower body occurred within 24h after treatment, but despite careful application of the insecticide there was wide variation in the concentration between and within meridians. The majority of the alphacypermethrin remained close to the dorsal mid-line and near the tip of the staple. There were significant differences in the concentration between the tip, middle and base segments of the staples in the back and lower flank meridians (P 0.05). Numbers of pyrethroid-susceptible lice surviving exposure in vitro for 20 h differed significantly between samples collected at different times after treatment, lice survived for 20 h in wool taken from parts of the fleece that contained high (P < 0.05). The numbers of lice surviving in samples collected within 28 days after treatment tended to be lower than in those collected from 28 to 98 days but, in some samples, regardless of time after treatment, concentrations of alphacypermethrin.}, keywords = {Administration, Topical, animals, Biological Availability, insecticide, Kinetics, lice, Lice Infestations/drug therapy/veterinary, Pyrethrum, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, sheep, Sheep Diseases, Time Factors, wool}, isbn = {0020-7519}, author = {Johnson,P. W. and Darwish,A. and Dixon,R. and Steel,J. W.} } @article {46275, title = {Head louse infestations: epidemiologic survey and treatment evaluation in Argentinian schoolchildren}, journal = {International journal of dermatology}, volume = {36}, year = {1997}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 0243704; ppublish}, month = {1997}, pages = {819 - 825}, address = {UNITED STATES}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: Our aim was to demonstrate that the treatment of individual cases is effective, but not sufficient, to control endemic Pediculus capitis, and that eradication of the epidemiologic school focus may lower significantly the prevalence of infestation. Statistical data on the degree of infestation relating to socio-economic and cultural variables were also updated. Therapeutic effects and educational impact were evaluated. METHODS: An educational and motivational program was designed for pupils, parents, and teachers: 326 children and 15 adults were subjected to clinical and parasitologic evaluation. The recorded parameters included the age, sex, hair style and length, presence of other dermatologic diseases, degree of infestation, clinical remission, parasitologic remission, dwelling type and features, need to share a bed with co-dwellers, availability of home tap water supply, level of family income, and periodic medical controls. The entire population received treatment with neutral shampoo and rinsing cream containing 1\% permethrin. Exclusion criteria were the presence of acute scalp inflammation and a history of pyrethrin and/or pyrethroid sensitivity. Statistical analysis was performed as required on data expressed as frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations by chi-square and Fisher exact tests. RESULTS: The overall infestation prevalence rate was 81.5\%, the highest values corresponding to children from 6 to 11 years of age, with a slight predominance in males (55.4\% vs. 44.6\%). A significantly greater rate of clinical remission was observed in subjects enjoying home tap water supplies (p \< 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The model of research plus action adopted allows the following conclusions to be drawn: (i) individual and isolated treatments for pediculosis are useful, but will not by themselves allow for the epidemiologic control of this parasitosis; (ii) massive, complete, and simultaneous treatments lead to a significant decrease in infestation prevalence; (iii) educational measures tending to foster collective awareness enable greater epidemiologic surveillance to be achieved; (iv) careful inspection of the entire scalp is essential with the use of a powerful light source and lenses with high magnification, as the parasite has no predilection for any given area; (iv) socio-economic and cultural conditions are not relevant for infestation, although a good home tap water supply is essential for treatment.

