@mastersthesis {96424, title = {Untangling the coevolutionary history between doves and their parasitic lice}, volume = {Phd}, year = {2018}, month = {May 2018}, pages = {291 pp}, school = {University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign}, type = {Doctor of Philosophy in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology}, address = {Urbana, Illinois}, abstract = {

In host-parasite systems, any given host species can be associated with multiple types of parasites, each of which can have a unique ecological relationship with the host. However, it remains unclear how these ecological differences link to evolutionary patterns. What shapes the dynamics of a host-parasite interaction over evolutionary time? An ideal approach for addressing this question is to compare multiple lineages of similar parasites that are associated with the same group of hosts but have distinct ecological differences \– or \“ecological replicates.\” For my dissertation, I applied this strategy by focusing on the wing and body lice of doves. These two \“ecomorphs\” of lice are not closely related yet exclusively parasitize the same group of hosts. Notably, wing lice have a greater capability for dispersal than body lice. Dispersal is an important ecological component of host-parasite interactions and speciation in general. The first part of my dissertation examined broad cophylogenetic patterns across the dove-louse system. I found that wing and body lice did not have correlated patterns, and body lice showed more cospeciation with their hosts. This pattern agreed with previous studies, the results of which suggested that the increased cospeciation in body lice was due to differences in dispersal ability. In contrast with previous work, I also found that both wing and body louse phylogenies are statistically congruent with the host phylogeny. However, the previous studies had limited taxon sampling compared to my study, indicating that taxon sampling can have a significant impact on the results of cophylogenetic comparisons, and that there can be variable cophylogenetic patterns within a host-parasite system. Cophylogenetic variation in dove lice was further highlighted by my study on lice from phabine doves, a clade native to Australia and Southeast Asia. In this system, wing lice have higher levels of cospeciation with their hosts than did body lice, which is the opposite pattern found in other dove louse systems. The second part of my dissertation focused on the wing and body lice of New World ground-doves. All three groups (wing lice, body lice, and doves) are monophyletic and have relatively few species, which makes the system ideal for obtaining a comprehensive taxonomic sample. As a group that straddles the population-species boundary, ground-dove lice are also useful for gaining insight into host-parasite evolution at phylogenetic and population scales. I used Sanger or whole-genome sequencing data to estimate phylogenetic and/or population patterns of the ground-dove hosts and both groups of lice. For the louse genomes, I developed a novel pipeline to assemble nuclear genes for phylogenetic analysis and call SNPs for population analysis. My results indicate that dispersal is a key factor in shaping the evolution of this host-parasite system. Body lice had higher levels of cospeciation with their hosts, were more host-specific, and had higher rates of divergence than wing lice. At the population level, some body lice also showed host-specific structure, whereas wing lice did not. Body lice also had lower levels of heterozygosity than wing lice, suggesting higher levels of inbreeding. However, dispersal is likely not the only factor that shapes this host-parasite system. Host phylogeny appears to have a significant effect as well. Both wing and body louse phylogenies were statistically congruent with the host phylogeny, and the congruence metrics for individual associations were correlated between the two types of lice. Biogeography may also dictate host-parasite interactions. The wing louse phylogeny was significantly structured according to biogeographic region, and both wing and body lice also showed some biogeographic structure at the population level. Together, these results show that host-parasite interactions can be dictated by many ecological factors over evolutionary time, even in the presence of a primary, dominant factor (e.g., parasite dispersal)

https://core.ac.uk/outputs/161953145

}, keywords = {Aerodramus salangana, COPHYLOGENETICS, Goniocotes talegallae, parasites, Phylogenetics, population genetics, Stronglyocotes orbicularis, text, Thesis}, url = {https://core.ac.uk/download/161953145.pdf}, author = {Andrew D. Sweet} } @article {94960, title = {Survey of Ectoparasites Infesting Captive Birds in the Jos Museum Zoological Garden, North Central, Nigeria}, journal = {Journal of Natural Sciences Research}, volume = {8}, year = {2018}, pages = {36 - 40}, abstract = {