}, keywords = {adolescent, adult, animals, Argentina, child, Child, Preschool, Comparative Study, evaluation, Housing, humans, Lice Infestations/epidemiology/prevention \& control/therapy, Middle Aged, Parents, Pediculus, Prevalence, scalp dermatoses, Skin Diseases/etiology/parasitology, Socioeconomic Factors, Time Factors, Treatment Outcome, water}, isbn = {0011-9059}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1365-4362.1997.00177.x}, author = {Chouela,E. and Abeldano,A. and Cirigliano,M. and Ducard,M. and Neglia,V. and La Forgia,M. and Colombo,A.} } @article {46247, title = {Persistence of the activity of topical ivermectin against biting lice (Bovicola bovis)}, journal = {Veterinary Record}, volume = {143}, year = {1998}, month = {1998}, pages = {193 - 195}, abstract = {To assess the persistence of the activity of topical ivermectin against a natural challenge with biting lice (Bovicola bovis), 90 mixed-breed cattle that had been treated to remove lice, were blocked by bodyweight within sex and randomly allocated to three treatments: untreated control, doramectin at 200 micrograms/kg by subcutaneous injection, and ivermectin at 500 micrograms/kg by topical application. Forty-five pens were blocked into three groups of 15, and the blocks of pens were randomly allocated to three 14-day challenge periods starting 21, 28 and 35 days after treatment. There were five pens per treatment for each challenge period, and one B bovis-infested donor calf was introduced into each pen containing two principal calves at the start of the challenge period for that block of pens. The calves were examined thoroughly for B bovis seven, 14 and 21 days after the introduction of the donors. There were no significant differences between the control and doramectin groups for the numbers of animals infested, or the geometric mean louse counts at the final examination for any of the challenge periods. At the final examination for each challenge period, the louse counts of the cattle treated with topical ivermectin were all zero, and significantly (P < 0.05) fewer cattle treated with topical ivermectin were infested than either the controls or cattle treated with doramectin.}, keywords = {animals, cattle, Cattle Diseases, insecticide, Ivermectin/analogs \& derivatives/therapeutic use, Lice Infestations/drug therapy/veterinary, Mallophaga, Time Factors}, author = {Clymer,B. and Newcomb,K. M. and Ryan,W. G. and Soll,M. D.} } @article {46125, title = {Survival away from sheep and alternative methods of transmission of sheep lice (Bovicola ovis)}, journal = {Veterinary parasitology}, volume = {94}, year = {2001}, note = {LR: 20031114; JID: 7602745; ppublish}, month = {2001}, pages = {205 - 216}, address = {NETHERLANDS}, abstract = {

Transmission of sheep lice is thought to occur mainly by sheep to sheep contact although the possibility of other sources of infestation is often suggested. This study investigated the period of survival of Bovicola ovis after removal from sheep under varying conditions and assessed the likelihood of new infestations arising from contaminated facilities, wool caught on fences and shearers\&$\#$39; footwear.In laboratory studies with lice held away from sheep at 4, 20, 25 and 36.5 degrees C, adults and nymphs survived longest at 25 degrees C (LT90 of 11.7 and 24.1 days for adults and large nymphs, respectively). Nymphs survived longer than adults and lice provided with raw wool survived longer than lice provided with wool that had been degreased. Nymphal lice survived for up to 29 days on unscoured wool at 36.5 degrees C, but the LT50 was less than 9 days in most experiments. In shearing sheds in winter and early spring lice survived for up to 14 and 16 days, respectively. These periods of survival are considerably longer than previously indicated for B. ovis. Most lice dropped out of wool staples attached to a fence within 1 h and only two of a total of 225 lice were still present after 24 h, suggesting that sheep are unlikely to become infested from wool caught on fences. Adult and nymphal lice readily transferred to shearers\&$\#$39; moccasins and survived there for up to 10 days, indicating that transmission of lice on the footwear of shearers or other sheep handlers may be a cause of new infestations. Microwaving each moccasin for 5 min killed all lice and may provide a simple method of reducing the likelihood of transmission of B. ovis between properties.