Many ectoparasites are known vectors of many diseases causing pathogens. Thus a survey of ectoparasite infesting captive birds in the Jos Museum Zoological Garden, Plateau state, north central Nigeria was carried out using direct collection method between February to July 2014. A total of 13 individuals of captive birds of non-passeriformes group belonging to 8 orders, 8 families and 13 species were sampled using five predilection sites. A total of 58 ectoparasites distributed across 3 orders were collected. Out of the 13 bird species sampled, six were found to be infested with ectoparasites. There is a significant difference (X2 = 158.069, df = 12, P = 0.001) in ectoparasitic load in relation to birds species. There is no significant difference (X2 = 4.069, df = 4, P = 0.39) in ectoparasitic load in relation to predilection sites. However, there is a significant difference in ectoparasitic load in relation to predilection sites of some bird species sampled (marabou stork: X2 = 32.4286, df = 4, P = 0.001; Ostrich: = 24, df = 4, P = 0.001; crown crane: X2 = 22.8696, df = 4, P = 0.001). The wing, back and neck are the most infested predilection sites. This study revealed a low ectoparasites infestation in captive birds in the Jos Museum Zoological Garden which was attributed to serious preening and allo-preening carried out by some bird species as means of combating ectoparasites. It is therefore important that periodic inspection be carried out to reduce incidence of ectoparasites infestation.

}, keywords = {captive birds, ectoparasites, Jos, museum, Zoological Garden}, issn = {2224-3186 (paper), 2225-0921 (Online)}, url = {https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JNSR/article/view/41940}, author = {Hasley Livinus Njila and D.J. Debi-Dore and Akwashiki Ombugadu and M. Dibal and Mangai Joseph Mafuyai} } @article {94863, title = {Ecto-and Endo-parasites of domestic birds in Owan west, east and Akoko-Edo in Edo state of Nigeria}, journal = {International Journal of Zoology Studies}, volume = {3}, year = {2018}, month = {09-2018}, pages = {28 - 35}, abstract = {

Parasites are major cause of low productivity in poultry resulting in poor health, stunted growth, low productivity and yield of birds especially those reared in free-range. Twenty-three (23) live domestic birds comprising of 13 chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus), 6 ducks (Anas sparsa), and 4 pigeons\  (Columba livia) distributed across 3 Local Government Council Areas (LGAs) in Owan West, East and Akoko-Edo of Edo State, Nigeria, was screened for ecto- and endo-parasites. In addition, two hundred (200) faecal samples from 200 domestic birds distributed across the 3 LGAs were investigated for endoparasites. From the 23 live birds, nine species of ectoparasite (Mallophaga-lice), were recovered, of which Menopon gallinae recorded the highest prevalence (23.33\%), while Coclutogaster heterographus recorded the least (3.33\%). 162 of the 223 birds (23 live birds + 200 faecal samples) investigated were positive for endoparasites recording an overall prevalence of 72.65\%. From these hosts, 25 species of endohelminths comprising of 9 species of cestode; 13 species of nematode; 3 species of trematode and some protozoan sporocysts were recovered. Raillietina tetragona recorded the highest overall prevalence (20.40\%), while Amidostomum anseris recorded the least with a prevalence of 0.20\%. All 13 live chickens (100\%) and 2 pigeons (50\%) were observed to be infected with endoparasites. They included: 8 species of cestode; 3 species of nematode and a trematode species. R. tetragona recorded the highest overall prevalence (24.69\%) while A. anseris recorded the least with a prevalence of 0.94\%. A total of 147 (73.50\%) of the 200 faecal samples investigated recorded various species of endoparasites. They included: 12 species of nematode (63.39\%); 6 species of cestode (29.46\%); 2 species of trematode (6.25\%) and some unsporulated protozoan sporocysts (0.89\%). Heterakis gallinarum recorded the highest prevalence (21.88\%) while A. anseris recorded the least (0.45\%). These observations showed that the recorded ecto-and endo-parasites are major consequences of the bird\’s migratory and unhygienic feeding habits which resulted in poor-health, productivity and even death.