}, keywords = {Animal Husbandry, animals, Disease Transmission, Horizontal/veterinary, Housing, Animal, Lice Infestations/transmission/veterinary, Lice/physiology, Life Cycle Stages, sheep, Sheep Diseases/transmission, Shoes, temperature, Time Factors, wool, zoonoses}, isbn = {0304-4017}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4017(00)00374-5}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304401700003745?via\%3Dihub}, author = {Crawford,S. and Peter J. James and Maddocks,S.} } @article {46079, title = {Head lice infestation: bug busting vs. traditional treatment}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Nursing}, volume = {10}, year = {2001}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 9207302; 0 (Hair Preparations); 0 (Insecticides); 0 (Pyrethrins); 26002-80-2 (phenothrin); ppublish}, month = {2001}, pages = {775 - 783}, abstract = {The two main methods of managing head lice infestation in the UK are head lice lotions and bug busting; there is no conclusive evidence as to which of these methods is most effective. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of the bug busting method with lotion. A pilot study in the form of a randomized controlled trial involving two semi-rural general practices was used. Thirty children aged 4-16 years were randomly assigned to two intervention groups. After initial dry combing to detect the presence of head lice, one group was treated with phenothrin lotion. The bug busting group received combing using special combs provided in the bug busting pack and hair conditioner. The main outcome measure was the number of adult live lice and nymphs at day 14. On day 14 in the bug busting group, total eradication of head lice had occurred in eight children; in the lotion group, total eradication had occurred in two children (P=0.052); number needed to treat 2.5 (95\% CI: 2.19-2.81). These results suggest that bug busting performed by nurses in a controlled situation is an effective method of managing head lice infestation.}, keywords = {adolescent, adult, animals, child, Child, Preschool, Comparative Study, Family Practice, hair, humans, hygiene, insecticide, Lice Infestations/prevention \& control, Parents, Pediculosis, Pediculus, Pilot Projects, Pyrethrum, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, rural health, scalp dermatoses, Time Factors, Treatment Outcome}, isbn = {0962-1067}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/44896.pdf}, author = {Plastow,Liz and Luthra,Manjo and Powell,Roy and Wright,Judith and Russell,David and Marshall,Martin N.} } @article {46072, title = {Persistent efficacy of doramectin topical solution against induced infestations of Bovicola bovis and Solenopotes capillatus}, journal = {Veterinary parasitology}, volume = {102}, year = {2001}, note = {LR: 20031114; JID: 7602745; 0 (Anthelmintics); 0 (Solutions); 117704-25-3 (doramectin); 70288-86-7 (Ivermectin); ppublish}, month = {2001}, pages = {235 - 241}, address = {Netherlands}, abstract = {A study was conducted in two locations, Wyoming and Wisconsin, USA, to evaluate the persistent efficacy of doramectin topical solution at a dose rate of 500 microg/kg body weight against artificially induced infestations of Bovicola bovis and Solenopotes capillatus on cattle. At each location, lice-free beef calves were individually housed and randomly allocated to treatment. Both B. bovis and S. capillatus were transferred from untreated donor animals to doramectin-treated cattle at the end of 35, 63, 91 or 126 day post-treatment periods. Cattle treated with a saline pour-on served as the control. Based on the geometric means of lice counts 2 weeks following transfer, the persistent efficacy of a single treatment with doramectin topical solution against induced infestations of B. bovis was 100.0, 100.0, 99.5, and 100.0\% at post-treatment days of 35, 63, 91, and 126, respectively. Persistent efficacy against induced infestations of S. capillatus, for the same intervals, were 100.0, 94.9, 86.3, and 74.9\%.