}, keywords = {Anas sparsa, Columbia livie, Domestic birds, ecto-and endo-parasites, feeding habits, Gallus gallus domestica, parasitic infections}, issn = {2455-7269}, url = {http://www.zoologyjournals.com/archives/2018/vol3/issue5/3-4-38}, author = {E.U. Edosomwan and E.J. Igetei} } @article {94861, title = {Ecto and Endo Parasites of Domestic Birds in Owan West, East and Akoko-Edo in Edo State of Nigeria}, journal = {Annals of Reviews and Research}, volume = {4}, year = {2018}, pages = {8 pp}, type = {Open Access. 555629.pdf}, abstract = {

Twenty-three (23) live domestic birds comprising of 13 chickens (Gallus gallus domestica), 6 ducks (Anas sparsa), and 4 pigeons (Columbia livie) distributed across 3 Local Government Council Areas (LGAs) in Owan West, East and Akoko-Edo of Edo State, Nigeria, was screened for ecto- and endo-parasites. In addition, two hundred (200) faecal samples from 200 domestic birds distributed across the 3 LGAs were investigated for endoparasites. From the 23 live birds, nine species of ectoparasite (Mallophaga-lice), were recovered, of which Menopon gallinae recorded the highest prevalence (23.33\%), while Coclutogaster heterographus recorded the least (3.33\%). 162 of the 223 birds (23 live birds + 200 faecal samples) investigated were positive for endoparasites recording an overall prevalence of 72.65\%. From these hosts, 25 species of endo-helminths comprising of 9 species of cestode; 13 species of nematode; 3 species of trematode and some protozoan sporocysts were recovered. Raillietina tetragona recorded the highest overall prevalence (20.40\%), while Amidostomum anseris recorded the least with a prevalence of 0.20\%. All 13 live chickens (100\%) and 2 pigeons (50\%) were observed to be infected with endoparasites. They included: 8 species of cestode; 3 species of nematode and a trematode species. R. tetragona recorded the highest overall prevalence (24.69\%) while A. anseris recorded the least with a prevalence of 0.94\%. A total of 147 (73.50\%) of the 200 faecal samples investigated recorded various species of endoparasites. They included: 12 species of nematode (63.39\%); 6 species of cestode (29.46\%); 2 species of trematode (6.25\%) and some unsporulated protozoan sporocysts (0.89\%). Heterakis gallinarum recorded the highest prevalence (21.88\%) while A. anseris recorded the least (0.45\%). These observations showed that the recorded ecto-and endo-parasites are major consequences of the bird\’s migratory and feeding habits.

}, keywords = {Anas sparsa, Coclutogaster heteronaphus, Columbia livie, Ecto and endo parasites; Domestic birds; Feeding habits and Parasitic infections, Gallus gallus domestica}, url = {https://juniperpublishers.com/arr/pdf/ARR.MS.ID.555629.pdf}, author = {E.U. Edosomwan and E.J. Igetei} } @article {94636, title = {The role of chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Philopteridae) as intermediate hosts in the transmission of Hymenolepis microps (Cestoda: Cyclophyllidea) from the willow ptarmigan Lagopus lagopus (Aves: Tetraonidae)}, journal = {Journal of Helminthology}, volume = {92}, year = {2018}, month = {Jan 2018}, pages = {49 - 55}, abstract = {