}, keywords = {Administration, Topical, animals, Anoplura, anthelmintic, cattle, Cattle Diseases, Ivermectin/administration \& dosage/analogs \& derivatives/pharmacology, Lice Infestations/drug therapy/prevention \& control/veterinary, Mallophaga, parasite, Random Allocation, Solutions, Time Factors, Treatment Outcome}, isbn = {0304-4017}, author = {Lloyd,J. E. and Kumar,R. and Grubbs,M. A. and Waggoner,J. W. and Norelius,E. E. and Smith,L. L. and Brake,A. C. and Skogerboe,T. L. and Shostrom,V. K.} } @article {46037, title = {The in vivo pediculicidal efficacy of a natural remedy}, journal = {Israel Medical Association Journal}, volume = {4}, year = {2002}, note = {LR: 20041117; JID: 100930740; 0 (Drug Combinations); 0 (Insecticides); 0 (Pesticide Synergists); 0 (Plant Oils); 121-75-5 (Malathion); 51-03-6 (Piperonyl Butoxide); 52645-53-1 (Permethrin); 8001-31-8 (coconut oil); ppublish}, month = {2002}, pages = {790 - 793}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND: Head louse infestations are prevalent worldwide. Over the past 20-25 years, 15-20\% of all children in Israel between 4 and 13 years of age have been infested with head lice. This is mainly due to the existence of ineffective pediculicides on the market. OBJECTIVE: To examine the pediculicidal efficacy and safety of a natural remedy (\"Chick-Chack\") and to compare it in an open clinical study with a known pesticide spray. METHODS: The natural remedy, which contains coconut oil, anise oil and ylang ylang oil, was applied to the hair of infested children three times at 5 day intervals. Each treatment lasted for 15 minutes. The control pediculicide was a spray formulation containing permethrin, malathion, piperonyl butoxide, isododecane and propellant gas, which was applied twice for 10 minutes with a 10 day interval between applications. RESULTS: Of 940 children, aged 6-14 years, from six schools in Jerusalem who were examined for head louse infestation, 199 (21.2\%) were infested with lice and eggs, while 164 (17.4\%) were infested only with nits. Altogether, 119 children were randomly treated with either the natural remedy or the control product. Treatment was successful with the natural remedy in 60 children (92.3\%) and with the control pediculicide in 59 children (92.2\%). There were no significant side effects associated with either formulation. CONCLUSIONS: The natural remedy was very effective in controlling louse infestations under clinical conditions and caused no serious side effects.

}, keywords = {adolescent, animals, child, Comparative Study, Drug Combinations, Follow-Up Studies, humans, insecticide, Lice Infestations/diagnosis/drug therapy, Malathion, Pediculus, Permethrin, pesticide, Piperonyl Butoxide, Plant Extracts, scalp dermatoses, Time Factors}, isbn = {1565-1088}, url = {http://www.phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/44846.pdf}, author = {Kosta Y. Mumcuoglu and Miller,Jacqueline and Zamir,Chen and Zentner,Gary and Helbin,Valery and Ingber,Arieh} } @article {46038, title = {Acute organophosphate intoxication after using a anti-lice insecticide shampoo}, journal = {Archives de Pediatrie}, volume = {9}, year = {2002}, note = {LR: 20041118; JID: 9421356; 0 (Antidotes); 0 (Cholinesterase Reactivators); 0 (Hair Preparations); 0 (Insecticides); 0 (Organophosphorus Compounds); 0 (Pralidoxime Compounds); 6735-59-7 (pralidoxime); ppublish}, month = {2002}, pages = {913 - 916}, address = {France}, abstract = {CASE REPORT: Two children were admitted for poisoning by organophosphate pesticides applied as hair rinses against lice. These chemical agents inhibit the acetylcholinesterase enzyme at various sites. The resultant accumulation of the transmitter acetylcholine causes abnormal signs and symptoms. The diagnosis is based on a reduction in the blood cholinesterase activity. The specific treatment comprises the administration of atropine and pralidoxime. CONCLUSION: Accidental poisoning by organophosphate insecticides may occur, due to the misuse of such substances as shampoo against lice. An accurate information for users is necessary.}, keywords = {abdomen, Acute Disease, animals, Antidotes/therapeutic use, child, Child, Preschool, English Abstract, hair, humans, insecticide, Lice Infestations/drug therapy, organophosphate, Pediculus, Portugal, scalp dermatoses, Time Factors, vomit}, isbn = {0929-693X}, author = {Paget,C. and Menard,S. and Wroblewski,I. and Gout,J. P. and Danel,V. and Bost,M.} } @article {45983, title = {Permethrin-resistant human head lice, Pediculus capitis, and their treatment}, journal = {Archives of Dermatology}, volume = {139}, year = {2003}, month = {2003}, pages = {994 - 1000}, abstract = {

OBJECTIVE: To compare the pediculicidal activity of Ovide lotion and its active ingredient, 0.5\% malathion, with Nix and its active ingredient, 1\% permethrin, in permethrin-resistant head lice. DESIGN: In vitro pediculicidal product and active ingredient comparison. The presence of knockdown resistance-type mutations (T929I and L932F) was validated by DNA sequencing. SETTING: University of Massachusetts-Amherst; University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Fla; Plantation and Homestead, Fla; and Mathis, Tex.Other PARTICIPANTS: Lice were collected in 3 geographical regions within the United States and in Yamburara, Ecuador, from healthy but infested individuals.Intervention Within 3 to 6 hours of collection, lice were given a blood meal, exposed to products or active ingredients, and observed at regular intervals. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Percent mortality of lice at regular intervals after exposure to products or active ingredients and presence of T929I and L932F mutations. RESULTS: South Florida lice exhibited a significantly slower mortality response to permethrin compared with susceptible Ecuadorian lice. Ovide and malathion killed permethrin-resistant lice faster than Nix or permethrin. The presence of T929I and L932F in permethrin-resistant south Florida lice was confirmed by DNA sequencing. The population of Texas lice from Mathis was slightly resistant to permethrin and included 13\% with resistant genotypes. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of the T929I and L932F mutations was confirmed by DNA sequencing in lice collected from children in south Florida that were resistant to the pediculicidal effects of permethrin and the leading permethrin-based head lice product, Nix. Malathion resistance was not observed in this study. The data also show that Ovide killed these same permethrin-resistant head lice approximately 10 times faster than permethrin or Nix.

}, keywords = {animals, child, Comparative Study, Genotype, humans, In Vitro, insecticide, Insecticide resistance, Lice Infestations/drug therapy/genetics, Malathion, Pediculus, Permethrin, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Research Support, U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, P.H.S., scalp dermatoses, Time Factors}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/10609106_Permethrin-Resistant_Human_Head_Lice_Pediculus_capitis_and_Their_Treatment}, author = {Kyong Sup Yoon and Gao,Jian-Rong and Si Hyeock Lee and Clark,J. Marshall and Brown,Leon and Taplin,David} } @article {45980, title = {Molecular evolution of Pediculus humanus and