The cestode Hymenolepis microps is an intestinal parasite of tetraonid birds, in- cluding the willow ptarmigan (Lagopus lagopus). This parasite is able to maintain a high prevalence and intensity throughout the year, even in a subarctic environ- ment in bird populations with relatively low host densities, indicating effective transmission routes. Willow ptarmigan consume mainly vegetal material and ac- tive consumption of invertebrates is confined to the first two or three weeks of life. Ptarmigan are infected by different species of ectoparasites, of which two species of feather lice, Lagopoecus affinis and Goniodes lagopi, are the most abun- dant. In this study, we explored the hypothesis that feather lice may be suitable intermediate hosts for H. microps. We applied histological techniques and light microscopy to investigate lice for the presence of larval cestode stages (cysticer- coids). We found 12 cysticercoid-like structures inside chewing lice collected on L. lagopus hosts harbouring H. microps. In addition, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) screening of Ischnocera lice DNA, targeting the 18S rRNA gene of the ces- tode, showed positive results for two different short fragments of the 18S rRNA gene of H. microps which were sequenced from lice collected on birds. Both inde- pendent lines of evidence support the hypothesis that Ischnocera lice might be suitable intermediate hosts in the life cycle of H. microps in L. lagopus.

}, keywords = {Hymenolepsis microps}, issn = {0022-149X}, doi = {10.1017/S0022149X17000141}, url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0022149X17000141/type/journal_article}, author = {Dario Pistone and M. Lindgren and P. Holmstad and N.K. Ellingsen and Heidi Kongshaug and Frank Nilsen and Skorping,A.} } @article {94597, title = {Inventory of lice of mammals and farmyard chicken in North-eastern Algeria}, journal = {Veterinary World}, volume = {11}, year = {2018}, month = {online March 201}, pages = {386 - 396}, abstract = {

Background and Aim: Lice are permanent ectoparasites, extremely specific to their hosts. Their great importance in veterinary medicine remain significant, they can cause their direct pathogenic actions like irritability, dermatitis, anemia, decreased weight gain, and milk production. The purpose of this work was to made the first time an inventory of mammalian lice in North-eastern Algeria.


Materials and Methods: Our survey of lice infestation was conducted on several animal species from five provinces of North-eastern Algeria. A total of 57 cattle, 83 sheep, 77 goats, 111 wild boars, and 63 farmyard chickens were examined. The collection of lice was carried out much more in mammals and chickens during the winter period. Lice were collected either manually or using brushing and kept in flasks containing 70\% ethanol. The identification of lice was achieved in the laboratory using a binocular loupe.


Results: Concerning cattle, 63\% and 27\% of those examined subjects from Souk-Ahras and Guelma study areas, respectively, were carriers of lice. Damalinia bovis was the louse most frequently found on cattle in these two regions. Three other species were identified in Souk-Ahras: Haematopinus eurysternus (25\%), Linognathus vituli (10\%), and Solenopotes capillatus (5\%). Regarding sheep, 39\% and 24\% of examined animals in Souk-Ahras and Guelma, were carrying lice. Damalinia ovis was the most frequently encountered lice on sheep in both regions. Linognathus ovillus also was identified in Souk-Ahras, representing 0.3\% of the collected lice. Concerning goats, 53\% and 30\% of examined animals in Souk-Ahras and Guelma, were parasitized of lice. Two species of lice were found: Damalinia caprae and Linognathus africanus. For farmyard chickens, 69\% and 100\% of the farmyard chicken in Souk-Ahras and Mila were parasitized by lice, respectively. Menopon gallinae was the most frequently encountered louse in farmyard chicken in both regions. Eight other species were identified in Mila and four other species only in Souk-Ahras. Finally, 25\% and 28\% of the wild boars in Annaba and El Tarf were parasitized by lice, respectively. Haematopinus suis was the only species found on wild boars in both regions.

Conclusion: These results are to be taken into account for lice control schemes and louse-borne diseases. Keywords: boars, farmyard chickens, lice, North-eastern Algeria, ruminants.