the origin of clothing}, journal = {Current Biology}, volume = {13}, year = {2003}, note = {LR: 20050127; GENBANK/AY316748; GENBANK/AY316749; GENBANK/AY316750; GENBANK/AY316751; GENBANK/AY316752; GENBANK/AY316753; GENBANK/AY316754; GENBANK/AY316755; GENBANK/AY316756; GENBANK/AY316757; GENBANK/AY316758; GENBANK/AY316759; GENBANK/AY316760; GENBANK/AY316761; GENBANK/AY316762; GENBANK/AY316763; GENBANK/AY316764; GENBANK/AY316765; GENBANK/AY316766; GENBANK/AY316767; GENBANK/AY316768; GENBANK/AY316769; GENBANK/AY316770; GENBANK/AY316771; GENBANK/AY316772; GENBANK/AY316773; GENBANK/AY316774; GENBANK/AY316775; GENBANK/AY316776; GENBANK/AY316777; GENBANK/AY316778; GENBANK/AY316779; GENBANK/AY316780; GENBANK/AY316781; GENBANK/AY316782; GENBANK/AY316783; GENBANK/AY316784; GENBANK/AY316785; GENBANK/AY316786; GENBANK/AY316787; GENBANK/AY316788; GENBANK/AY316789; GENBANK/AY316790; GENBANK/AY316791; GENBANK/AY316792; GENBANK/AY316793; GENBANK/AY316794; GENBANK/AY316795; GENBANK/AY316796; GENBANK/AY316797; GENBANK/AY316798; GENBANK/AY316799; GENBANK/AY316800; GENBANK/AY316801; GENBANK/AY316802; GENBANK/AY316803; GENBANK/AY316804; GENBANK/AY316805; GENBANK/AY316806; GENBANK/AY316807; GENBANK/AY316808; GENBANK/AY316809; GENBANK/AY316810; GENBANK/AY316811; GENBANK/AY316812; GENBANK/AY316813; GENBANK/AY316814; GENBANK/AY316815; GENBANK/AY316816; GENBANK/AY316817; GENBANK/AY316818; GENBANK/AY316819; GENBANK/AY316820; GENBANK/AY316821; GENBANK/AY316822; GENBANK/AY316823; GENBANK/AY316824; GENBANK/AY316825; GENBANK/AY316826; GENBANK/AY316827; GENBANK/AY316828; GENBANK/AY316829; GENBANK/AY316830; GENBANK/AY316831; GENBANK/AY316832; GENBANK/AY316833; GENBANK/AY316834; GENBANK/AY316835; GENBANK/AY316836; GENBANK/AY316837; GENBANK/AY316838; GENBANK/AY316839; GENBANK/AY316840; GENBANK/AY316841; GENBANK/AY316842; GENBANK/AY316843; GENBANK/AY316844; GENBANK/AY316845; GENBANK/AY316846; GENBANK/AY316847; GENBANK/AY316848; GENBANK/AY316849; GENBANK/AY316850; GENBANK/AY316851; GENBANK/AY316852; GENBANK/AY316853; GENBANK/AY316854; GENBANK/AY316855; GENBANK/AY316856; GENBANK/AY316857; GENBANK/AY316858; GENBANK/AY316859; GENBANK/AY316860; GENBANK/AY316861; GENBANK/AY316862; GENBANK/AY316863; GENBANK/AY316864; GENBANK/AY316865; GENBANK/AY316866; GENBANK/AY316867; GENBANK/AY316868; GENBANK/AY316869; GENBANK/AY316870; GENBANK/AY316871; GENBANK/AY316872; GENBANK/AY316873; GENBANK/AY316874; GENBANK/AY316875; GENBANK/AY316876; GENBANK/AY316877; GENBANK/AY316878; GENBANK/AY316879; GENBANK/AY316880; GENBANK/AY316881; GENBANK/AY316882; GENBANK/AY316883; GENBANK/AY316884; GENBANK/AY316885; GENBANK/AY316886; GENBANK/AY316887; GENBANK/AY316888; GENBANK/AY316889; GENBANK/AY316890; GENBANK/AY316891; GENBANK/AY316892; GENBANK/AY316893; GENBANK/AY316894; GENBANK/AY316895; GENBANK/AY316896; GENBANK/AY316897; GENBANK/AY316898; GENBANK/AY316899; GENBANK/AY316900; GENBANK/AY316901; GENBANK/AY316902; GENBANK/AY316903; GENBANK/AY316904; GENBANK/AY316905; GENBANK/AY316906; GENBANK/AY316907; GENBANK/AY316908; GENBANK/AY316909; GENBANK/AY316910; GENBANK/AY316911; GENBANK/AY316912; GENBANK/AY316913; GENBANK/AY316914; GENBANK/AY316915; GENBANK/AY316916; GENBANK/AY316917; GENBANK/AY316918; GENBANK/AY316919; GENBANK/AY316920; GENBANK/AY316921; GENBANK/AY316922; GENBANK/AY316923; GENBANK/AY316924; GENBANK/AY316925; GENBANK/AY316926; GENBANK/AY316927; GENBANK/AY316928; GENBANK/AY316929; JID: 9107782; 0 (DNA, Mitochondrial); EIN: Curr Biol. 2004 Dec 29;14(24):2309; ppublish}, month = {2003}, pages = {1414 - 1417}, abstract = {

The human head louse (Pediculus humanus capitis) and body louse (P. humanus corporis or P. h. humanus) are strict, obligate human ectoparasites that differ mainly in their habitat on the host : the head louse lives and feeds exclusively on the scalp, whereas the body louse feeds on the body but lives in clothing. This ecological differentiation probably arose when humans adopted frequent use of clothing, an important event in human evolution for which there is no direct archaeological evidence. We therefore used a molecular clock approach to date the origin of body lice, assuming that this should correspond with the frequent use of clothing. Sequences were obtained from two mtDNA and two nuclear DNA segments from a global sample of 40 head and body lice, and from a chimpanzee louse to use as an outgroup. The results indicate greater diversity in African than non-African lice, suggesting an African origin of human lice. A molecular clock analysis indicates that body lice originated not more than about 72,000 +/- 42,000 years ago; the mtDNA sequences also indicate a demographic expansion of body lice that correlates with the spread of modern humans out of Africa. These results suggest that clothing was a surprisingly recent innovation in human evolution.

}, keywords = {Africa, animals, Clothing, dna, Evolution, Molecular, history, humans, Lice Infestations/history/parasitology, Molecular Sequence Data, Pediculus, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Time Factors}, isbn = {0960-9822}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00507-4}, url = {https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(03)00507-4?_returnURL=https\%3A\%2F\%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com\%2Fretrieve\%2Fpii\%2FS0960982203005074\%3Fshowall\%3Dtrue}, author = {Kittler,R. and Kayser,M. and Stoneking,M.} } @article {45888, title = {Efficacy of eprinomectin against Linognathus vituli and Bovicola bovis on calves}, journal = {Veterinary Record}, volume = {156}, year = {2005}, month = {2005}, pages = {112 - 113}, keywords = {Administration, Topical, animals, Anoplura, cattle, Cattle Diseases, insecticide, Ivermectin/analogs \& derivatives/pharmacology/therapeutic use, Mallophaga, Time Factors, Treatment Outcome}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.156.4.112}, url = {https://bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1136/vr.156.4.112}, author = {Rehbein,S. and Pitt,S. R. and Rossi,L. and Pollmeier,M.} } @article {45882, title = {Excretion of living Borrelia recurrentis in feces of infected human body lice}, journal = {Journal of Infectious Diseases}, volume = {191}, year = {2005}, month = {2005}, pages = {1898 - 1906}, abstract = {

Louse-borne relapsing fever (LBRF), caused by Borrelia recurrentis, is 1 of the most dangerous arthropod-borne diseases. Infection is thought to occur through louse crushing. Lice feces have not been shown to contain living borreliae. We infected 800 body lice by feeding them on a rabbit made spirochetemic by the injection of 2 x 106 borreliae. The life span of infected lice was not shortened. Once infected, lice remained infected for life but did not transmit borreliae to their progeny or to nurse rabbits. B. recurrentis infection was observed throughout lice and spread into hemolymph on day 5 after infection. We describe 2 unprecedented phenomena. In hemolymph, B. recurrentis formed clumps of aggregated borreliae. Using immunofluorescence assay, transmission electron microscopy, and culture, we detected borreliae excreted in lice feces beginning on day 14 after infection. We conclude that, similar to epidemic typhus and trench fever, transmission of LBRF may be caused by lice feces.

}, keywords = {animals, Borrelia, Feces/microbiology, Hemolymph/microbiology, humans, Pediculus, Rabbit, Relapsing Fever, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov{\textquoteright}t, Time Factors}, isbn = {0022-1899}, url = {https://academic.oup.com/jid/article/191/11/1898/2191891}, author = {Houhamdi,Linda and Didier Raoult} }