}, keywords = {boars, farmyard chickens, lice, North-eastern Algeria, ruminants}, issn = {09728988}, doi = {10.14202/vetworld.2018.386-396}, url = {http://www.veterinaryworld.org/Vol.11/March-2018/21.pdf}, author = {Mohamed Nadir Meguini and Souad Righi and Faycal Zeroual and Khelaf Saidani and Ahmed Benakhla} } @article {94533, title = {First Record of Genus Goniodes Nitzsch, 1818 (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera: Philopteridae) on Peafowl (Galliformes: Phasianidae) from Pakistan}, journal = {Asian Journal of Research in Zoology}, volume = {1}, year = {2018}, pages = {1-12}, abstract = {

Aims: To examine and explore chewing lice (Phthiraptera) species found in Peafowls in Pakistan. To find out more species and compare these species with previously known species of chewing lice found on Peafowls.
Study Design: The genus Goniodes Nitzsch, 1818 is specifically found on gallinaceous hosts all over the world, represented by 100 species. It is very clearly identifiable for its circumfasciate head and somehow angulated temples of the head, antennae always heteromorphic; thorax and abdomen also very peculiar in its morphology, the abdominal segment I always larger and expanded laterally. Parasitological investigation of Peafowls was undertaken to find out the chewing lice infestation in Sindh, Pakistan.
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Zoology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan. Between 2016 and 2017.

Methodology: Peafowl, Pavo cristatus L. 1758 was examined during the present study for chewing lice collection; chewing lice were processed for the permanent mount through the standard method and were studied under high magnification microscope for illustration and identification.

Results: During the examination of chewing lice, the genus Goniodes was recovered from Pavo cristatus for the first time from Sindh province, Pakistan. Out of 18 peafowls, seven were infested, contained 28 specimens of two species, G. dissimilis Denny 1842 and G. meinertzhageni Clay 1940 were isolated from Thatta, Karachi, Jamshoro, Hyderabad and Mirpur Khas districts of Sindh. Both species G. dissimilis and G. meinertzhageni were recorded first time from Pakistan, hence put on new record at country level for Indian Peafowl. A key for the identification of all Goniodes species found on the peafowl has also been presented along with their detailed morphological descriptions and morphometric features.
Conclusion: Two species of chewing lice of the genus Goniodes were collected and identified and were compared with each other to clarify their morpho-taxonomical characteristics in both species.

}, keywords = {New records, Pakistan, Sindh}, url = {http://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/94533.pdf}, author = {Naz,Saima and Syed Anser Rizvi} } @article {94531, title = {Effect of oral afoxolaner on naturally occurring infestations of peacocks by the louse Goniodes pavonis}, journal = {Veterinary Dermatology}, year = {2018}, pages = {5 pp}, abstract = {

Background \– Ectoparasitism of ornamental birds, including captive species kept in zoos, represents a serious health problem. Up to 13 different species of lice have been reported to affect peacocks worldwide and heavy infestation may cause anaemia. Because of this, alternatives to the prevailing treatments have been sought including use of isoxazolines. This class of drugs has been used successfully in poultry without adverse effects on health or production.
Objective \– To evaluate the effect of afoxolaner on the peacock louse (Goniodes pavonis).
Animals \– Twenty-three peacocks (Pavo cristatus) with naturally occurring infestation with G. pavonis.
Methods and materials \– The peacocks were divided in two groups; one was treated once orally with 2.5 mg/kg afoxolaner and the other group received no treatment. Samples were collected using the acetate tape technique, for identification of lice by microscopy. Concomitantly, blood samples were taken to evaluate the haematocrit before and after the intervention.
Results \– Treatment with afoxolaner significantly decreased the number of peacocks positive for lice (P = 0.02) compared to the control group, in which the number of positive birds did not decrease. The haematocrit improved in the afoxolaner-treated group from a baseline of 46.4\%\–54.7\% at 35 days post-treatment, whereas it decreased in untreated birds (44.6\%\–40.7\%). No adverse effects attributed to afoxolaner treatment were observed.
Conclusions and clinical importance \– Oral administration of afoxolaner is an effective treatment for G. pavonis infestation of peacocks.

}, doi = {10.1111/vde.12713}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/vde.12713}, author = {Enrique Yarto_Jaramillo and Rufino Osorio_Marquez and Josu{\'e} Rangel_D{\'\i}az and Camilo Romero_N{\'u}{\~n}ez and Laura Miranda_Contreras and Rafael Heredia_Cardenas} }